Biology:ATP5F1E

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Mitochondrial ATP synthase epsilon chain
ground state structure of f1-atpase from bovine heart mitochondria (bovine f1-atpase crystallised in the absence of azide)
Identifiers
SymbolATP-synt_Eps
PfamPF04627
InterProIPR006721
SCOP21e79 / SCOPe / SUPFAM

ATP synthase F1 subunit epsilon, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATP5F1E gene.[1][2] The protein encoded by ATP5F1E is a subunit of ATP synthase, also known as Complex V. Variations of this gene have been associated with a condition called mitochondrial complex V deficiency, nuclear type 3 (MC5DN3) and papillary thyroid cancer.[3][4]

The ATP5F1E gene, located on the q arm of chromosome 20 in position 13.32, is made up of 3 exons and is 3,690 base pairs in length.[2] The ATP5F1E protein weighs 5.7 kDa and is composed of 51 amino acids.[5][6] Two pseudogenes of this gene are located on chromosomes 4 and 13.[2]

ATP5F1E is located on the rotating central stalk of ATP synthase, and can be contracted or extended. When it is contracted, it inhibits the ATP synthase active site, preventing ATP from being produced or degraded. It changes shape based on the rotation of the gamma subunit of the stalk, and is also thought to become extended in the presence of ADP, acting as a "safety lock" preventing the wasteful degradation of ATP.

Naming

This gene is named for the subunit it encodes of the version of ATP synthase found in mitochondria. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis through the difference in protein concentrations across a cellular membrane. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes, each composed of multiple proteins: the water-soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different kinds of subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon), each catalytic core containing 3 alpha, 3 beta, one gamma, one delta, and one epsilon. This gene encodes the epsilon subunit of the catalytic core.[2]

Function

Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F1Fo ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient (difference in proton concentration) across the membrane generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains or parts: F1, which contains the catalytic core outside of the membrane; and Fo, which contains the proton channel reaching across the membrane; both linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the active site of F1 is coupled, through a mechanism involving the rotation of the central stalk, to the motion of protons across the membrane. ATP5F1E is part of the F1 domain, and more specifically part of the rotating central stalk. Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding alpha3beta3 subunits, leads to the hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits (By similarity).[7][clarification needed]

Being located in the stalk region of the F1 complex, the epsilon unit acts as an inhibitor of the active site of the ATPase. The epsilon subunit can assume two conformations, or shapes: contracted and extended. The latter inhibits ATP hydrolysis, while the former does not. The conformation of the epsilon subunit is determined by the direction of rotation of the gamma subunit of the ATPase, and possibly by the presence of ADP. The epsilon subunit is thought to become extended in the presence of ADP, thereby acting as a safety lock to prevent the wasteful degradation of ATP to ADP through hydrolysis.[8]

Clinical significance

Mutations in the ATP5F1E gene cause mitochondrial complex V deficiency, nuclear 3 (MC5DN3), a mitochondrial disorder with heterogeneous clinical manifestations including dysmorphic features, psychomotor retardation, hypotonia, growth retardation, cardiomyopathy, enlarged liver, hypoplastic kidneys and elevated lactate levels in urine, plasma and cerebrospinal fluid.[3] Pathogenic variations have included a homozygous Tyr12Cys mutation in the ATP5E gene, which has been linked with neonatal onset complex V deficiency with lactic acidosis, 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, mild mental retardation and developed peripheral neuropathy.[9]

Reduced expression of ATP5F1E is significantly associated with the diagnosis of papillary thyroid cancer and may serve as an early tumor marker of the disease.[4] Papillary thyroid cancer is the most common type of thyroid cancer,[10] representing 75 percent to 85 percent of all thyroid cancer cases.[11] It occurs more frequently in women and presents in the 20–55 year age group. It is also the predominant cancer type in children with thyroid cancer, and in patients with thyroid cancer who have had previous radiation to the head and neck.[12]

Interactions

ATP5F1E has been shown to have 34 binary protein-protein interactions including 28 co-complex interactions. ATP5F1E appears to interact with ATP5F1D, AGTRAP, CYP17A1, UBE2N.[13]

References

  1. ↑ "Cloning, characterization and mapping of the human ATP5E gene, identification of pseudogene ATP5EP1, and definition of the ATP5E motif". The Biochemical Journal 347 (1): 17–21. April 2000. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3470017. PMID 10727396. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Entrez Gene: ATP5F1E ATP synthase F1 subunit epsilon". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=514. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "ATP5F1E". Genetics Home Resource. NCBI. http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/ATP5F1E. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Molecular Analysis by Gene Expression of Mitochondrial ATPase Subunits in Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Is ATP5E Transcript a Possible Early Tumor Marker?". Medical Science Monitor 21: 1745–51. June 2015. doi:10.12659/MSM.893597. PMID 26079849. 
  5. ↑ "Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase". Circulation Research 113 (9): 1043–53. October 2013. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151. PMID 23965338. 
  6. ↑ "ATP synthase subunit epsilon, mitochondrial". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB). https://amino.heartproteome.org/web/protein/P56381. 
  7. ↑ "ATP synthase subunit epsilon, mitochondrial". UniProt. The UniProt Consortium. https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P56381.   This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  8. ↑ "Regulation of the F0F1-ATP synthase: the conformation of subunit epsilon might be determined by directionality of subunit gamma rotation". FEBS Letters 579 (23): 5114–8. September 2005. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2005.08.030. PMID 16154570. 
  9. ↑ "Mitochondrial ATP synthase deficiency due to a mutation in the ATP5E gene for the F1 epsilon subunit". Human Molecular Genetics 19 (17): 3430–9. September 2010. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddq254. PMID 20566710. 
  10. ↑ Hu MI, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Lustig R, Lamont JP "Thyroid and Parathyroid Cancers" in Pazdur R, Wagman LD, Camphausen KA, Hoskins WJ (Eds) Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach . 11 ed. 2008.
  11. ↑ Chapter 20 in: Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K; Fausto, Nelson (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology. Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1.  8th edition.
  12. ↑ "Clinical, genetic, and immunohistochemical characterization of 70 Ukrainian adult cases with post-Chornobyl papillary thyroid carcinoma". European Journal of Endocrinology 166 (6): 1049–60. June 2012. doi:10.1530/EJE-12-0144. PMID 22457234. 
  13. ↑ "34 binary interactions found for search term ATP5F1E". IntAct Molecular Interaction Database. EMBL-EBI. https://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/interactions?conversationContext=3&query=ATP5F1E. 

Further reading

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine ([1]), which is in the public domain.

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR006721



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