Engineering:Timeline of first orbital launches by country

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Short description: List of first orbital launches by country
Orbital launch projects and capabilities
  Confirmed orbital launch capable country
  Confirmed orbital launch capable intergovernmental organization (ESA) members
  Orbital launch project in development or planned
  Abandoned orbital launch project

This is a timeline of first orbital launches by country. While a number of countries, incl. Canada , Australia , Germany , Brazil , Algeria, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Argentina , Italy, Malaysia, Poland , South Africa , the Philippines , Egypt, Spain , Mexico, Thailand and Chile , have built or launched satellites, as of 2022, eleven countries, incl. the United States , Japan , India , China , Iran, Israel, France , the United Kingdom and South Korea , have had the capability to send objects into orbit with their own launch vehicles. Russia and Ukraine inherited the capability of the space launchers and satellites from the Soviet Union, following its dissolution in 1991. Russia launches its rockets from its own and foreign (Kazakh) spaceports.

Ukraine launched only from foreign (Kazakh and Russian) launch facilities until 2015, after which political differences with Russia effectively halted Ukraine's ability to produce orbital rockets.[1][2] France became a space power independently, launching a payload into orbit from Algeria, before joining space launcher facilities in the multi-national Ariane project. The United Kingdom became a space power independently following a single payload insertion into orbit from Australia.

Ten countries and one inter-governmental organisation (ESA) have a proven orbital launch capability, (As of November 2021).[lower-alpha 1] Three countries (France, Italy[3] and the United Kingdom) formerly had such an independent capability. In all cases where a country has conducted independent human spaceflights (as of 2021, three — China, the Soviet Union/Russia, and the United States), these launches were preceded by independent uncrewed launch capability.

The race to launch the first satellite was closely contested by the Soviet Union and the United States, and was the beginning of the Space Race. The launching of satellites, while still contributing to national prestige, is a significant economic activity as well, with public and private rocket systems competing for launches, using cost and reliability as selling points.

Replica of Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, launched by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957

List of first orbital launches by country

Countries like Italy are not included since they have not yet developed an orbital rocket from scratch; i.e., an orbital rocket that was designed and engineered in its entirety in the country in question.

Order Country[lower-alpha 1] Sector Satellite Rocket Location Date (UTC)
1  Soviet Union[lower-alpha 3] Governmental Sputnik 1 Sputnik-PS Baikonur, Soviet Union (today Kazakhstan) 4 October 1957
2  United States Explorer 1 Juno I Cape Canaveral Air Force Station , United States 1 February 1958
3  France[lower-alpha 5] Astérix Diamant A CIEES/Hammaguir, Algeria 26 November 1965
4  Japan Ohsumi Lambda-4S Uchinoura, Japan 11 February 1970
5  China Dong Fang Hong 1 Long March 1 Jiuquan, China 24 April 1970
6  United Kingdom[lower-alpha 6] Prospero Black Arrow Woomera, Australia 28 October 1971
— European Space Agency[lower-alpha 7] CAT-1 (Obélix[7]) Ariane 1 Kourou, French Guiana 24 December 1979
7  India Rohini 1 (RS-1) SLV Sriharikota, India 18 July 1980
8  Israel Ofeq 1 Shavit Palmachim, Israel 19 September 1988
—  Ukraine[lower-alpha 3][lower-alpha 8] Strela-3 (x6, Russian) Tsyklon-3 Plesetsk, Soviet Union (today Russia ) 28 September 1991
—  Russia[lower-alpha 3] Kosmos 2175 Soyuz-U Plesetsk, Russia 21 January 1992
9  Iran[lower-alpha 9] Omid Safir-1A Semnan, Iran 2 February 2009
10  North Korea Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2 Unha-3 Sohae, North Korea 12 December 2012[lower-alpha 10]
11  South Korea STSat-2C Naro-1 Goheung, South Korea 30 January 2013

Partial contributions to orbital launch systems

Two countries, Italy and New Zealand, have contributed in the creation or continuation of orbital launch systems.

Order Country Sector Satellite Rocket Location Date (UTC)
1 Italy Italy Governmental San Marco 1 Scout-X4 San Marco platform, Kenya 15 December 1964
2 New Zealand New Zealand Private Humanity Star Electron Mahia LC-1A, New Zealand 21 January 2018

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 The eleven countries and successor states/union indicated in bold retain orbital launch capability.
  2. ↑ Sea Launch is currently 85% owned by Russia's Energia.[4] Previously, it was a consortium of four companies from Norway , Russia , Ukraine , and the United States : Aker Kværner; Energia; Yuzhmash and Yuzhnoye Design Bureau; and Boeing, respectively. Its first demonstration satellite, DemoSat, was launched on 27 March 1999 using a Ukrainian-mainly Zenit 3SL rocket from the Ocean Odyssey (a former drilling-rig) in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Sea Launch has launched numerous satellites since, with few failures.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 The Soviet Union's successor state, Russia , took over the Soviet space program after the Soviet Union's dissolution in 1991 with Ukraine inheriting a smaller part of the Soviet space program's space launcher and satellite capability. Soviet heritage launcher designs were utilized for the joint Sea Launch system too.[lower-alpha 2]
  4. ↑ ESA in its current form was founded with the ESA Convention in 1975, when ESRO was merged with ELDO. France signed the ESA Convention on 30 May 1975[5] and deposited the instruments of ratification on 10 October 1980,[5] when the convention came into force.[5] During this interval the agency functioned in a de facto fashion.[6]
  5. ↑ France launched its first satellite by its own rocket from Algeria, which had been a French territory when the spaceport was built but had achieved independence before the satellite launch. Later France provided a spaceport for ESA space launchers in French Guiana, transferring between 1975 and 1980[lower-alpha 4] its capability to ESA as a founding member.
  6. ↑ The United Kingdom only self-launched a single satellite (in 1971) and that from a commonwealth (Australia n) spaceport. Later it joined the European Space Agency.
  7. ↑ The European Space Agency developed the Ariane rocket family (the second European launcher program after the failed Europa rocket program under ELDO) operating from its Guiana Space Centre spaceport (first successful launch on 24 December 1979 when Ariane 1 launcher placed the technological capsule CAT-1 on orbit). ESA signatories at the time of first launch were Belgium, Denmark , France , Germany , Italy, Ireland, the Netherlands, Spain , Sweden, Switzerland , and the United Kingdom . Private/public companies and/or governments of these countries (with the exception of Ireland and the United Kingdom ) became shareholders in the commercial company Arianespace dealing with production, operation, and marketing. Later Norway became an ESA member and Arianespace shareholder. Additional subsequent ESA member states are Austria, Czechia, Estonia, Finland , Greece, Hungary, Luxembourg, Poland , Portugal, and Romania.
  8. ↑ Ukraine provided its own space launcher to Russia and did not use its own space launcher to put satellites in orbit (first Ukrainian satellite is Sich-1, launched on August 31, 1995 by Ukrainian Tsyklon-3 from Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia).
  9. ↑ Although it has signed the Outer Space Treaty, Iran is the only space launch capable nation that has not ratified the treaty.
  10. ↑ The North Korean government first claimed a successful launch on 31 August 1998 with Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1 from Musudan-ri, which was internationally determined to be a failure. Another launch on 5 April 2009, with the Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 satellite, was also reported by North Korea to have reached orbit;[8] however, US and South Korean officials stated that the launch failed to reach orbit.[9]

Other launches and projects

The above list includes confirmed satellite launches with rockets produced by the launching country, like Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Egypt, France, Germany, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, the Philippines, Poland, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom or the United States. Lists with differing criteria might include the following launches:

Failed launches

  •  Brazil had yet to launch a satellite into orbit independently and its space program suffered three satellite launch failures, the latest being the explosion of a VLS-1 rocket on 22 August 2003 at the Alcântara Launch Centre, which resulted in 21 deaths.[10]

Launches of non-indigenous launch vehicles

Some countries have no self-developed rocket systems, but have provided their spaceports for launches of their own and foreign satellites on foreign launchers:

  •  Algeria with the first successful launch from Hammaguir of the French satellite Astérix on 26 November 1965 by French Diamant A. The last orbital launch from Hammaguir was on 15 February 1967 by French Diamant A and there are no further launches scheduled (the first Algerian satellite is AlSAT-1 launched by Russian Kosmos-3M from Plesetsk, Russia on 28 November 2002).
  •  Italy with the first successful launch from the San Marco platform of its satellite San Marco 2 on 26 April 1967 by US Scout B (the first Italian satellite is San Marco 1 launched by another Scout from Wallops, USA on 15 December 1964). The last orbital launch from San Marco was on 25 March 1988 by US Scout G-1 and there are no further launches scheduled.
  •  Australia with the first successful launch from Woomera Test Range of its first satellite WRESAT on 29 November 1967 by US Sparta.[11] The second and final successful orbital launch from Woomera was performed on 28 October 1971 by the UK Black Arrow.
  •  Kazakhstan with the first launch after its independence from the Baikonur Cosmodrome[13] on 21 January 1992 of the Russian Soyuz-U2 and Progress M-11 (the first Kazakh satellite is KazSat launched by Russian Proton-K from Baikonur on 17 June 2006). Currently the spaceport continues to be utilized for launches of various Russian rockets.
  •  Spain; a single Pegasus-XL was launched from Orbital Sciences' Stargazer aircraft flying from Gran Canaria Airport in April 1997.
  •  Marshall Islands with a successful launch of a Pegasus-H rocket from Orbital Sciences' Stargazer aircraft flying from Kwajalein Atoll in October 2000. Five ground-based launches were made by SpaceX using Falcon 1 rockets between 2006 and 2009, with the first success on 28 September 2008.[14] Three further Pegasus launches occurred between 2008 and 2012, using the Pegasus-XL configuration. Currently there are no plans announced for a Marshall Islands satellite.

Privately developed launch vehicles

  •  United States Orbital Sciences Corporation (USA) became the first company to launch a privately developed rocket into orbit, the Pegasus on April 5, 1990.[15] Orbital subsequently developed the Minotaur rocket family. Orbital joined SpaceX as one of only two private entities to supply the International Space Station with its launch of the Cygnus Orb-D1 mission on its Antares rocket on September 28, 2013.[16]
  •  United States SpaceX (USA) became the second company to launch a rocket into orbit using a rocket developed with private—not government—funds.[17] Its first successful launch was performed on September 28, 2008, by Falcon 1 from the Omelek Island, Marshall Islands and its first launch from a US spaceport was Falcon 9 Flight 1 on June 4, 2010, from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station . Its Dragon spacecraft docked with the International Space Station on October 11, 2012, to deliver supplies. With a launch of Dragon 2 on May 30, 2020 SpaceX became the first company to launch humans to orbit.
  •  United States American private company Rocket Lab successfully launched its Electron rocket from Mahia Launch Center in New Zealand on January 21, 2018, carrying three cubesats into low Earth orbit. This was the first time that a rocket entered orbit after launching from a privately owned and operated spaceport.
  •  China Chinese private company i-Space successfully launched its Hyperbola 1 rocket from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center and sent several small payloads, including the CAS-7B amateur radio satellite into Earth orbit on July 25, 2019.[18]
  •  China Galactic Energy successfully launched its Ceres-1 solid rocket from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center into Sun-synchronous orbit on November 7, 2020, becoming the second Chinese private company capable of launching satellites into orbit.[19]
  •  United States Virgin Orbit successfully achieved orbit on January 17, 2021, using their LauncherOne vehicle to deploy 10 CubeSats into Low Earth Orbit for NASA.[20] But the company filed for bankruptcy after a launch failure in 2023.[21]
  •  United States Astra Rocket 3.3 vehicle successfully reached orbit on November 20, 2021, after launching from Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska (PSCA) carrying the demonstration payload STP-27AD2 for the United States Space Force.[22]
  •  United States Firefly Aerospace launched Firefly Alpha rocket, which successfully reached an orbit lower than the expected one, on October 1, 2022.[23]
  •  China Space Pioneer successfully launched its first rocket Tianlong-2 into orbit on April 2, 2023. It was the first Chinese company that achieved the goal with the liquid rocket.[24][25]
  •  China LandSpace became a private company with orbital launch capability by successfully launched Zhuque-2, world's first methane-fueled rocket to reach orbit, on July 12, 2023.[26]
  •  China Orienspace was the fifth private company in China to reach orbit after the successful maiden launch of Gravity-1 on January 11, 2024.[27]

Sub-orbital launch

  •  South Korea Innospace successfully launched its first rocket HANBIT-TLV into orbit on March 21, 2023 from the Alcantara Space Center in Brazil, making it the first civilian-made space rocket from South Korea. The inertial navigation system from Brazil, called SISNAV, being carried onboard as a payload of HANBIT-TLV, functioned properly, thus making it South Korea's first private launch service provider.[28]

Other launches

  •  France launched its first satellite, named Astérix, from Algeria in late 1965.
  •  Japan launched its first satellite, named Ohsumi, in early 1970.
  •  India launched its first satellite in early 1975.

Abandoned projects

  • Nazi Germany/ Germany was developing larger designs in the Aggregat series as early as 1940. A combination of A9 to A12 components could have produced orbital capability as early as 1947 if work had continued. Further preliminary development of numerous rocket space launchers and re-usable launch systems (Sänger II, etc.) took place after WWII, although these were never realized as national or European projects. Also, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the private German company OTRAG tried to develop low-cost commercial space launchers. Only the sub-orbital tests of the first prototypes of the rockets were carried out.
  •  United Kingdom did not proceed with a 1946 proposal to develop German V-2 technology into the "Megaroc" system to be launched in 1949. The UK also developed the Black Arrow rocket system and successfully launched a satellite in 1971, shortly after the program had been cancelled.
  •  Canada had developed the gun-based space launchers Martlet and GLO as the joint Canadian-American Project HARP in the 1960s. The rockets were never tested. In fact, in different periods, they worked in cooperation with Australia , Brazil , South Korea and the United Kingdom .
  •  South Africa developed the space launcher RSA-3 in the 1980s. This rocket was tested 3 times without a satellite payload in 1989 and 1990. The program was postponed and canceled in 1994.
  • Iraq Iraq built and tested the Al-Abid, a three-stage space launch vehicle without a payload or its upper two stages on 5 December 1989. The rocket's design had a clustered first stage composed of five modified scud rockets strapped together and a single scud rocket as the second stage in addition to a SA-2 liquid-fueled rocket engine as the third stage. The video tape of a partial launch attempt which was retrieved by UN weapons inspectors, later surfaced showing that the rocket prematurely exploded 45 seconds after its launch.[29][30][31]
  •  Argentina previous attempts at developing space launcher based on their Condor missile were scrapped in 1993.[32][33]
  •  Brazil The VLS-1 was cancelled after decades of development and high expenditures with poor results and a failed association with Ukraine that slowed the program for years.[34]
  •  Egypt tried to develop space launcher as part of its various ballistic missile programs in the second half of the 20th century. In different periods, they worked either independently or in cooperation with Algeria, Argentina , Canada , Iraq and North Korea.[35]
  •  Spain developed the space launcher Capricornio (Capricorn) in the 1990s. The rocket was related to the Condor missile from Argentina and its test, scheduled for 1999/2000, was not conducted. As a result, in different periods, they worked in cooperation with Japan and the United States .[36]
  •   Switzerland Swiss Space Systems company planned to develop the micro satellite launcher-spaceplane SOAR by 2018 but went bankrupt. Thus, in different periods, they worked in cooperation with Chile , Poland and Ukraine .

Other projects

  •  Argentina developed an orbital rocket called Tronador II, whose maiden flight is expected to take place in the next four years as of late 2020.[37]
  •  Australia's ATSpace developed an orbital launch vehicle called Kestrel, tentatively being launched in 2022 from Whalers Way.[38]
  •  Australia's Gilmour Space Technologies developed an orbital launch vehicle called Eris, scheduled to be launched in 2023.
  •  Brazil announced that it would launch its VLM rocket from the Alcântara Launch Center in 2025.[39]
  •  Romania planned to launch military and security satellites. The first phase began in 2022.[40]
  •  Algeria planned to launch military and security satellites. The first phase will begin in 2024.
  •  Chile announced that it would launch some satellites in 2024 or any later year.
  •  United Kingdom Orbex developed its Prime launch vehicle, whose first launch was planned in 2023 from Sutherland spaceport.
  •  United States Blue Origin developed its New Glenn launch vehicle, whose first launch was planned for sometime in 2024.
  •  Spain The private company PLD Space developed the Miura 5 orbital launch vehicle, whose first launch is planned for 2024.
  •  Philippines OrbitX, a private company of the Philippines, planned to develop Haribon, a biofuel-powered launch vehicle.[41][42]
  •  Malaysia The private company of Malaysia Independence-X Aerospace developed an orbital launch vehicle called DNLV, being launched in 2023.[43]
  •  Thailand Thai Space Consortium developed a satellite called TSC-Pathfinder, being launched in 2023.
  •  Poland's Institute Of Aviation developed a rocket named ILR-33 Bursztyn (ILR-33 Amber).
  •  Mexico announced that it would launch some satellites some time in 2024.
  •  Japan planned to launch several rockets starting in 2023.
  •  South Korea launched a rocket in early 2023 from the space center in Brazil.
  •  Turkey planned to launch some satellites beginning in 2024.

Satellite operators

Many other countries, such as Mexico, Poland , Chile , Japan and India , launched their own satellites on one of the foreign launchers listed above, the first being British owned and operated; American-built satellite Ariel 1, which was launched by a US rocket in April 1962. In September 1962, the Canadian satellite, Alouette-1, was launched by a US rocket, but unlike Ariel 1, it was constructed by Canada.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Zenit successfully launches on likely swansong with Elektro-L - NASASpaceFlight.com". 11 December 2015. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/12/zenit-swansong-elektro-l-launch/. 
  2. ↑ "Dnipro will not let Ukraine's space glory be forgotten". 10 January 2017. http://euromaidanpress.com/2017/01/10/dnipro-will-not-let-ukraines-space-glory-be-forgotten/. 
  3. ↑ "Italy in Space". ESA. https://www.esa.int/esapub/hsr/HSR_30.pdf. 
  4. ↑ "Russian money to drive Sea Launch relaunch". Flightglobal.com. August 6, 2010. http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/08/06/345841/russian-money-to-drive-sea-launch-relaunch.html. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "CONVENTION for the establishment of a European Space Agency". 28 January 2012. http://www.esa.int/esapub/sp/sp1300/sp1300EN1.pdf. 
  6. ↑ "Convention for the establishment of a European Space Agency". ESA. 2003. http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/SP1271En_final.pdf. 
  7. ↑ "N° 2994 - Rapport de M. Robert Lecou sur le projet de loi autorisant l'approbation de l'accord-cadre entre le Gouvernement de la République française et le Gouvernement de la République de l'Inde relatif à la coopération dans le domaine de l'utilisation de l'espace extra-atmosphérique à des fins pacifiques (n°2709)". http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/13/rapports/r2994.asp. .
  8. ↑ "North Korea fires long-range rocket: reports". The Sydney Morning Herald. 5 April 2009. http://www.smh.com.au/world/north-korea-fires-longrange-rocket-reports-20090405-9sz1.html. 
  9. ↑ "North Korea space launch 'fails'". BBC News. 5 April 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7984254.stm. 
  10. ↑ "At Least 21 Killed, 20 Hurt in Brazil Rocket Explosion". News-Press. Associated Press (Fort Myers, Florida): p. 2A. August 23, 2003. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/39500867/newspress/. 
  11. ↑ "Woomera, Encyclopedia Astronautica". http://www.astronautix.com/sites/woomera.htm. 
  12. ↑ "Bayterek system launch shifted to 2017". 14 April 2011. http://en.tengrinews.kz/science/Bayterek-system-launch-shifted-to-2017-834/. 
  13. ↑ Currently its Bayterek expansion to accommodate the Russian Angara rockets is delayed into 2017.[12]
  14. ↑ "SpaceX Launch manifest". http://www.spacex.com/launch_manifest.php. 
  15. ↑ "Pegasus Mission History". Orbital.com. http://www.orbital.com/SpaceLaunch/Pegasus/pegasus_history.shtml. 
  16. ↑ "Cygnus Cargo Ship Captured by International Space Station". CBS News. 2013-09-23. http://www.cbsnews.com/news/cygnus-cargo-ship-captured-by-international-space-station/. 
  17. ↑ "Sweet success at last for Falcon 1 rocket by STEPHEN CLARK, SPACEFLIGHT NOW". Spaceflightnow.com. http://spaceflightnow.com/falcon/004/. 
  18. ↑ "iSpace completes China's first private commercial satellite launch". ZDNet. https://www.zdnet.com/article/ispace-completes-chinas-first-private-commercial-satellite-launch/. 
  19. ↑ Jones, Andrew (1 October 2019). "New Chinese commercial rocket firms move toward maiden launches". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/new-chinese-commercial-rocket-firms-move-toward-maiden-launches/. 
  20. ↑ Christian Davenport (2021-01-17). "Virgin Orbit rocket reaches Earth orbit, adding an entrant to the commercial space race". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/17/richard-branson-virgin-orbit-launch-success/. 
  21. ↑ Foust, Jeff (4 April 2023). "Virgin Orbit files for bankruptcy". https://spacenews.com/virgin-orbit-files-for-bankruptcy/. 
  22. ↑ Sheetz, Michael (2021-11-22). "Astra stock surges after the rocket builder reaches orbit successfully" (in en). https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/22/astra-stock-surges-after-rocket-builder-reached-orbit-successfully.html. 
  23. ↑ Sesnic, Trevor (17 October 2022). "Firefly looking ahead after “To The Black” payloads reenter early". https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/10/firefly-to-the-black-reentry/. 
  24. ↑ "热烈庆祝天龙二号首飞成功 开创我国商业航天新纪元". 2023-04-02. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/GLBgMD217IXgFTl83vclag. Retrieved 2023-04-02. 
  25. ↑ Jones, Andrew (3 April 2023). "China’s Space Pioneer reaches orbit with liquid propellant rocket". https://spacenews.com/chinas-space-pioneer-reaches-orbit-with-liquid-propellant-rocket/. 
  26. ↑ Jones, Andrew (12 July 2023). "China’s Landspace reaches orbit with methane-powered Zhuque-2 rocket". https://spacenews.com/chinas-landspace-reaches-orbit-with-methane-powered-zhuque-2-rocket/. 
  27. ↑ Jones, Andrew (11 January 2023). "Orienspace breaks Chinese commercial launch records with Gravity-1 solid rocket". https://spacenews.com/orienspace-breaks-chinese-commercial-launch-records-with-gravity-1-solid-rocket/. 
  28. ↑ "S. Korean startup Innospace announces successful test launch of space vehicle HANBIT-TLV". Yonhap News Agency. March 21, 2023. https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20230321000700320. 
  29. ↑ UNMOVIC report, United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission, p. 434 ff.
  30. ↑ "Deception Activities". https://fas.org/nuke/guide/iraq/deception.htm. 
  31. ↑ "Al-Abid LV". http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets_1/Rest_World/Al_Abid/Description/Frame.htm. 
  32. ↑ "ORBIT LSA". http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets_1/Rest_World/ORBIT-LSA/Description/Frame.htm. 
  33. ↑ "Argentina Missile Chronology". http://www.nti.org/media/pdfs/argentina_missile.pdf. 
  34. ↑ "Problemas de "Governança" e Gestão Explicam em Parte Extinção do VLS-1". https://brazilianspace.blogspot.com/2016/05/problemas-de-governanca-e-gestao.html. 
  35. ↑ "Egypt Missile Chronology". http://www.nti.org/media/pdfs/egypt_missile.pdf. 
  36. ↑ "Capricornio". http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets_1/West_Europe/Capricornio/Description/Frame.htm. 
  37. ↑ "Argentina Aspires to Have its Own Pitcher in Four Years". http://www.infoespacial.com/latam/2020/11/10/noticia-argentina-aspira-contar-propio-lanzador-cuatro.html. 
  38. ↑ "As 2021 draws to a close it's great to start looking to 2022 and the next steps we're taking to realise a resilient space launch capability in Australia!". 30 December 2021. https://www.facebook.com/SouthernLaunch/posts/3030369187222203. 
  39. ↑ "Launch remains distant". 2022. https://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/en/launch-remains-distant/. Retrieved 2022-04-22. 
  40. ↑ "România vrea să lanseze sateliți de telecomunicații geostaționari în spațiu pentru Armată și alte structuri de securitate. Când ar putea fi lansat primul satelit". https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-22826616-romania-vrea-lanseze-sateliti-telecomunicatii-geostationari-spatiu-pentru-armata-alte-structuri-securitate-cand-putea-lansat-primul-satelit.htm. 
  41. ↑ Felongco, Gilbert (30 August 2019). "Filipino dreams of developing space vehicle for countrymen" (in en). Gulf News. https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/philippines/filipino-dreams-of-developing-space-vehicle-for-countrymen-1.66108462. 
  42. ↑ Samson, Oliver (14 July 2019). "Algae as spacecraft fuel? Possible, youth group says". BusinessMirror. https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/07/14/algae-as-spacecraft-fuel-possible-youth-group-says/. 
  43. ↑ "Launch Services - Independence X". IDXA. http://www.independence-x.com/launch-services.html. 

External links



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