Astronomy:Artemis Accords

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Short description: Multilateral agreement on human moon exploration

Artemis Accords
Map of signatory nations of the Artemis Accords
Signatory nations of the Artemis Accords, highlighted in blue, as of January 2026
TypeSpace law
SignedOctober 13, 2020; 5 years ago (October 13, 2020)
Parties61, as of January 2026
LanguagesEnglish
Artemis Accords at Wikisource

The Artemis Accords are a set of non-binding multilateral arrangements[1] between the United States government and other world governments that elaborates on the norms expected to be followed in outer space.[2] The Accords are related to the Artemis program, an American-led effort to return humans to the Moon by 2028, with the ultimate goal of expanding space exploration to Mars and beyond.[3]

As of January 26, 2026, with the accession of Oman, 61 countries have signed the Accords,[4] including 28 in Europe, 15 in Asia, seven in South America, five in North America, four in Africa, and two in Oceania.

Drafted by NASA and the U.S. Department of State, the Accords establish a framework for cooperation in the civil exploration and peaceful use of the Moon, Mars, and other astronomical objects.[5] They are explicitly grounded in the United Nations Outer Space Treaty of 1967, which signatories are obliged to uphold, and cite most major U.N.-brokered conventions constituting space law.[6][7][8][9][note 1]

The Accords were originally signed on October 13, 2020, by representatives of the national space agencies of eight countries: Australia, Canada, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[6] The Accords remain open for signature indefinitely, as NASA anticipates more nations joining.[10] Additional signatories can choose to directly participate in Artemis program activities, or may agree simply to commit to the principles for responsible exploration of the Moon as set out in the Accords.[11]

List of Parties

State Continent Signed Official signing
 Australia Oceania 2020 Dr. Megan Clark, Head of the Australian Space Agency[12]
 Canada North America 2020 Lisa Campbell, president of the Canadian Space Agency[13]
 Italy Europe 2020 Riccardo Fraccaro, Undersecretary of State at the Presidency of the Italian Council of Ministers[14]
 Japan Asia 2020 Hagiuda Koichi, Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and Inoue Shinji, Minister of State for Space Policy[15]
 Luxembourg Europe 2020 Franz Fayot, Minister of the Economy[16]
 United Arab Emirates Asia 2020 Sarah Al Amiri, Minister for Advanced Technology and Chair of the United Arab Emirates Space Agency[17]
 United Kingdom Europe 2020 Dr. Graham Turnock, Chief Executive of the UK Space Agency[18]
The signature of the UK was extended to the Isle of Man on July 27, 2021[19]
 United States North America 2020 James Bridenstine, NASA Administrator
 Ukraine Europe 2020 [20]
 South Korea Asia 2021 Lim Hyesook, Minister of Science and ICT[21]
 New Zealand Oceania 2021 Peter Crabtree, New Zealand Space Agency[22]
 Brazil South America 2021 Marcos Pontes, Minister of Science, Technology, and Innovation[23]
 Poland Europe 2021 Grzegorz Wrochna, president of Polish Space Agency (POLSA)[24]
 Mexico North America 2021 Marcelo Ebrard Casaubon, Secretary of Foreign Affairs[25]
 Israel Asia 2022 Uri Oron, Director General of the Israel Space Agency[26]
 Romania Europe 2022 Marius-Ioan Piso, president and CEO of the Romanian Space Agency[27]
 Bahrain Asia 2022 Dr. Mohamed Al Aseeri, CEO of National Space Science Agency (NSSA)[28]
 Singapore Asia 2022 Gan Kim Yong, Minister for Trade and Industry[29]
 Colombia South America 2022 Marta Lucía Ramírez, Vice President and Foreign Minister[30]
 France Europe 2022 Philippe Baptiste, president of CNES[31]
 Saudi Arabia Asia 2022 Mohammed bin Saud Al-Tamimi, CEO of the Saudi Space Commission[32]
 Nigeria Africa 2022 Isa Ali Ibrahim, Minister of Communications and Digital Economy[33]
 Rwanda Africa 2022 Francis Ngabo, CEO of Rwanda Space Agency[33]
 Czech Republic Europe 2023 Jan Lipavský, Minister of Foreign Affairs[34]
 Spain Europe 2023 Diana Morant, Minister of Science and Innovation[35]
 Ecuador South America 2023 Gustavo Manrique Miranda, Minister of Foreign Affairs[36]
 India Asia 2023 Taranjit Singh Sandhu, Ambassador of India to the United States[37]
 Argentina South America 2023 Daniel Filmus, Minister of Science, Technology, and Innovation[38]
 Germany Europe 2023 Dr. Walther Pelzer, Director General of the German Space Agency at DLR[39]
 Iceland Europe 2023 [40][41]
 Netherlands Europe 2023 Harm van de Wetering, Director of Netherlands Space Office (NSO)[40]
 Bulgaria Europe 2023 Milena Stoycheva, Minister of Innovation and Growth[42]
 Angola Africa 2023 [43]
 Belgium Europe 2024 Hadja Lahbib, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Belgium[44]
 Greece Europe 2024 Giorgos Gerapetritis, Minister of Foreign Affairs[45]
 Uruguay South America 2024 Omar Paganini, Minister of Foreign Affairs[46]
 Switzerland Europe 2024 Guy Parmelin, Federal Councillor[47]
 Sweden Europe 2024 Dr. Mats Persson, Minister for Education[48]
 Slovenia Europe 2024 [49]
 Lithuania Europe 2024 Aušrinė Armonaitė, Minister of Economy and Innovation[50]
 Peru South America 2024 Javier González-Olaechea, Minister of Foreign Affairs[51]
 Slovakia Europe 2024
 Armenia Asia 2024 Mkhitar Hayrapetyan, Minister of High-Tech Industry[52]
 Dominican Republic North America 2024 Sonia Guzmán, Ambassador of the Dominican Republic to the United States[53]
 Estonia Europe 2024 Erkki Keldo, Minister of Economy and Industry[54]
 Cyprus Asia 2024 Nicodemos Damianou, Deputy Minister of Research, Innovation, and Digital Policy[55]
 Chile South America 2024 Aisén Etcheverry, Minister of Science, Technology, Knowledge and Innovation[56]
 Denmark Europe 2024 Christina Egelund, Minister of Higher Education and Science[57]
 Panama North America 2024 José Miguel Alemán Healy, Ambassador of the Republic of Panama to the United States[58]
 Austria Europe 2024 Petra Schneebauer, Ambassador of the Republic of Austria to the United States[58]
 Thailand Asia 2024 Pakorn Apaphant, Executive Director of the Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA)[59]
 Liechtenstein Europe 2024 Rainer Schnepfleitner, Director of Liechtenstein's Office for Communications[60]
 Finland Europe 2025 Wille Rydman, Minister of Economic Affairs of Finland[61]
 Bangladesh Asia 2025 Ashraf Uddin, Secretary of Defence of Bangladesh[62]
 Norway Europe 2025 Cecilie Myrseth, Minister of Trade and Industry[63]
 Senegal Africa 2025 Maram Kairé, Director General of the Senegalese Space Study agency (ASES)[64]
 Hungary Europe 2025 Péter Szijjártó, Minister of Foreign Affairs[65]
 Malaysia Asia 2025 Mohamad Hasan, Minister of Foreign Affairs [66]
 Philippines Asia 2025 Gay Jane Perez, Officer-in-charge of the Philippine Space Agency[66][67]
 Portugal Europe 2026 Helena Canhão, Secretary of State for Science and Innovation[68]
 Oman Asia 2026 Said al-Maawali, Minister of Transportation, Communication, and Information Technology[4]

History

On May 5, 2020, Reuters published an exclusive report that the Donald Trump administration was drafting a new international agreement for mining on the Moon, which would draw from the 1967 Outer Space Treaty.[69][70] Ten days later, then-NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine officially announced the Artemis Accords, a series of agreements with partner nations aimed at establishing a governing framework for exploring and mining the Moon.[71]

The Accords originated from the eponymous Artemis Program, an American plan launched in 2017 to send the first woman and the next man to the Moon by 2024.[72] Bridenstine stated that the agreements were intended to create a uniform set of guidelines for countries to avoid potential conflict or misunderstanding in future space endeavors; governments that sign the Accords may formally take part in the Artemis Program.[72] The Accords were drafted by NASA, the U.S. Department of State, and the newly re-established National Space Council; a draft was released to several governments for consultation before the final document was announced in May 2020.[71][69]

On October 13, 2020, in a recorded and livestreamed ceremony, the Accords were signed by the directors of the national space agencies of the United States, Australia, Canada, Japan, Luxembourg, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United Arab Emirates.[6][73] The head of the Ukrainian national space agency signed the Accords exactly one month later.[20][74]

In 2021, South Korea became the tenth country to sign the Accords,[21][75] with New Zealand joining a week later.[22] The following June, Brazil became the first country in Latin America to join the Artemis Accords,[76] after previously indicating its intent to sign in 2020.[23][77] Poland signed the Accords at the 72nd International Astronautical Congress (IAC) in Dubai, with the head of the Polish Space Agency expressing a desire to develop indigenous Polish space technology.[24] Mexico joined the Accords in December 2021.[25]

In 2022, the number of signatories of the Accords more than doubled from the previous year: Israel signed,[78] followed by Romania,[27] Bahrain,[28] and Singapore[29] in March; Colombia in May,[30] and France on June 7, 2022, the 60th anniversary of the founding of its space program[31] (pursuant to meetings in November 2021 between U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris and French President Emmanuel Macron in which he expressed France's intent to join).[79][80][81][82] Saudi Arabia signed the Accords on July 14, 2022, becoming the fourth Middle Eastern and third Arab country to join.[32] On December 13, 2022, at the United States–Africa Leaders Summit 2022, Rwanda and Nigeria became the first African nations to sign the Artemis Accords.[33][83] Representatives from signatory nations held their first meeting on September 19, 2022, at the IAC to discuss the Accords and cooperation in space more broadly.[84][85]

In 2023, signatories to the Accords continued to grow, including: the Czech Republic[86][34] and Spain[35] both signing within a single month, followed by Ecuador as well as India signing the Accords[37] during prime minister Narendra Modi's state visit to the U.S.[87][88] In September 2023, Director General of the German Space Agency at DLR and Member of the DLR Executive Board Walther Pelzer, signed the Accords for Germany in the German embassy in Washington D.C. The ceremony was attended and witnessed as well by Space-Coordinator of the German Government, Anna Christmann, the current German ambassador in Washington, Andreas Michaelis as well as the Administrator of NASA, Bill Nelson.[89] Iceland, the Netherlands and Bulgaria joined in October/November 2023. Angola joined in December 2023 during a ceremony in Washington, D.C.[90]

In 2024, Belgium,[91] Greece,[45] Uruguay,[46] Switzerland,[92] Sweden,[93] Slovenia,[94] Lithuania,[95] Peru,[96] Slovakia,[97] Armenia,[98] the Dominican Republic,[53] Estonia,[54] Cyprus,[55] Chile,[56] Denmark,[57] Panama, Austria,[58] Thailand,[59] and Liechtenstein[60] joined the Accords.

With the accession of Thailand into the Accords on December 16, 2024, it became the first signatory to participate in both the International Lunar Research Station and the Artemis Accords,[99] the second being Senegal.[100]

In 2025, Finland,[61] Bangladesh,[62] Norway,[63] Senegal,[64] Hungary,[65] Malaysia and the Philippines[66] joined the Accords. The Philippines and Malaysia joined the Accords on the sidelines of the 2025 ASEAN Summits.[66]

In 2026, Portugal[68] and Oman[4] joined the Accords.

Accords

Although a prerequisite for taking part in the Artemis Program, the Accords have been interpreted as codifying key principles and guidelines for exploring space generally.[8] Their stated purpose is to "provide for operational implementation of important obligations contained in the Outer Space Treaty and other instruments." The Accords are a single document, signed by each country that commits to the Accords' principles. Bilateral agreements between space agencies for specific operations on the Moon and beyond are expected to reference the Accords and implement them in particular projects.

The provisions:[101]

  • Affirm that cooperative activities under these Accords should be exclusively for peaceful purposes and in accordance with relevant international law.
  • Confirm a commitment to transparency and to share scientific information, consistent with Article XI of the Outer Space Treaty.
  • Call for a commitment to use reasonable efforts to utilize current interoperability standards for space-based infrastructure, and to establish standards when they do not exist or are inadequate.
  • Call for a commitment to take all reasonable efforts to render necessary assistance to personnel in outer space who are in distress and according to their obligations under the Rescue and Return Agreement.
  • Specify responsibility for the registration of objects in space, as required by the Registration Convention
  • Call for a commitment to publicly share information on their activities and to the open sharing of scientific data. While doing so, signatories agree to coordinate with each other to provide appropriate protection for any proprietary and/or export-controlled information, and this provision does not extend to private sector operations unless conducted on behalf of a signatory.
  • Include an agreement to preserve outer space heritage, which they consider to comprise historically significant human or robotic landing sites, artifacts, spacecraft, and other evidence of activity, and to contribute to multinational efforts to develop practices and rules to do so.
  • Include an agreement that extraction and utilization of space resources should be conducted in a manner that complies with the Outer Space Treaty and in support of safe and sustainable activities. The signatories affirm that this does not inherently constitute national appropriation, which is prohibited by the Outer Space Treaty. They also express an intent to contribute to multilateral efforts to further develop international practices and rules on this subject.
  • Reaffirm the signatories commitment to the Outer Space Treaty's provisions relating to due regard and harmful interference with other nations' activities, and to provide information regarding the location and nature of space-based activities. Signatories express an intention to contribute to multilateral efforts to further develop international practices, criteria, and rules to assure this. To implement this, the Accords provide for the announcement of "safety zones", where other operations or an anomalous event could reasonably cause harmful interference. The size and scope of these safe zones should be based on the nature and environment of the operations involved and determined in a reasonable manner leveraging commonly accepted scientific and engineering principles. Within their safety zones, the signatories commit to respect the principle of free access to all areas of celestial bodies by others and all other provisions of the Outer Space Treaty.
  • Include a commitment to mitigate space debris and to limit the generation of new, harmful space debris in the normal operations, break-up in operational or post-mission phases, and accidents.

Bilateral accords

  • Multi-Purpose Habitation module agreement between NASA and ASI

Reactions

Support

The Artemis Accords have generally been welcomed for advancing international law and cooperation in space.[8] Observers claim that the substance of the Accords is "uncontentious" and represent a "significant political attempt to codify key principles of space law" for governing nations' space activities.[8] International legal scholars also credit the agreement with helping influence space exploration in the direction of uniform standards of cooperation and peaceful use.[102] The Accords have also been lauded for being the first time several nations have agreed to recognize the presence of human cultural heritage in outer space and the need to protect it.[103]

With Australia signing and ratifying both the Moon Treaty as well as the Artemis Accords, there has been a discussion if they can be harmonized.[104] In this light an Implementation Agreement for the Moon Treaty has been advocated for, as a way to compensate for the shortcomings of the Moon Treaty and to harmonize it with other laws, allowing it to be more widely accepted.[105][106]

Criticism

The Accords have also been criticized for allegedly being "too centered on American and commercial interests." Russia has condemned them as a "blatant attempt to create international space law that favors the United States."[107] Beside possibly being an opportunity for China[clarification needed] in light of the Wolf Amendment, Chinese government affiliated media has called the Accords "akin to European colonial enclosure land-taking methods."[108] Russia and China have since reached an understanding to work together on the Chinese International Lunar Research Station concept, to serve as a potential competing option for third parties such as Pakistan.[109]

Two researchers writing in Science magazine's Policy Forum have called on countries to speak up about their objections, and argued that the United States should go through the United Nations treaty process in order to negotiate on space mining. They were concerned NASA's Accords, if accepted by many nations, would enable the Accords' interpretation of the Outer Space Treaty to prevail.[107] Acceptance of the Artemis Accords is a prerequisite for participation in NASA's Artemis lunar program.[107]

Critics also contend that since the Outer Space Treaty expressly forbids nations from staking claim to another planetary body, the Accords violate space law by allowing signatories to lay claim to any resources extracted from celestial objects.[110] Frans von der Dunk of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln claims the Accords strengthen "the US interpretation of the Outer Space Treaty", namely "the basic right for individual States to allow the private sector to become engaged" in commercial activities. The weakened alternative interpretation is that "unilateral approval of commercial exploitation is not in compliance with the Outer Space Treaty, and that only an international regime, notably—presumably—including an international licensing system, could legitimise such commercial exploitation."[111][112]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Except the Moon Treaty, despite Australia having ratified it. The Moon Treaty only has 17 State Parties, none of which has engaged in self-launched human spaceflight.

References

  1. ↑ Foust, Jeff (October 13, 2020). "Eight countries sign Artemis Accords" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/eight-countries-sign-artemis-accords/. 
  2. ↑ "Artemis Accords" (in en-US). https://www.nasa.gov/artemis-accords/. 
  3. ↑ Dunbar, Brian (July 23, 2019). "What is Artemis?". http://www.nasa.gov/what-is-artemis. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Taveau, Jessica (January 26, 2025). "NASA Welcomes Oman as Newest Artemis Accords Signatory". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-welcomes-oman-as-newest-artemis-accords-signatory/. 
  5. ↑ "NASA: Artemis Accords". https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-accords/index.html. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Potter, Sean (October 13, 2020). "NASA, International Partners Advance Cooperation with Artemis Accords". http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-international-partners-advance-cooperation-with-first-signings-of-artemis-accords. 
  7. ↑ "Fact Sheet: Artemis Accords - United for Peaceful Exploration of Deep Space" (in en-US). October 20, 2020. https://br.usembassy.gov/fact-sheet-artemis-accords-united-for-peaceful-exploration-of-deep-space/. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Newman, Christopher (October 19, 2020). "Artemis Accords: why many countries are refusing to sign Moon exploration agreement". http://theconversation.com/artemis-accords-why-many-countries-are-refusing-to-sign-moon-exploration-agreement-148134. 
  9. ↑ "The Artemis Accords and the Future of International Space Law". https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/24/issue/31/artemis-accords-and-future-international-space-law. 
  10. ↑ "NASA, International Partners Advance Cooperation with First Signings of Artemis Accords". October 13, 2020. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-international-partners-advance-cooperation-with-first-signings-of-artemis-accords. "Additional countries will join the Artemis Accords in the months and years ahead, as NASA continues to work with its international partners to establish a safe, peaceful, and prosperous future in space. Working with emerging space agencies, as well as existing partners and well-established space agencies, will add new energy and capabilities to ensure the entire world can benefit from the Artemis journey of exploration and discovery." 
  11. ↑ Howell, Elizabeth (August 25, 2022). "Artemis Accords: Why the international moon exploration framework matters". Space.com. https://www.space.com/artemis-accords-moon-space-exploration-importance. 
  12. ↑ "Australia signs NASA's Artemis Accords". October 14, 2020. https://www.industry.gov.au/news/australia-signs-nasas-artemis-accords. 
  13. ↑ "Signing of the Artemis Accords". October 13, 2020. https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/multimedia/search/image/16698. 
  14. ↑ "International Partners Advance Cooperation With First Signings of the Artemis Accords". October 13, 2020. https://www.asi.it/en/2020/10/international-partners-advance-cooperation-with-first-signings-of-the-artemis-accords/. 
  15. ↑ "Eight nations sign Artemis Accords on Space Exploration". October 13, 2020. https://www.mext.go.jp/en/news/topics/detail/mext_00032.html. 
  16. ↑ "Minister of the Economy Franz Fayot signs the Artemis Accords on behalf of Luxembourg at the International Aeronautical Congress". October 13, 2020. https://space-agency.public.lu/en/news-media/news/2020/20201.html. 
  17. ↑ "United Arab Emirates Accedes to Artemis Accords". October 13, 2020. https://www.prnewswire.com/ae/news-releases/united-arab-emirates-accedes-to-artemis-accords-834881810.html. 
  18. ↑ "UK and NASA sign international agreement ahead of mission to the Moon". October 13, 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-nasa-sign-international-agreement-ahead-of-mission-to-the-moon. 
  19. ↑ Quayle, Howard (July 27, 2021). "Artemis Accords to be extended to the Isle of Man". https://www.gov.im/news/2021/jul/27/artemis-accords-to-be-extended-to-the-isle-of-man/. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Ukraine becomes the 9th country to sign the Artemis Accords" (in en-US). November 17, 2020. https://ua.usembassy.gov/ukraine-becomes-the-9th-country-to-sign-the-artemis-accords/. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Potter, Sean (May 27, 2021). "Republic of Korea Joins List of Nations to Sign Artemis Accords". https://www.nasa.gov/feature/republic-of-korea-joins-list-of-nations-to-sign-artemis-accords. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Foust, Jeff (June 1, 2021). "New Zealand signs Artemis Accords" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/new-zealand-signs-artemis-accords/. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Shea, Garrett (June 15, 2021). "Brazil Signs Artemis Accords". https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/brazil-signs-artemis-accords/. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Foust, Jeff (October 27, 2021). "Poland signs Artemis Accords" (in en). https://spacenews.com/poland-signs-artemis-accords/. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Foust, Jeff (December 10, 2021). "Mexico joins Artemis Accords". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/mexico-joins-artemis-accords/. 
  26. ↑ "Israel Signs Artemis Accords". January 27, 2022. https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/israel-signs-artemis-accords/. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Williams, Catherine E. (March 1, 2022). "Romania Signs Artemis Accords". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/romania-signs-artemis-accords/. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "Bahrain Signs Artemis Accords". NASA. March 7, 2022. https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/bahrain-signs-artemis-accords/. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Singapore Signs Artemis Accords". NASA. March 29, 2022. https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/singapore-signs-artemis-accords/. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Potter, Sean (May 10, 2022). "NASA Welcomes Vice President of Colombia for Artemis Accords Signing". http://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-welcomes-vice-president-of-colombia-for-artemis-accords-signing. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Potter, Sean (June 7, 2022). "France Signs Artemis Accords as French Space Agency Marks Milestone". http://www.nasa.gov/feature/france-signs-artemis-accords-as-french-space-agency-marks-milestone. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Potter, Sean (July 14, 2022). "Saudi Arabia Signs Artemis Accords". https://www.nasa.gov/feature/saudi-arabia-signs-artemis-accords. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 House, The White (December 13, 2022). "STATEMENT: Strengthening the U.S.-Africa Partnership in Space" (in en-US). https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/12/13/statement-strengthening-the-u-s-africa-partnership-in-space/. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 McGuinness, Jackie; Bardan, Roxana (May 3, 2023). "NASA Welcomes Czech Foreign Minister for Artemis Accords Signing". in O'Shea, Claire. http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-welcomes-czech-foreign-minister-for-artemis-accords-signing. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Jones, Andrew (June 2, 2023). "Spain signs the Artemis Accords for peaceful moon exploration". Space.com. https://www.space.com/spain-signs-artemis-accords-moon-exploration. 
  36. ↑ O’Shea, Claire (June 21, 2023). "NASA Welcomes Ecuador as 26th Artemis Accords Signatory". https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-welcomes-ecuador-as-26th-artemis-accords-signatory/. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 O’Shea, Claire (June 23, 2023). "NASA Welcomes India as 27th Artemis Accords Signatory". http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-welcomes-india-as-27th-artemis-accords-signatory. 
  38. ↑ Bardan, Roxana (July 27, 2023). "NASA Welcomes Argentina as Newest Artemis Accords Signatory". https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-welcomes-argentina-as-newest-artemis-accords-signatory/. 
  39. ↑ "NASA Welcomes Germany as Newest Artemis Accords Signatory". September 15, 2023. https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-welcomes-germany-as-newest-artemis-accords-signatory/. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Bardan, Roxana (November 1, 2023). "NASA Welcomes Netherlands as Newest Artemis Accords Signatory". https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-welcomes-netherlands-as-newest-artemis-accords-signatory/. 
  41. ↑ Smith, Marcie (November 2, 2023). "Iceland and Netherlands Join Artemis Accords". https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/iceland-and-netherlands-join-artemis-accords/. Retrieved May 24, 2024. "NASA told SpacePolicyOnline.com on November 7 that the Embassy of Iceland in the United States hand delivered a copy of the signed document to NASA on October 31 (the day before Netherlands joined) and the document is dated October 10." 
  42. ↑ Donaldson, Abbey (November 9, 2023). "Bulgaria Signs Artemis Accords at NASA Headquarters; Joins 31 Nations". https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/bulgaria-signs-artemis-accords-at-nasa-headquarters-joins-31-nations/. 
  43. ↑ Bardan, Roxana (December 1, 2023). "NASA Welcomes Angola as Newest Artemis Accords Signatory". https://www.nasa.gov/general/nasa-welcomes-angola-as-newest-artemis-accords-signatory/. 
  44. ↑ Bardan, Roxana (January 24, 2024). "NASA Welcomes Belgium as Newest Artemis Accords Signatory". https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-welcomes-belgium-as-newest-artemis-accords-signatory/. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Bardan, Roxana (February 9, 2024). "NASA Welcomes Greece as Newest Artemis Accords Signatory". https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-welcomes-greece-as-newest-artemis-accords-signatory/. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Bardan, Roxana (February 9, 2024). "NASA Welcomes Uruguay Foreign Minister for Artemis Accords Signing". https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-welcomes-uruguay-foreign-minister-for-artemis-accords-signing/. 
  47. ↑ "International space cooperation: Switzerland signs Artemis Accords" (in en). https://www.eda.admin.ch/countries/usa/en/home/news/news.html/content/europa/en/meta/news/2024/4/15/100719. 
  48. ↑ "NASA Embraces Sweden as Newest Member of Artemis Accords Family" (in en-US). https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-embraces-sweden-as-newest-member-of-artemis-accords-family/. 
  49. ↑ "Slovenia Signs Artemis Accords, Joins Pursuit of Safer Space". https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/slovenia-signs-artemis-accords-joins-pursuit-of-safer-space/. 
  50. ↑ "Artemis Accords Reach 40 Signatories as NASA Welcomes Lithuania". https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/artemis-accords-reach-40-signatories-as-nasa-welcomes-lithuania/. 
  51. ↑ "NASA Welcomes Peru as 41st Artemis Accords Signatory". https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-welcomes-peru-as-41st-artemis-accords-signatory/. 
  52. ↑ "NASA Welcomes Armenia as 43rd Artemis Accords Signatory". June 12, 2024. https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-welcomes-armenia-as-43rd-artemis-accords-signatory/. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Taveau, Jessica (October 7, 2024). "NASA Welcomes Dominican Republic as 44th Artemis Accords Signatory". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-welcomes-dominican-republic-as-44th-artemis-accords-signatory/. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Dooren, Jennifer (October 13, 2024). "NASA Welcomes Estonia as 45th Artemis Accords Signatory". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-welcomes-estonia-as-newest-artemis-accords-signatory. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Bardan, Roxana (October 23, 2024). "NASA Welcomes Republic of Cyprus as 46th Artemis Accords Signatory". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-welcomes-republic-of-cyprus-as-46th-artemis-accords-signatory/. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Bardan, Roxana (October 25, 2024). "NASA Welcomes Chile as Newest Artemis Accords Signatory". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-welcomes-chile-as-newest-artemis-accords-signatory/. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Doyle, Tiernan P. (November 13, 2024). "NASA Welcomes Denmark as Newest Artemis Accords Signatory". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-welcomes-denmark-as-newest-artemis-accords-signatory/. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 Bardan, Roxana (December 11, 2024). "Artemis Accords Reach 50 Signatories as NASA Welcomes Panama, Austria". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/artemis-accords-reach-50-signatories-as-nasa-welcomes-panama-austria/. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Bardan, Roxana (December 16, 2024). "NASA Welcomes Thailand as Newest Artemis Accords Signatory". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-welcomes-thailand-as-newest-artemis-accords-signatory/. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Bardan, Roxana (December 20, 2024). "NASA Welcomes Liechtenstein as Newest Artemis Accords Signatory". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-welcomes-liechtenstein-as-newest-artemis-accords-signatory/. 
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Doyle, Tiernan P. (January 21, 2025). "NASA Welcomes Finland as Newest Artemis Accords Signatory". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-welcomes-finland-as-newest-artemis-accords-signatory/. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Dooren, Jennifer M. (April 8, 2025). "NASA Welcomes Bangladesh as Newest Artemis Accords Signatory". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-welcomes-bangladesh-as-newest-artemis-accords-signatory/. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 "United States Welcomes Norway's Signing of the Artemis Accords". United States Department of State (Press release). May 15, 2025. Retrieved May 15, 2025.
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Low, Lauren E. (July 24, 2025). "NASA Welcomes Senegal as Newest Artemis Accords Signatory". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-welcomes-senegal-as-newest-artemis-accords-signatory/. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 Foust, Jeff (October 22, 2025). "Hungary signs Artemis Accords". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/hungary-signs-artemis-accords/. 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 66.3 Foust, Jeff (October 28, 2025). "Malaysia and the Philippines sign Artemis Accords". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/malaysia-and-the-philippines-sign-artemis-accords/. 
  67. ↑ "United States Welcomes Hungary, Malaysia and the Philippines Signing the Artemis Accords". United States Department of State (Press release). December 2, 2025. Retrieved December 2, 2025.
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 Doyle, Tiernan P. (January 12, 2025). "NASA Welcomes Portugal as 60th Artemis Accords Signatory". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-welcomes-portugal-as-60th-artemis-accords-signatory/. 
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 "NASA: Artemis Accords". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-accords/index.html.  Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  70. ↑ "Exclusive: Trump administration drafting 'Artemis Accords' pact for moon mining - sources". Reuters. May 6, 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-exploration-moon-mining-exclusi-idUSKBN22H2SB. 
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Wall, Mike (May 15, 2020). "NASA lays out 'Artemis Accords' for responsible moon exploration". https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-accords-moon-exploration.html. 
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 Grush, Loren (October 13, 2020). "US and seven other countries sign NASA's Artemis Accords to set rules for exploring the Moon" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2020/10/13/21507204/nasa-artemis-accords-8-countries-moon-outer-space-treaty. 
  73. ↑ Grush, Lauren (October 13, 2020). "US and seven other countries sign NASA's Artemis Accords to set rules for exploring the Moon". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2020/10/13/21507204/nasa-artemis-accords-8-countries-moon-outer-space-treaty. 
  74. ↑ "Україна стала дев'ятою країною, яка підписала Домовленості в рамках програми "Артеміда"" (in uk-ua). https://www.nkau.gov.ua/ua/news/main-themes/1597-ukraina-stala-deviatoiu-krainoiu-iaka-pidpysala-domovlenosti-v-ramkakh-prohramy-artemida. 
  75. ↑ Potter, Sean (May 26, 2021). "Republic of Korea Joins List of Nations to Sign Artemis Accords". http://www.nasa.gov/feature/republic-of-korea-joins-list-of-nations-to-sign-artemis-accords. 
  76. ↑ Bill Nelson [@senbillnelson] (June 15, 2021). "Brazil joins 11 other nations as a signatory of the #Artemis Accords today! As the 1st country in South America to make this commitment to a sustainable space environment, Brazil shows the global impact of the Accords around the world. Thanks for your support, @Astro_Pontes!". https://twitter.com/senbillnelson/status/1404826036127342593. 
  77. ↑ Potter, Sean (December 14, 2020). "NASA Administrator Signs Statement of Intent with Brazil on Artemis". http://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-administrator-signs-statement-of-intent-with-brazil-on-artemis-cooperation. 
  78. ↑ אייכנר, איתמר (January 26, 2022). "זה רשמי: ישראל הצטרפה ל"הסכמי ארטמיס" בחלל" (in he). ynet. https://www.ynet.co.il/environment-science/article/h11pfyyat. 
  79. ↑ Erwin, Sandra (November 10, 2021). "U.S. and France agree to expand cooperation on space issues". https://spacenews.com/u-s-and-france-agree-to-expand-cooperation-on-space-issues/. 
  80. ↑ "La France rejoint les " accords Artemis ", le programme de la Nasa sur l'exploration de la Lune" (in fr). June 7, 2022. https://www.ouest-france.fr/sciences/espace/nasa/la-france-rejoint-les-accords-artemis-le-programme-de-la-nasa-sur-l-exploration-de-la-lune-c704980d-6b1d-441b-b1b2-19512d3456f7. 
  81. ↑ "France joins Artemis Accords" (in en-US). June 8, 2022. https://spacenews.com/france-joins-artemis-accords/. 
  82. ↑ Grush, Loren (June 10, 2022). "Why France signing NASA's lunar exploration pact is the most important signature yet" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2022/6/10/23159558/nasa-artemis-accords-france-signing-moon-exploration-significance. 
  83. ↑ Foust, Jeff (December 13, 2022). "First African nations sign Artemis Accords" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/first-african-nations-sign-artemis-accords/. 
  84. ↑ "Signatories of the U.S.-Led Artemis Accords Meet in Person for the First Time" (in en). American Journal of International Law 117 (1): 133–139. 2023. doi:10.1017/ajil.2022.88. ISSN 0002-9300. 
  85. ↑ Foust, Jeff (September 21, 2022). "Artemis Accords signatories hold first meeting" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/artemis-accords-signatories-hold-first-meeting/. 
  86. ↑ Tingley, Brett (May 3, 2023). "Czech Republic signs Artemis Accords for 'peaceful, cooperative and sustainable' moon exploration" (in en). https://www.space.com/artemis-accords-czech-republic-24th-country-moon-exploration. 
  87. ↑ House, The White (June 22, 2023). "FACT SHEET: Republic of India Official State Visit to the United States" (in en-US). https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/06/22/fact-sheet-republic-of-india-official-state-visit-to-the-united-states/. 
  88. ↑ Singh, Jagmeet (June 22, 2023). "India joins NASA's Artemis Accords for collaborative lunar exploration" (in en-US). https://techcrunch.com/2023/06/22/india-nasa-artemis-accords/. 
  89. ↑ "Weltraum-Forschung - Deutschland unterzeichnet Artemis Accords". September 15, 2023. https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/deutschland-unterzeichnet-artemis-accords-106.html. 
  90. ↑ "US welcomes Angola signing space norms pact Artemis Accords -State Dept". December 4, 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/us-welcomes-angola-signing-space-norms-pact-artemis-accords-state-dept-2023-12-04/. 
  91. ↑ Foust, Jeff (January 24, 2024). "Belgium signs Artemis Accords" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/belgium-signs-artemis-accords/. 
  92. ↑ "NASA Invites Media to Switzerland Artemis Accords Signing Ceremony" (in en-US). https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-invites-media-to-switzerland-artemis-accords-signing-ceremony/. 
  93. ↑ "Government signs Artemis Accord on Space Exploration". Swedish Government. April 16, 2024. https://www.government.se/press-releases/2024/04/government-signs-artemis-accords-on-space-exploration/. 
  94. ↑ "United States Welcomes Slovenia's Signing of the Artemis Accords". https://www.state.gov/united-states-welcomes-slovenias-signing-of-the-artemis-accords/. 
  95. ↑ "United States Welcomes Lithuania's Signing of the Artemis Accords". https://www.state.gov/united-states-welcomes-lithuanias-signing-of-the-artemis-accords/. 
  96. ↑ "United States Welcomes Peru's Signing of the Artemis Accords". https://www.state.gov/united-states-welcomes-perus-signing-of-the-artemis-accords/. 
  97. ↑ "United States Welcomes Slovakia's Signing of the Artemis Accords". https://www.state.gov/united-states-welcomes-slovakias-signing-of-the-artemis-accords/. 
  98. ↑ "United States Welcomes Armenia's Signing of the Artemis Accords". https://www.state.gov/united-states-welcomes-armenias-signing-of-the-artemis-accords/. 
  99. ↑ Dungsunenarn, Nattanon (December 16, 2024). "Thailand has signed the Artemis Accords, becoming the first nation to join both the Artemis Accords and the ILRS". Spaceth.co. https://spaceth.co/thailand-has-signed-the-artemis-accords/. 
  100. ↑ Alaieva, Liliia (July 25, 2025). "Senegal joins the Artemis Accords" (in en-US). https://universemagazine.com/en/56th-participant-senegal-joins-the-artemis-accords/. 
  101. ↑ "The Artemis Accords. Principles for Cooperation in the Civil Exploration and Use of the Moon, Mars, Comets, and Asteroids for Peaceful Purposes" (in en-US). https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-accords/img/Artemis-Accords-signed-13Oct2020.pdf. 
  102. ↑ Fidler, David P (June 2, 2020). "The Artemis Accords and the Next Generation of Outer Space Governance" (in en). https://www.cfr.org/blog/artemis-accords-and-next-generation-outer-space-governance. 
  103. ↑ Hanlon, Michelle; Martin, Anne-Sophie (October 25, 2020). "#SpaceWatchGL Opinion: In a Historic First, Eight Nations Formally Recognize the Need to Preserve Heritage in Space". https://spacewatch.global/2020/10/spacewatchgl-opinion-in-a-historic-first-eight-nations-formally-recognize-the-need-to-preserve-heritage-in-space/. 
  104. ↑ Tronchetti, Fabio; Liu, Hao (June 3, 2021). "Australia Between the Moon Agreement and the Artemis Accords". https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/australia-between-the-moon-agreement-and-the-artemis-accords/. 
  105. ↑ O’Brien, Dennis (June 29, 2020). "The Space Review: The Artemis Accords: repeating the mistakes of the Age of Exploration". https://www.thespacereview.com/article/3975/1. 
  106. ↑ O’Brien, Dennis (June 1, 2020). "Legal Support for the Private Sector: An Implementation Agreement for the Moon Treaty" (in en). Advances in Astronautics Science and Technology 3 (1): 49–64. doi:10.1007/s42423-020-00059-w. ISSN 2524-5260. Bibcode: 2020AAnST...3...49O. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42423-020-00059-w. Retrieved April 4, 2023. 
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 107.2 "U.S. policy puts the safe development of space at risk". Science 370 (6513): 174–175. 2020. doi:10.1126/science.abd3402. PMID 33033208. Bibcode: 2020Sci...370..174B. 
  108. ↑ Ji, Elliot; Cerny, Michael B; Piliero, Raphael J (September 17, 2020). "What Does China Think About NASA's Artemis Accords?". https://thediplomat.com/2020/09/what-does-china-think-about-nasas-artemis-accords/. 
  109. ↑ Rajagopalan, Rajeswari Pillai (June 7, 2021). "The Artemis Accords and Global Lunar Governance". https://thediplomat.com/2021/06/the-artemis-accords-and-global-lunar-governance/. 
  110. ↑ Grush, Loren (October 13, 2020). "US and seven other countries sign NASA's Artemis Accords to set rules for exploring the Moon" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2020/10/13/21507204/nasa-artemis-accords-8-countries-moon-outer-space-treaty. 
  111. ↑ von der Dunk, Frans (June 2, 2020). "The Artemis Accords and the law: Is the Moon 'back in business'?" (in en-NZ). https://www.thebigq.org/2020/06/02/the-artemis-accords-and-the-law-is-the-moon-back-in-business/. 
  112. ↑ Stirn, Alexander (October 30, 2020). "Raumfahrt: Wie die USA das Völkerrecht aushebeln könnten" (in de). https://www.spektrum.de/news/wie-die-usa-das-voelkerrecht-aushebeln-koennten/1787216. 



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