Astronomy:List of government space agencies
Government space agencies are established by governments of countries or regional groupings of countries to establish a means for advocating for and/or engaging in activities related to outer space, exploitation of space systems, and space exploration. The listings summarize all countries and regional authorities that have established space agencies. The listings established a comparative summary of demonstrated capabilities across the countries that have invested in the pursuit of space-based objectives.
Government space agency organizations are established with objectives that include national prestige, exploitation of remote sensing information, communications, education, and economic development. These agencies tend to be civil in nature (vs military) and serve to advance the benefits of exploitation and/or exploration of space. Government agencies span the spectrum from ancient organizations with small budgets to mature national or regional enterprises such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the United States, the European Space Agency (ESA) which coordinates for more than 20 constituent countries, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities (Roscosmos) of Russia, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), and the China National Space Agency (CNSA).
The space agency listings are segregated to enable identification of subsets of the complete list that have advanced to higher levels or technical or programmatic proficiency in accordance with the following:
- Establishment of agency, initial exploitation of space-based systems
- Development of launch capability
- Capacity for extraterrestrial exploration
- Demonstration of human spaceflight capability across one or more of these domains
The four listings identify a technological progression in complexity and capacity that historically aligned to the developments that occurred during the 20th century space race between the United States and the Soviet Union. It is not intended to offer that this is the only path to advanced space faring status; variations and adaptations are expected and are likely to occur based on the technological capabilities that are available to today as opposed to 50 or more years ago. For each identified "Demonstrated capability" a reference is included to that program's first demonstration of the technical capacity or capability to meet the defined objective.
The fifth listing identifies countries that are considering or are developing space agency organizations but have not ratified formation or operation as of yet.
Note as well that the demonstrated capabilities represent the national (or regional) capacity to achieve the identified objective. These listings do not attempt to determine which programs were uniquely or solely funded by the space agency itself. For each listing, the short name or acronym identified is the English version, with the native language version below. The date of the founding of the space agency is the date of first operations where applicable. If the space agency is no longer running, then the date when it was terminated. Additionally, the strategic nature of many space programs result in cooperation between civil agency and military organizations to meet unique staff and technical proficiencies required to support space programs given the geographic expanse required to ensure successful operation.
List of space agencies
(As of 2024) 74 different government space agencies are in existence, including 68 national space agencies and six international agencies. Initial competencies demonstrated include funding and nomination of a candidate to serve as astronaut, cosmonaut, or taikonaut with the countries/organizations executing human spaceflight solutions. Other demonstrated capabilities include operation of a satellite (e.g. a communications or remote sensing system) largely developed and/or delivered by a third party, domestic development of a satellite system, and capacity to recover a science payload from a sub-orbital or orbital mission. Seven space agencies (six national, one international) have demonstrated all four of those capabilities.
Country | Space agency | Demonstrated capability | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Acronym | Founded | First Astronaut | Operates satellites | Builds satellites | Recoverable payloads capable | |
Template:Country data African Union | African Space Agency | AfSA | 24 January 2023 | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Algerian Space Agency | ASAL | 2002[1] | ![]() |
![]() (Alcomsat-1) |
![]() (AlSAT-1) |
![]() |
![]() |
Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales[2] | CONAE | 1961 (CNIE) 1991 (CONAE) |
![]() |
![]() (Nahuel 1A) |
![]() (ARSAT-1) |
![]() |
![]() |
Australian Space Agency[3] | ASA | 1986 (NSP) 2018 (ASA)[4][5] |
![]() (Paul Scully-Power) |
![]() (Aussat A1) |
![]() (WRESAT) |
![]() |
![]() |
Austrian Space Agency[6][7] | ALR | 1972 | ![]() (Franz Viehböck) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Space Agency of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azercosmos)[8] | Azercosmos | 2021 | ![]() |
![]() (Azerspace-1) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Bangladesh Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization[9] | SPARRSO | 1980 | ![]() |
![]() (Bangabandhu-1) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy[10] | BIRA IASB BISA |
1964 | ![]() (Dirk Frimout) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Brazilian Space Agency[11][12] | AEB | 1994 | ![]() (Marcos Pontes) |
![]() (Brasilsat A1) |
![]() (Amazônia-1) |
![]() |
![]() |
Bulgarian Space Agency[13] | SRI-BAS STIL-BAS |
1987 | ![]() (Georgi Ivanov) |
![]() (Bulgaria 1300) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Canadian Space Agency[14] | CSA ASC |
1989 | ![]() (Marc Garneau) |
![]() (Alouette 1) |
![]() (Alouette 1) |
![]() |
![]() |
Chilean Space Agency | CSA | 2001 | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
China National Space Administration[15] | CNSA | 1993 | ![]() (Yang Liwei) |
![]() |
![]() (Dong Fang Hong 1) |
![]() |
![]() |
Costa Rican Space Agency (Agencia Espacial Costarricense)[16] | AEC | 2021 | ![]() |
![]() (Irazú) |
![]() (Irazú) |
![]() |
International ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems[17] | CCSDS | 1982 | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
International ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Template:Country data Caribbean Community |
Committee on Space Research[18][19][20] | COSPAR | 1958 | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Czech Space Office[21] | CSO | 2003[22] | ![]() (Vladimír Remek) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Danish National Space Center[23] | DNSC DTU Space |
1968 (DSRI) 2005 (DNSC) |
![]() (Andreas Mogensen) |
![]() (Ørsted) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Egyptian Space Agency[24][25] | EGSA NARSS[26] EASRT-RSC |
2018 1994 1971–1994 |
![]() |
![]() (EgyptSat 1) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Instituto Aeroespacial de El Salvador(Esai)[27][28] | ESAI | 2021 | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute[29] | ESSTI |
2016 | ![]() |
![]() ETRSS-1 |
![]() ETRSS-1 |
![]() |
European Space Agency[30][31] | ESA ASE EWO |
1964 (ESRO/ELDO) 1975 (ESA) |
![]() (Ulf Merbold) |
![]() (Cos-B) |
![]() (Cos-B) |
![]() | |
![]() |
European Union Agency for the Space Programme[32] | EUSPA | 2004 (GSA) 2021 (EUSPA) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
National Centre for Space Studies[33] | CNES | 1961 | ![]() (Jean-Loup Chrétien) |
![]() (Astérix) |
![]() (Astérix) |
![]() |
![]() |
German Aerospace Center[34] | DLR | 1969 | ![]() (Sigmund Jähn) |
![]() |
![]() (Azur) |
![]() |
![]() |
Ghana Space Science and Technology Centre[35] | GSSTI |
2012 | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Hellenic Space Centre Ελληνικό Κέντρο Διαστήματος[36] |
HSC ΕΛΚΕΔ |
2019 | ![]() |
![]() (Hellas Sat 2) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Hungarian Space Office | MŰI HSO |
1992 | ![]() (Bertalan Farkas) |
![]() (MaSat-1) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Indian Space Research Organisation[37][38][39] | ISRO इसरो |
1962 (INCOSPAR) 15th Aug 1969 (ISRO) |
![]() (Rakesh Sharma) |
![]() (Aryabhata) |
![]() (Aryabhata) |
![]() |
![]() |
Indonesian Space Agency (Previously known as LAPAN)[40] | INASA | 1964 | ![]() |
![]() (Palapa-A1) |
![]() (Lapan-TUBsat) |
![]() |
![]() |
Iranian Space Agency | ISA[41][42] | 2004 | ![]() |
![]() (Sina-1) |
![]() (Omid) |
![]() (Pishgam) |
![]() |
Israeli Space Agency | ISA סוכנות החלל הישראלית |
1983 | ![]() (Ilan Ramon) |
![]() (Ofeq-1) |
![]() (Shavit 2) |
![]() |
![]() |
Italian Space Agency[44][45] | ASI | 1988 | ![]() (Franco Malerba) |
![]() (San Marco 1) |
![]() (San Marco 1) |
![]() |
![]() |
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency[46][47] | JAXA ジャクサ |
2003 | ![]() (Toyohiro Akiyama) |
![]() (Ohsumi) |
![]() (Ohsumi) |
![]() |
![]() |
National Space Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan[48] | KazCosmos KazKosmos |
2007 | ![]() (Toktar Aubakirov) |
![]() (KazSat-1) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Kenya Space Agency[49] | KSA |
2017 | ![]() |
![]() (1KUNS-PF) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
National Aerospace Development Administration[50][51] | NADA | 1980s (KCST) 2013 (NADA)[52] |
![]() |
![]() (Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2) |
![]() (Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2) |
![]() |
![]() |
Korea Aerospace Research Institute[53] | KARI | 1989 | ![]() (Yi So-yeon) |
![]() (Koreasat 1) |
![]() (KITSAT-1) |
![]() |
![]() |
Lithuanian Space Association[54] | LSA[55] | 2007 | ![]() |
![]() (LituanicaSAT-1) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Luxembourg Space Agency[56] | LSA | 2018 | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Malaysian Space Agency[57] | MYSA | 2002 | ![]() (Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor) |
![]() (MEASAT-1) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Mexican Space Agency[58] | AEM | 2010 | ![]() (Rodolfo Vela) |
![]() (Morelos I) |
![]() (UNAMSAT B)[59] |
![]() |
![]() |
National Remote Sensing Center of Mongolia[60] | NRSC | 1991 | ![]() |
![]() (Mazaalai) |
![]() (Mazaalai) |
![]() |
![]() |
Royal Center for Remote Sensing[61] Centre Royal de Télédétection Spatiale Ammas Amrrukan n Tallunt (المركز الملكي للإستشعار البعدي الفضائي) |
CRTS | 1989 | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Netherlands Institute for Space Research[62] | SRON | 1983 | ![]() (Wubbo Ockels) |
![]() (ANS) |
![]() (ANS) |
![]() |
![]() |
New Zealand Space Agency |
NZSA | 2016 | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
National Space Research and Development Agency[63] | NASRDA | 1998 | ![]() |
![]() (Nigeriasat-1) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Norwegian Space Agency[64] | NRS NSC |
1987 | ![]() |
![]() (Thor 2) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission[65] | SUPARCO سپارکو |
1961 (started working from 1964) | ![]() |
![]() (Badr-1) |
![]() (Badr-1) |
![]() |
![]() |
Paraguayan Space Agency (Agencia Espacial de Paraguay)[66] | AEP | 2014 | ![]() |
![]() (GuaraníSat-1) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
National Commission for Aerospace Research and Development[67] | CONIDA | 1974 | ![]() |
![]() (Chasqui I) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Philippine Space Agency[68][69][70][71][72] | PhilSA | 2014 (DOST–ASTI) 2019 (PhilSA) |
![]() |
![]() (Agila-1) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Polish Space Agency[73] | POLSA | 1976 (CBK PAN) 2014 (POLSA) |
![]() (Mirosław Hermaszewski) |
![]() (Lem) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Portugal Space[74][75] | PTSPACE | 2019 | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() (PoSAT-1) |
![]() |
![]() |
Romanian Space Agency[76] | ASR ROSA |
1991 | ![]() (Dumitru Prunariu) |
![]() (Goliat) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities | Roscosmos Роскосмос |
25 Feb 1992 | ![]() (Aleksandr Volkov) |
![]() (Kosmos 2175) |
![]() (Kosmos 2175) |
![]() (Soyuz TM-14) |
![]() |
Rwanda Space Agency[77] | RSA | 2021 | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Saudi Space Agency[78] | SSA | 1977 (KACST-SRI) 2018 (SSC/SSA) |
![]() (Sultan Bin Salman) |
![]() (Arabsat-1A) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing[79] | CRISP | 1995 | ![]() |
![]() (ST-1) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
South African National Space Agency[80] | SANSA | 2010 | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Soviet space program | СССР Космическая программа |
1955 disbanded 25 Dec 1991 |
![]() (Yuri Gagarin) |
![]() (Sputnik 1) |
![]() (Sputnik 1) |
![]() (Korabl-Sputnik 2) |
![]() |
Agencia Espacial Española[81][82][83] | AEE | 2023 | ![]() (Pedro Duque) |
![]() (Hispasat 1A) |
![]() (Intasat) |
![]() |
![]() |
Swedish National Space Agency[84] | SNSA | 1972 | ![]() (Christer Fuglesang) |
![]() (Viking) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Swiss Space Office[85][86] | SSO | 1998 | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Syrian Space Agency[87][88][89][90] | SSA | 2014 | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Taiwan Space Agency[91] | TASA | 1991 | ![]() |
![]() (ST-1) |
![]() (Formosat-1) |
![]() |
![]() |
Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency[92] | GISTDA สทอภ |
2000 | ![]() |
![]() (Thaicom 1) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
French: Centre national de la cartographie et de la télédétection (Arabic: المركز الوطني للإستشعار عن بعد) (National Remote Sensing Center of Tunisia)[93] |
CNCT | 1988 | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Turkish Space Agency (Türkiye Uzay Ajansı)[94][95][96][97] |
TUA | 1985 (TÜBİTAK UZAY) 2018 (TUA) |
![]() (Alper Gezeravcı) |
![]() (Türksat 1A) |
![]() (Göktürk-2) |
![]() |
![]() |
Turkmenistan National Space Agency[98] | TNSA | 2011 | ![]() |
![]() (TürkmenÄlem52E / MonacoSAT) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
State Space Agency of Ukraine[99] | SSAU | 1992 | ![]() (Leonid Kadeniuk) |
![]() |
![]() (Sich-1) |
![]() |
![]() |
United Arab Emirates Space Agency[100] | UAESA | 2014 | ![]() (Hazza Al Mansouri) |
![]() (Thuraya 2) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
United Kingdom Space Agency[101] | UKSA | 2010 | ![]() (Helen Sharman) |
![]() (Ariel 1) |
![]() (Prospero) |
![]() |
![]() |
United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space[102] | UNCOPUOS | 1959 | — | — | — | — |
![]() |
United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs[103] | UNOOSA | 1958 | — | — | — | — |
![]() |
National Aeronautics and Space Administration[104] | NASA | 1958 | ![]() (Alan Shepard) |
![]() (Explorer 1) |
![]() (Explorer 1) |
![]() (Discoverer 13) |
![]() |
The Space Research and Technology Agency under the Ministry of Digital Technologies of the Republic of Uzbekistan[105] | Uzbekspace agency | 2019 | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities[106] | ABAE | 2008 | ![]() |
![]() (Venesat-1) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Vietnam National Space Center (Trung tâm Vũ trụ Việt Nam)[107] | TTVTVN or VNSC VAST-VNSC |
2006 | ![]() (Phạm Tuân) |
![]() (Vinasat-1) |
![]() |
![]() |
List of space agencies with launch capability
This group of agencies have developed or are developing launch infrastructure including space launch sites, suborbital launch technology, orbital launch systems, and reusable hardware technologies.
Country | Space agency | Demonstrated capability | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Acronym | Founded | Operates launch site | Suborbital launch capable | Orbital launch capable | Cryogenic rocket engine use | Reusable systems use | |
![]() |
Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales[2] | CONAE | 1961 (CNIE) 1991 (CONAE) |
![]() (Punta Indio) |
![]() (Orión) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Australian Space Agency[3][4] | ASA | 2018 | ![]() (Woomera) |
![]() (Long Tom) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Brazilian Space Agency[11][12] | AEB | 1994 | ![]() (Alcântara) |
![]() (VSB-30) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Canadian Space Agency | CSA | 1 Mar 1989 | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
China National Space Administration[15] | CNSA | 1993 | ![]() (Jiuquan) |
![]() |
![]() (Long March 1) |
![]() (YF-73) |
![]() |
European Space Agency | ESA ASE EWO[30][31] |
30 May 1975 | ![]() (Kourou) |
![]() |
![]() (Ariane 1) |
![]() |
![]() | |
![]() |
French: Centre National d’Études Spatiales[33] | CNES | 1961 | ![]() (Kourou) |
![]() (Véronique) |
![]() (Diamant A) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Indian Space Research Organisation[37][38][39] | ISRO इसरो |
1969 | ![]() (Sriharikota) |
![]() (RH-75) |
![]() (SLV) |
![]() (CE-20) (CE-7.5) |
![]() |
![]() |
Iranian Space Agency[112] | ISA | 2004 | ![]() (Semnan) |
![]() (Safir) |
![]() (Safir) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Israel Space Agency[113] | ISA] סל"ה |
1983 | ![]() (Palmachim Airbase) |
![]() (Shavit 2) |
![]() (Shavit 2) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Italian Space Agency[114] | ASI | 1988 | ![]() (Salto di Quirra) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency[46] | JAXA ジャクサ |
2003 | ![]() (Uchinoura) |
![]() |
![]() (Lambda-4S) |
![]() (LE-7) |
![]() |
![]() |
National Aerospace Development Administration | KCST | 1980s | ![]() (Sohae) |
![]() |
![]() (Unha-3) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Korea Aerospace Research Institute[116] | KARI 항우연 |
1989 | ![]() (Naro) |
![]() |
![]() (Nuri) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Mexican Space Agency | MSA | 2010 | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
New Zealand Space Agency |
NZSA | 2016 | ![]() (Mahia) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission[117] | SUPARCO | 1961 | ![]() (Sonmiani Flight Test Range) |
![]() (Rehbar-I) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Polish Space Agency | POLSA | 1976 | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities | Roscosmos Роскосмос |
25 Feb 1992 | ![]() (Plesetsk) |
![]() |
![]() (Soyuz-U) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Soviet space program | СССР Космическая программа |
1955 disbanded 25 Dec 1991 |
![]() (Baikonur) |
![]() (GIRD-09) |
![]() (R-7 Sputnik) |
![]() (KVD-1) |
![]() (Buran) |
![]() |
Swedish National Space Agency[118] | SNSA | 1972 | ![]() (Esrange) |
![]() (Maser) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
State Space Agency of Ukraine[119] | ДКАУ SSAU |
1992 | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() (Dnepr) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
UK Space Agency | UKSA | 1 Apr 2010 | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
National Aeronautics and Space Administration[104] | NASA | 1958 | ![]() (Cape Canaveral) |
![]() (WAC Corporal) |
![]() (Juno I) |
![]() (RL10) |
![]() (Space Shuttle) |
List of space agencies with extraterrestrial exploration capability
This group of agencies have developed advanced technological capabilities required for travel and study of other heavenly bodies within the Solar System. These involve the capacity to leave the local area around the planet Earth for lunar and/or missions to other bodies in the Solar System. As of February 2023, six (6) countries/agencies have achieved objectives necessary to be listed here.
Country | Space agency | Demonstrated capability | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Acronym | Founded | Controlled surface impact | Operates extraterrestrial orbiter | Uncrewed soft landing | Uncrewed rover operation | Sample return | |
![]() |
China National Space Administration[120] | CNSA | 1993[15] | ![]() (Chang'e 1) |
![]() (Chang'e 1) |
![]() (Chang'e 3) |
![]() (Yutu-1) |
![]() (Chang'e 5) |
European Space Agency[121] | ESA ASE EWO |
1975 | ![]() (Rosetta) |
![]() (Mars Express) |
![]() (Huygens) |
![]() |
![]() | |
![]() |
Indian Space Research Organisation[122] | ISRO इसरो |
1969[37] | ![]() (Moon Impact Probe)[39] |
![]() (Chandrayaan-1) |
![]() (Chandrayaan-3) |
![]() (Pragyan) |
![]() |
![]() |
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency[123] | JAXA ジャクサ |
2003 | ![]() (Hiten) |
![]() (Hiten) |
![]() (Hayabusa) |
![]() (MINERVA-II) |
![]() (Hayabusa) |
![]() |
Soviet space program | СССР Космическая программа |
1955 disbanded 25 Dec 1991 |
![]() (Luna 2) |
![]() (Luna 10) |
![]() (Luna 9) |
![]() (Lunokhod 1) |
![]() (Luna 16) |
![]() |
National Aeronautics and Space Administration | NASA | 1958[104] | ![]() (Ranger 7) |
![]() (Lunar Orbiter 1) |
![]() (Surveyor 1) |
![]() (Sojourner) |
![]() (Apollo 11) |
List of space agencies with human spaceflight capability
This small group of countries/space agencies have demonstrated the highest technological capacity with systems and solutions that support human spaceflight along with the ancillary technological capabilities to support human activity in orbit and/or on extraterrestrial bodies. The missions identified (and personnel when appropriate) are the first successful accomplishments of each activity.
Country | Space agency | Demonstrated capability | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Acronym | Founded | Crewed space launch | EVA | Rendezvous and docking | Space station | Crewed circumlunar flight | Crewed Moon landing | |
![]() |
China National Space Administration[124][15] | CNSA | 1993 | ![]() (Shenzhou 5) |
![]() (Shenzhou 7, Zhai Zhigang) |
![]() (Shenzhou 8 to Tiangong-1) |
![]() (Tiangong) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities | Roscosmos Роскосмос |
25 Feb 1992 | ![]() (Soyuz TM-14) |
![]() (Mir, Aleksandr Volkov and Sergei Krikalev) |
![]() (Soyuz TM-14 to ISS) |
![]() (Mir) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Soviet space program | СССР Космическая программа |
1955 disbanded 25 Dec 1991 |
![]() (Vostok 1) |
![]() (Voskhod 2, Alexei Leonov) |
![]() (Soyuz 4 to Soyuz 5) |
![]() (Salyut 1) |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
National Aeronautics and Space Administration[104] | NASA | 1958 | ![]() (Mercury-Redstone 3) |
![]() (Gemini 4, Ed White) |
![]() (Gemini 8 to GATV) |
![]() (Skylab) |
![]() (Apollo 8) |
![]() (Apollo 11) |
Emerging, proposed and future space agencies
Country/Countries | Space agency | Expected date of formation | Current status | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Acronym | |||
Template:Country data African Union | African Space Agency | AfSA | 2023 | Proposed in 2015. AU plans to launch the agency by 2019 with a proposed headquarter in Cairo, Egypt. Funded by Egypt. See the stamp issued by Egypt on 19 September 2019.[125][126][127][128][129] |
![]() |
Albanian Space Office | ASO | — | Proposed in 2020, at progress stage.[130] |
![]() |
Armenian Space Agency | ArmCosmos | — | Proposed in 2013 with the goal to launch satellites. Negotiating with the International Telecommunication Union to clear the path for its prospective launch.[131] |
![]() |
Bhutan Space Office | BSO | — | Proposed in 2016, at progress stage.[132] |
![]() |
Cambodian Aeronautics and Space Office | CASO | — | Proposed in 2016, at progress stage.[133] |
![]() |
Croatian Space Agency | CROSA | — | Proposed in 2020, currently operate as NGO Adriatic Aerospace Association (A3), at progress stage.[134][135] |
![]() |
Djibouti National Space Office | — | — | Announced in 2022, at bill stage.[136] |
![]() |
Guatemala Space Agency | — | — | Proposed in 2019, at progress stage.[137][138] |
![]() |
Honduras Space Agency | AEH | — | Proposed in 2018, at progress stage.[139] |
![]() |
Iraqi National Space Agency | IraqSpace | — | Proposed in 2019, at progress stage.[140] |
![]() |
Lao Aeronautics and Space Agency | LaoSpace | — | Proposed in 2015, at progress stage.[141] |
![]() |
Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency | ALCE | 2022[142] | Announced in 2021, bill stage.[143][144] |
![]() |
Latvia Space Office | LSO | — | Proposed in 2020, at progress stage.[145] |
![]() |
Malta Space Office | MSO | — | Proposed in 2017, at progress stage.[146] |
![]() |
Moldova National Space Office | — | — | Proposed in 2018, at progress stage.[147] |
![]() |
Monaco Space Agency | — | — | Proposed in 2020, at progress stage.[148] |
![]() |
Montenegrin National Bureau of Space | — | — | Announced in 2022, bill stage.[149] |
![]() |
Myanmar Aeronautics and Space Agency | MyanmarSpace | — | Proposed in 2019, at progress stage.[150][151] |
![]() |
Nepal Aeronautics and Space Office | NepalSpace | — | Proposed in 2018, at progress stage.[152] |
![]() |
Nicaraguan Space Agency | AEN | — | Announced in 2021, bill stage.[153][154] |
![]() |
Oman Space Agency | OSA | — | Proposed in 2020, at progress stage.[155][156] |
![]() |
Panama Space Agency | AEP | — | Proposed in 2014, at progress stage.[157] |
![]() |
Serbian Space Office | SerbSpace | — | Proposed in 2016, at progress stage.[158] |
![]() |
Slovenian National Bureau of Space | — | — | Proposed in 2019, at progress stage.[159][160] |
![]() |
Sri Lanka Aeronautics and Space Agency | SLASA | — | Proposed in 2009. Immediate goal was to construct and launch two satellites. Sri Lankan Telecommunications Regulatory Commission had signed an agreement with Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd to get the relevant help and resources.[161] |
![]() |
Sudan Space Agency | — | — | Proposed in 2017, at progress stage.[162] |
![]() |
Tanzanian National Space Agency | TNSA | — | Proposed in 2021, at progress stage.[163] |
![]() |
Uruguayan Space Agency | AEU | 2022 | Announced in 2021, bill stage.[164] |
Budgets
The annual budgets listed are the official budgets of national space agencies available in public domain. The budgets are not normalized to the expenses of space research in different countries, i.e. higher budget does not necessarily mean more activity or better performance in space exploration.[165][166] Budget could be used for different projects: e.g. GPS is maintained from the US defence budget,[167] whereas ESA's money is used for developing the European Galileo positioning system.[168] For European contributors to ESA, the national budgets shown include also their contributions to ESA.
Five government space agencies, the United States (NASA), China (CNSA), France (CNES), Japan (JAXA) and Russia (Roscosmos), have annual budgets of more than two billion US dollars.
Agency (country/region) | Budget (in millions of US $) |
---|---|
NASA (United States ) | 23,500
|
CNSA (China ) | 11,700
|
ESA (Europe) | 7,430
|
CNES (France ) | 3,521
|
JAXA (Japan ) | 2,388
|
Roscosmos (Russia ) | 2,011
|
ISRO (India ) | 1,831
|
ASI (Italy) | 1,750
|
DLR (Germany ) | 1,424
|
AEE (Spain ) | 739
|
KARI (South Korea ) | 701
|
UKSA (United Kingdom ) | 604
|
CSA (Canada ) | 460
|
ASA (Algeria) | 394
|
ISAB (Belgium) | 260
|
SSO (Switzerland ) | 177
|
NSO (Netherlands) | 150
|
SNSA (Sweden) | 120
|
SSAU (Ukraine ) | 107
|
NOSA (Norway ) | 103
|
TUA (Turkey) | 87
|
ALR (Austria) | 75
|
AEB (Brazil ) | 68
|
CONAE (Argentina ) | 63
|
LAPAN (Indonesia) | 54
|
See also
- Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
- Lists of astronomical objects
- Lists of telescopes
- SEDS
- Lists of spacecraft
- Lists of astronauts
- Lists of space scientists
Notes
References
- ↑ "ASAL (Agence Spatiale Algérienne)". https://sky-brokers.com/supplier/agence-spatiale-algerienne-asal/.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales – Background". CONAE. http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/sobre/antecedentes.html.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Australian Space Agency". https://space.gov.au.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Australia just launched a brand new space agency". 25 September 2017. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/australia-space-agency-nasa-earth-roscosmos-malcolm-turnbull-economy-a7966751.html.
- ↑ Pearlman, Jonathan (6 October 2017). "Australia sets up space agency with eye on satellite tech". https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/australianz/australia-sets-up-space-agency-with-eye-on-satellite-tech.
- ↑ Besser, Bruno (January 2004). "Austria's History in Space". pp. 25–28. http://www.esa.int/esapub/hsr/HSR_34.pdf.
- ↑ "ESA – Human Spaceflight and Exploration – Other space agencies". 3 January 2007. http://www.esa.int/esaHS/ESAGRE0VMOC_index_0.html.
- ↑ "Decree of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan on the establishment of the public legal entity "Space Agency of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azercosmos)"". https://president.az/articles/51300.
- ↑ "বাংলাদেশ মহাকাশ গবেষণা ও দূর অনুধাবন". http://www.sparrso.gov.bd/.
- ↑ "Aeronomy.be – Contact – Who are we?". http://www.aeronomie.be/en/contact/whoarewe.htm.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Presidency of Brazil: Law 8.854 of 02/10/1994 – "That creates the Brazilian Space Agency, and other measures".". http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Leis/L8854.htm.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 "S-30 family". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_fam/s-30.htm.
- ↑ Space research in Bulgaria is coordinated by the Inter-Department Commission for Space Research (Bulgarian: Междуведомствена комисия по космически изследвания) which is composed of the deputy ministers of several ministries and representatives of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
- ↑ "Canadian Space Milestones". 4 December 2007. http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/about/milestones.asp.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 "China National Space Administration – Organization and Function". http://www.cnsa.gov.cn/n615709/n620681/n771918/index.html.
- ↑ "Alvarado firma como Ley la creación de la Agencia Espacial Costarricense, pero anuncia reforma". https://delfino.cr/2021/03/alvarado-firma-como-ley-la-creacion-de-la-agencia-espacial-costarricense-pero-anuncia-reforma.
- ↑ "CCSDS". http://public.ccsds.org/.
- ↑ Committee headquartered in France, within the International Council for Science (ICSU ).
- ↑ "COSPAR National Committee Members". http://cosparhq.cnes.fr/About/natinst.htm.
- ↑ "International Scientific Union Members and their Representatives to COSPAR". http://cosparhq.cnes.fr/About/sciunion.htm.
- ↑ "Czech Space Office". https://www.czechspace.cz/.
- ↑ "Czech Space Office". https://www.iafastro.org/membership/all-members/czech-space-office.html#.
- ↑ "About DTU Space". https://www.space.dtu.dk/english/about-dtu-space.
- ↑ Al-Youm, Al-Masry (2018-01-18). "Sisi passes law establishing Egyptian Space Agency" (in en-US). https://www.egyptindependent.com/sisi-passes-law-establishing-egyptian-space-agency/.
- ↑ "List of satellites and space agencies in North Africa" (in en-GB). https://spacehubs.africa/north-africa.
- ↑ "NARSS official site". http://www.narss.sci.eg/.
- ↑ "El Salvador Aerospace Institute – ESAI". https://www.esai.sv/.
- ↑ "ESAI". https://www.esai.sv/.
- ↑ "ETHIOPIAN SPACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE". etssti. https://etssti.org/.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 "ESA – About ESA – What is ESA?". ESA. http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/About_ESA/SEMW16ARR1F_0.html.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 "ESA – About ESA – History of the European Space Agency". ESA. http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/About_ESA/SEM7VFEVL2F_0.html.
- ↑ "EUSPA". https://www.euspa.europa.eu.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 "About CNES". http://www.cnes.fr/web/CNES-en/3773-about-cnes.php.
- ↑ "Relaunch - Erklärung". https://www.dlr.de/DE/Service/ueber-relaunch/erklaerung_node.html.
- ↑ "ABOUT US - Who We Are - The Ghana Space Science and Technology Institute (GSSTI)". gssti. https://gssti.org/.
- ↑ "About Hellenic Space Center". https://hsc.gov.gr/en/about/.
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 "About ISRO". http://www.isro.org/about_isro.htm.
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 "About ISRO". Indian Space Research Organization. https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro.
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 "All Missions". Indian Space Research Organization. https://www.isro.gov.in/all-missions-0.
- ↑ "LAPAN". https://www.lapan.go.id/.
- ↑ "ISA". http://www.isa.ir/.
- ↑ "Realtime Business News, Economic News, Breaking News and Forex News". https://www.rttnews.com/list/general-news.aspx.
- ↑ "Iran launches homegrown satellite". BBC News. 3 February 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7866357.stm.
- ↑ ASI official site "ASI MISSIONS AND PROJECTS-ACTIVITY". http://www.asi.it/en/activity.
- ↑ ASI official site "ASI MISSIONS AND PROJECTS-CASSINI". December 2008. http://www.asi.it/en/activity/solar_system/cassinihuygens.
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 "JAXA HISTORY". http://www.jaxa.jp/about/history/index_e.html.
- ↑ "Error: no
|title=
specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ja). JAXA. http://iss.jaxa.jp/kibo/kibo-j/tria/tria6doc24.html. - ↑ "PM introduced new head of Kazakh National Space Agency". kazinform. 12 April 2007. http://inform.kz/eng/article/2150333.
- ↑ "About Us Kenya Space Agency". ksaspa. https://ksa.go.ke/about/.
- ↑ "朝鲜宣布发展太空计划抗衡"西方强权"". 民族网. 8 February 2009. http://www.minzuwang.com/inc/news_view.asp?newsid=12503.
- ↑ "Despite Clinton, Korea has rights". Workers.org. 25 February 2009. http://www.workers.org/2009/editorials/korea_0305/.
- ↑ "National Aerospace Development Administration of DPRK". Korean Central News Agency. 31 March 2014. http://kcna.co.jp/item/2014/201403/news31/20140331-24ee.html.
- ↑ "KARI". http://www.kari.kr/.
- ↑ "Association | Lithuanian Space Association". Space-lt.eu. http://www.space-lt.eu/aprasymas.htm.
- ↑ "LSA". http://space-lt.eu/en/lka-asociation/lk-asociacija-zmones-en/.
- ↑ Luxembourg establishes space agency and new fund, SpaceNews, 13 September 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
- ↑ "Malaysian National Space Agency, Official Website – Background". http://www.angkasa.gov.my/welcome/about_us/background.php.
- ↑ Lanzamiento de primer nanosatélite en Hidalgo, "Nanoconect 1", muestra de la innovación del fondo. (in Spanish). AEM. Published 11 December 2017.
- ↑ Krebs, Gunter D.. "UNAMSAT A, B (Mexico-OSCAR 30, MO 30)". Gunter's Space Page. https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/unamsat-a.htm.
- ↑ "Mongolia: National Remots Sensing Center (NRSC)". Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum. https://www.aprsaf.org/newsmails_newsletters/pastnews_2002/feature_200203.php.
- ↑ "Royal Center for Remote Sensing". https://www.crts.gov.ma/Royal%20Centre%20for%20Remote%20Sensing.
- ↑ "SRON". http://www.sron.nl/.
- ↑ "NASRDA". http://www.nasrda.gov.ng/.
- ↑ "Norwegian Space Centre annual report". 2007. p. 16. http://www.spacecentre.no/filestore/AnnualRep07.pdf.
- ↑ "SUPARCO". http://www.suparco.gov.pk/.
- ↑ Gaskill, Melissa (16 March 2021). "Paraguay's First Satellite Deployed From the International Space Station". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/news/birds-4-paraguays-first-satellite.
- ↑ "PeruSat-1". eoPortal. https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/p/perusat-1.
- ↑ Parrocha, Azer (13 August 2019). "Duterte signs law creating Philippine Space Agency". Philippine News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1077724.
- ↑ Sabillo, Kristine (14 August 2019). "Philippine Space Agency: Is a Filipino in space in the horizon?" (in en). ABS-CBN News. https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/08/14/19/philippine-space-agency-is-a-filipino-in-space-in-the-horizon.
- ↑ "PH's Maya-2 launched into space: DOST" (in en). https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1131386. "The (satellite) program (of the DOST) will now transition into the leadership of the newly established Philippine Space Agency, he added."
- ↑ Lopez, Virgil (13 August 2019). "Duterte signs law creating PHL space agency". GMA News. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/scitech/science/704436/duterte-signs-law-creating-phl-space-agency/.
- ↑ "Duterte signs law creating PHL space agency". https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/scitech/science/704436/duterte-signs-law-creating-phl-space-agency/.
- ↑ "POLSA". https://web.archive.org/web/20160509145348/https://www.polsa.gov.pl/pl/.
- ↑ "Portugal Space Agency". 2019. p. 1. https://www.ptspace.pt/.
- ↑ "Portugal Just Launched a National Space Agency!". 2019. p. 1. https://www.space.com/portugal-launches-space-agency.html.
- ↑ "Romanian Space Agency". https://www.rosa.ro/index.php/en/.
- ↑ "Rwanda Space Agency". https://www.space.gov.rw/.
- ↑ "SSA". https://ssa.gov.sa/en/.
- ↑ "CRISP". http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/.
- ↑ "Home". SANSA. 14 October 2013. http://www.sansa.org.za/overview/history.
- ↑ "El astronauta español de la ESA vuelve al espacio". http://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Cervantes_Mission_Spanish/El_astronauta_espanol_de_la_ESA_vuelve_al_espacio.
- ↑ Programas de Alta Tecnología de Nanosatélites , Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial
- ↑ "El Arenosillo". http://www.sat-net.com/serra/areno_e.htm.
- ↑ "Rymdstryrelsen - Swedish National Space Agency". https://www.rymdstyrelsen.se/en/.
- ↑ "SSO – Swiss Space Office". http://www.sso.admin.ch/.
- ↑ "Organisation Chart of the SERI". https://www.sbfi.admin.ch/sbfi/en/home/the-state-secretariat-for-education--research-and-innovation/organigramm-sbfi.html.
- ↑ Rupar, Terri (18 March 2014). "Syria has set up a space agency". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/03/18/syria-has-set-up-a-space-agency/. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
- ↑ Ohlheiser, A. (18 March 2014). Syria Creates a Space Agency in the Middle of its Civil War. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/03/syria-creates-space-agency-middle-its-civil-war/359308/
- ↑ Sheldon, J. (13 December 2018). Syria Seeks To Build Satellite, Establish A Space Programme. Retrieved from https://spacewatch.global/2018/12/syria-seeks-to-build-satellite-establish-a-space-programme/
- ↑ "Syria Aims for the Stars With New Space Mission". Al Bawaba. 17 December 2018. https://www.albawaba.com/business/syria-aims-stars-new-space-mission-1227194.
- ↑ Previously named National Space Program Organisation, until 1 April 2005 – "About NSPO/Heritage". http://www.nspo.org.tw/2005e/aboutNSPO/origin.htm.
- ↑ "Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency – About Us". http://www.gistda.or.th/gistda_n/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5&Itemid=2.
- ↑ "CNCT". http://www.cnct.defense.tn.
- ↑ "Turkey launches national space program". Hürriyet Daily News. 13 December 2018. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-launches-national-space-program-139681.
- ↑ "Can Turkey's new space agency curb brain drain?". Ahval. 5 February 2019. https://ahvalnews.com/space-technology/can-turkeys-new-space-agency-curb-brain-drain.
- ↑ "Turkey's first sounding rocket passed the Kármán Line". iletisim.gov.tr. 30 August 2020. https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/english/haberler/detay/we-have-reduced-our-external-dependency-in-defense-industry-from-around-70-to-around-30.
- ↑ "Turkish firm to develop hybrid rocket tech for 2023 moon mission". Daily Sabah. 28 February 2021. https://www.dailysabah.com/business/tech/turkish-firm-to-develop-hybrid-rocket-tech-for-2023-moon-mission.
- ↑ "TurkmenAlem52E/MonacoSAT launch a success!". Thales Alenia Space. 28 April 2015. https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/worldwide/space/magazine/turkmenalem52emonacosat-launch-success.
- ↑ "State Space Agency of Ukraine". https://www.nkau.gov.ua/ua/.
- ↑ "About the Agency – UAE Space Agency". http://www.space.gov.ae/about-the-agency.
- ↑ "UKSA". http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100402172717/http%3A//www.ukspaceagency.bis.gov.uk/.
- ↑ "COPUOS Membership Evolution". http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/members/evolution.html.
- ↑ "United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA)". http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/OOSA/index.html.
- ↑ 104.0 104.1 104.2 104.3 "NASA History in Brief". NASA. https://history.nasa.gov/brief.html.
- ↑ "Uzbekistan planning to launch two satellites with Russian help". Red Orbit. 8 June 2004. http://www.redorbit.com/news/space/62825/uzbekistan_planning_to_launch_two_satellites_with_russian_help/.
- ↑ Magan, Veronica (23 August 2013). "Venezuela: Latin America's Next Space Pioneer?". Satellite Today. http://www.satellitetoday.com/publications/2013/08/23/venezuela-latin-americas-next-space-pioneer-2/.
- ↑ "Vietnam National Space Center – About VNSC". https://vnsc.org.vn/en/.
- ↑ "Punta Indio Space Center". https://www.argentina.gob.ar/ciencia/conae/centros-y-estaciones/centro-espacial-punta-indio.
- ↑ "IIAE Orion". http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/iiaorion.htm.
- ↑ "The Australian Sounding Rockets Long Tom and Aeolus". The Aeronautical Journal 64 (593): 277–289. May 1960. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0368393100072667. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
- ↑ Brazil's Atlantic Spaceports SpaceToday. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
- ↑ "ISA". http://www.isa.ir.
- ↑ "ISA". http://www.space.gov.il/en.
- ↑ ASI official missions history "ASI Missions History". http://www.asi.it/en/storia.
- ↑ Levs, Josh (13 December 2012). "N. Korea's launch causes worries about nukes, Iran and the Pacific". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2012/12/12/world/asia/north-korea-rocket-launch/?hpt=hp_c1.
- ↑ "KARI". https://www.kari.re.kr.
- ↑ "SUPARCO - Space & Upper Research Commission". https://suparco.gov.pk/.
- ↑ "Rymdstryrelsen - Swedish National Space Agency". https://www.rymdstyrelsen.se/en/.
- ↑ "ДКАУ". http://www.nkau.gov.ua/.
- ↑ "CNSA". http://www.cnsa.gov.cn.
- ↑ "ESA". https://www.esa.int/.
- ↑ "ISRO". https://www.isro.gov.in/.
- ↑ "JAXA". https://global.jaxa.jp/.
- ↑ "China National Space Administration". http://www.cnsa.gov.cn/.
- ↑ Smith, David (5 September 2010). "Africa prepares to join the big boys in the space race". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/05/africa-space-programme-david-smith.
- ↑ Smith, David (6 September 2012). "Sudanese president calls for African space agency". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/06/sudanese-president-african-space-agency.
- ↑ "Africa eyes joint space agency". Phys.org. 11 September 2012. http://phys.org/news/2012-09-ministers-african-space-agency.html.
- ↑ Ezigbo, Onyebuchi; Okpara, Lois (9 August 2010). "AU to Establish African Space Agency". All Africa. http://allafrica.com/stories/201008090886.html.
- ↑ "Plans for African Space Agency jeopardized by lack of progress". 24 February 2020. https://physicsworld.com/a/plans-for-african-space-agency-jeopardized-by-lack-of-progress/.
- ↑ Ozturk, Talha (20 October 2021). "Albania to launch 2 satellites into space in 2022". Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/albania-to-launch-2-satellites-into-space-in-2022/2397950.
- ↑ "Armenia & Azerbaijan: A Caucasus Space Race is On!". https://eurasianet.org/armenia-azerbaijan-a-caucasus-space-race-is-onl.
- ↑ "Bhutan to Create Own Space Agency and Launch CubeSat in 2018". SpaceWatch Global. https://spacewatch.global/2018/02/bhutan-to-create-own-space-agency-and-launch-cubesat-in-2018/.
- ↑ Henry, Caleb (12 January 2018). "Cambodia to buy Chinese satellite as relations tighten on Belt and Road Initiative". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/cambodia-to-buy-chinese-satellite-as-relations-tighten-on-belt-and-road-initiative/.
- ↑ "Adriatic Aerospace Association" (in hr). Adriatic Aerospace Association. 2017-06-21. https://a3space.org/?lang=hr.
- ↑ Adamowski, Jarosław (30 April 2018). "Croatian space industry players eye European, U.S. export prospects". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/croatian-space-industry-players-eye-european-u-s-export-prospects/.
- ↑ Iderawumi, Mustapha (18 June 2021). "Djibouti is Launching its Space Program with Two Satellites". Space in Africa. https://africanews.space/djibouti-is-launching-its-space-program-with-two-satellites/.
- ↑ "Guatemala Launches Quetzmal CubeSat Through UNOOSA and JAXA KiboCUBE Programme". SpaceWatch Global. https://spacewatch.global/2020/04/guatemala-launches-quetzmal-cubesat-through-unoosa-and-jaxa-kibocube-programme/.
- ↑ "El primer satélite guatemalteco saldrá al espacio en marzo" (in es). Agencia EFE. 5 November 2019. https://www.efe.com/efe/america/destacada/el-primer-satelite-guatemalteco-saldra-al-espacio-en-marzo/20000065-4103934.
- ↑ "Morazán, primer satélite diseñado en Honduras que llegará al espacio en 2022" (in es). LaPrensa (Honduras). 28 September 2021. https://www.laprensa.hn/honduras/morazan-primer-satelite-disenado-en-honduras-que-llegara-al-espacio-en-2022-AK2286772.
- ↑ Mina Aldroubi; Sinan Mahmoud (23 September 2021). "Iraq unveils plan to build and launch satellite". The National News. https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/iraq/2021/09/23/iraq-unveils-plan-to-build-and-launch-satellite/.
- ↑ de Selding, Peter B. (30 November 2015). "Laos, with China's Aid, Enters Crowded Satellite Telecom Field". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/laos-with-chinese-aid-is-latest-arrival-to-crowded-satellite-telecom-field/.
- ↑ "Ratificaron la creación de la Agencia Latinoamericana y Caribeña del Espacio, que tendrá su sede en México". Infobae. 2022-03-16. https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2022/03/17/senadores-ratificaron-la-creacion-de-la-agencia-latinoamericana-y-caribena-del-espacio/. Retrieved 2022-06-16.
- ↑ "Mexico and Argentina lay the foundation for the Latin American Space Agency". Mexicanist. 13 October 2020. https://www.mexicanist.com/l/latin-american-and-caribbean-space-agency/.
- ↑ "Crean la Agencia Latinoamericana y Caribeña del Espacio" (in es). Gobierno de Argentina. 20 September 2021. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/crean-la-agencia-latinoamericana-y-caribena-del-espacio.
- ↑ "The Space Strategy of Latvia 2021-2027". Ministry of Economics Republic of Latvia. https://www.em.gov.lv/sites/em/files/media_file/the-space-strategy-of-latvia-2021-2027.pdf.
- ↑ "Malta launches first ever National Space Strategy". The Malta Independent. 21 January 2022. https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2022-01-21/local-news/Malta-launches-first-ever-National-Space-Strategy-6736239982.
- ↑ "First Moldovan satellite gets deployed from ISS". SpaceWatch Global. https://spacewatch.global/2022/08/first-moldovan-satellite-gets-deployed-from-iss/.
- ↑ Passamonti, Massimo (18 October 2021). "Small states in outer space: Monaco's ambitions for the NewSpace age". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/op-ed-small-states-in-outer-space-monacos-ambitions-for-the-newspace-age/.
- ↑ "Montenegro will have its own satellite in space, Dritan Abazovic announces". Oculus News. 26 January 2023. https://www.ocnal.com/2023/01/montenegro-will-have-its-own-satellite.html.
- ↑ "Myanmar Mulling Space Agency; Earth Observation Small Satellite with Japanese Assistance". SpaceWatch Global. https://spacewatch.global/2018/09/myanmar-mulling-space-agency-earth-observation-small-satellite-with-japanese-assistance/.
- ↑ Kelly, Tim (12 March 2021). "Exclusive: Myanmar's first satellite held by Japan on space station after coup". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-politics-satellite-japan-excl-idUSKBN2B41O1.
- ↑ Paudel, Nayak (18 April 2019). "Nepal's first ever satellite launched into space". Nepali Times. https://kathmandupost.com/science-technology/2019/04/18/nepals-first-ever-satellite-launched-into-space.
- ↑ "Nicaragua Creates Ministry of Extraterrestrial Space Affairs". Associated Press. 19 February 2021. https://apnews.com/article/nicaragua-extraterrestrial-space-affairs-4dd5c84b9fc4b766c6390e88b22f3a12.
- ↑ "Ortega pide oficina para asuntos del espacio ultraterrestre" (in es). DW Español. 31 January 2021. https://m.dw.com/es/ortega-pide-oficina-para-asuntos-del-espacio-ultraterrestre/a-56394576.
- ↑ "First Omani satellite in space in 2022". Muscat Daily. 30 October 2021. https://www.muscatdaily.com/2021/10/30/first-omani-satellite-in-space-in-2022/.
- ↑ Wesołowska, Ewa (8 February 2022). "Polska firma na zamówienie Omanu, zbuduje satelitę. Poleci na Księżyc, Marsa lub Wenus" (in pl). Polska Agencja Prasowa. https://www.pap.pl/aktualnosci/news%2C1073398%2Cpolska-firma-na-zamowienie-omanu-zbuduje-satelite-poleci-na-ksiezyc-marsa.
- ↑ "Panamá tiene potencial para tener una agencia espacial" (in es). La Estrella de Panamá. 20 August 2018. https://www.laestrella.com.pa/cafe-estrella/ciencia/180820/panama-agencia-espacial-potencial.
- ↑ "Serbia and China sign Space Technology Cooperation Agreement". SpaceWatch Global. https://spacewatch.global/2020/06/serbia-and-china-sign-space-technology-cooperation-agreement/.
- ↑ Kraševec, Ana (3 September 2020). "Launching the first two Slovenian satellites". Slovenia.si. https://slovenia.si/excellence/launching-the-first-two-slovenian-satellites/.
- ↑ "Third Slovenian satellite launched in space". The Slovenia Times. 13 July 2022. https://sloveniatimes.com/third-slovenian-satellite-launched-in-space/.
- ↑ "SSTL Contracted to Establish Sri Lanka Space Agency". Via Satellite. 18 November 2009. https://www.satellitetoday.com/government-military/2009/11/18/sstl-contracted-to-establish-sri-lanka-space-agency/.
- ↑ "Sudan's First Satellite SRSS-1 Launched By China". SpaceWatch Global. https://spacewatch.global/2019/11/sudans-first-satellite-srss-1-launched-by-china/.
- ↑ "Tanzania plans to develop its own satellite, MPs heard". Daily News TZ. 7 November 2022. https://dailynews.co.tz/tanzania-plans-to-develop-its-own-satellite-mps-heard/.
- ↑ "La Fuerza Aérea prepara proyecto de ley para crear una agencia espacial" (in es). BUSQUEDA. https://www.busqueda.com.uy/Secciones/La-Fuerza-Aerea-prepara-proyecto-de-ley-para-crear-una-agencia-espacial-uc48298.
- ↑ "Global Space Revenues and Budgets". The Space Report. 2009. http://www.thespacereport.org/resources/overview/space_budgets.php.
- ↑ "The Space Report 2011 | Resources". Thespacereport.org. http://www.thespacereport.org/resources/government/intl_budgets.php.
- ↑ "Fiscal Year 2022 GPS Program Funding". GPS.gov. March 29, 2022. https://www.gps.gov/policy/funding/2022/#dod-approps.
- ↑ Brewin, Bob (November 21, 2001). "European Space Agency backing Galileo GPS system". Computerworld. https://www.computerworld.com/article/2585133/european-space-agency-backing-galileo-gps-system.html.
- ↑ "NASA FY 2017 budget request", NASA.
- ↑ Dreier, Casey (18 December 2015). "[Updated An Extraordinary Budget for NASA in 2016"]. The Planetary Society. http://www.planetary.org/blogs/casey-dreier/2015/1216-nasa-gets-an-extraordinary-budget-in-2016.html.
- ↑ Couronne, Ivan (6 January 2019). "In space, the US sees a rival in China". phys.org. https://phys.org/news/2019-01-space-rival-china.html.
- ↑ 172.0 172.1 "ESA Budget for 2019". European Space Agency. 14 January 2019. https://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2019/01/ESA_Budget_2019.
- ↑ Un budget exceptionnel, Activité institutionnelle du CNES, 24 April 2015, https://cnes.fr/fr/budget-exceptionnel, retrieved 10 May 2021
- ↑ "Transition of Number of Staff and Budget". JAXA. https://global.jaxa.jp/about/transition/index.html.
- ↑ ""Роскосмосу" разрешили не возвращать в бюджет часть доходов". 2 October 2020. https://www.rbc.ru/economics/02/10/2020/5f75be959a79477fa895076e.
- ↑ "Budget 2022: Space gets Rs 13,700 crore as India pushes Gaganyaan, missions to Sun, Venus". India Today. 1 February 2022. https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/budget-2022-sitharaman-space-isro-ministry-of-science-technology-climate-change-environment-1907258-2022-02-01.
- ↑ "Rupee slips 17 paise to close at 74.82 against US dollar". The Economic Times. 1 February 2022. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/forex/rupee-slips-17-paise-to-close-at-74-82-against-us-dollar/articleshow/89275115.cms.
- ↑ "Exomars and the future of Italy's space". ASI. https://archives.asi.it/en/news/exomars-and-future-italys-space.
- ↑ "Facts and figures". DLR. https://www.dlr.de/EN/organisation-dlr/media-and-documents/facts/facts-and-figures.html.
- ↑ Infoespacial.com, Revista Defensa (2 February 2022). "La Agencia Espacial Española empezará a funcionar con 75 trabajadores y 700 millones" (in es). Infoespacial.com. https://www.infoespacial.com/texto-diario/mostrar/4161530/agencia-espacial-espanola-empezara-funcionar-75-trabajadores-700-millones.
- ↑ "기관별 경영공시 한국항공우주연구원". alio.go.kr. http://www.alio.go.kr/popReport.do?seq=2016040901161383&disclosureNo=2016040901161383.
- ↑ UK Space Agency Annual Report and Accounts 2016 to 2017, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/625529/6.3324_UKSA_Annual_Report_and_Accounts_web.pdf, retrieved 22 November 2017
- ↑ "Budgetary details by allotment". 2019. https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/recgen/cpc-pac/2019/vol2/isde-ised/dba-bda-eng.html.
- ↑ "Algerian Space Agency". 2015. https://asal.dz/.
- ↑ "Belgium Gets own Space Agency". 6 December 2016. https://focusonbelgium.be/en/science/belgium-gets-own-space-agency.
- ↑ "Programmes and Participations". Spaceoffice.nl. http://www.spaceoffice.nl/en/Space%20Directory/Policy%20and%20Programmes/Programmes%20and%20Participations/.
- ↑ "European Commission: CORDIS : ERAWATCH". Europa (web portal). http://cordis.europa.eu/erawatch/index.cfm?fuseaction=org.documentAjax&uuid=7D87C969-0C09-682B-1185F9C7704D04B5.
- ↑ "2019 Budget Space Agency of Ukraine". https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/file/text/68/f479611n176.xls.
- ↑ "More about the NSC". Norsk Romsenter. https://www.romsenter.no/eng/About/More-about-the-NSC.
- ↑ "2023 Yılı Merkezi Yönetim Bütçe Kanunu Teklifi" (in tr). Presidency of the Republic of Turkey Presidency of Strategy and Budget. 24 October 2022. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/2023-Yili-Merkezi-Yonetim-Butce-Kanunu-Teklifi-ve-Bagli-Cetveller.pdf.
- ↑ "Beteiligung Österreichs an Programmen der ESA" (in de). ffg.at. https://www.ffg.at/page/beteiligung-oesterreichs-programmen-der-esa.
- ↑ "RELATÓRIO DE GESTÃO DO EXERCÍCIO DE 2018" (in pt). http://www.aeb.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Relat%C3%B3rio-de-Gest%C3%A3o-2018_AEB.pdf.
- ↑ "The National Space Programme 2019-2021: 54 Projects Supporting The Development of The Polish Space Sector Within 3 Years". https://polsa.gov.pl/en/events/events/15-latest/1134-the-national-space-programme-2019-2021-54-projects-supporting-the-development-of-the-polish-space-sector-within-3-years.
- ↑ "Política presupuestaria de la entidad" (in es). https://www.minhacienda.gob.ar/onp/documentos/presutexto/proy2019/jurent/pdf/P19E106.pdf.
- ↑ "RUU APBN 2019" (in id). Ministry of Finance. 2019. https://www.kemenkeu.go.id/media/10378/ruu-apbn-2019.pdf.
- ↑ "DIPA LAPAN 2019" (in id) (PDF). PPID LAPAN. 2019. http://ppid.lapan.go.id/unduh-file/1568192572.pdf%7C%7Cdipa-lapan-2019.
- ↑ "135% increase in funds for space program likely". Daily Times. 4 June 2009. http://dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\story_4-6-2009_pg7_16.
- ↑ Ali, Kalbe (29 April 2018). "Rs4.7bn allotted for Suparco projects". https://www.dawn.com/news/1404547.
- ↑ Cervantes, Filane Mikee (20 May 2019). "Senate approves creation of PH Space Agency". Philippine News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1070254.
- ↑ "How much does Nigeria spend on space science and technology?" (in en-US). 4 February 2019. https://africanews.space/how-much-does-nigeria-spend-on-space-science-and-technology/.
- ↑ Corinne Reichert (8 May 2018). "Budget 2018 Government confirms AU41m Space Agency". ZDNet. https://www.zdnet.com/article/budget-2018-government-confirms-au41m-space-agency/.
- ↑ ":: Budget 2018 – New opportunities and jobs for Australian industry". minister.industry.gov.au. https://www.minister.industry.gov.au/ministers/cash/media-releases/budget-2018-new-opportunities-and-jobs-australian-industry.
- ↑ "Space program budget (In Hebrew)". https://next.obudget.org/i/budget/0019400211/2019.
- ↑ "Address by the Minister of Science and Technology, Naledi Pandor MP, on the occasion of the Science and Technology budget vote". Department of Science and Technology. 22 July 2014. http://www.dst.gov.za/index.php/media-room/media-room-speeches/minister/1010-address-by-the-minister-of-science-and-technology-naledi-pandor-mp-on-the-occasion-of-the-science-and-technology-budget-vote-22-july-2014.
- ↑ "زیر و بم لایحه بودجه سال 99 کل کشور در بخش هوا و فضا". http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/news/show/1405918.
- ↑ "Federal Spending Budget 2021". https://www.ppef.hacienda.gob.mx/es/PPEF2021/ramo09-III.
External links
- Space Law Blog
- Space Agencies Worldwide by UN HDI
- World map showing location of all these space agencies
- Worldwide Space Agencies by UNOOSA
- List of space agencies in Africa
![]() | Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List of government space agencies.
Read more |