Biology:Ascidian mitochondrial code
The ascidian mitochondrial code (translation table 13) is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of Ascidia.
Code
AAs = FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIMMTTTTNNKKSSGGVVVVAAAADDEEGGGGStarts = ---M------------------------------MM---------------M------------Base1 = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGBase2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGBase3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (Lys, K), Methionine (Met, M), Phenylalanine (Phe, F), Proline (Pro, P), Serine (Ser, S), Threonine (Thr, T), Tryptophan (Trp, W), Tyrosine (Tyr, Y), Valine (Val, V)
Differences from the standard code
| DNA codons | RNA codons | This code (13) | Standard code (1) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
AGA |
AGA |
Gly (G) |
Arg (R)
| |
AGG |
AGG |
Gly (G) |
Arg (R)
| |
ATA |
AUA |
Met (M) |
Ile (I)
| |
TGA |
UGA |
Trp (W) |
STOP = Ter (*)
|
Systematic range and comments
There is evidence from a phylogenetically diverse sample of tunicates (Urochordata) that AGA and AGG code for glycine. In other organisms, AGA/AGG code for either arginine or serine and in vertebrate mitochondria they code a STOP. Evidence for glycine translation of AGA/AGG was first found in 1993 in Pyura stolonifera[1] and Halocynthia roretzi.[2] It was then confirmed by tRNA sequencing[3] and sequencing whole mitochondrial genomes.[4][5]
Alternative initiation codons
- ATA, GTG and TTG[5]
- ATT is the start codon for the CytB gene in Halocynthia roretzi.[6]
See also
References
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain. [7]
- ↑ "Nucleotide sequence of cytochrome oxidase (subunit III) from the mitochondrion of the tunicate Pyura stolonifera: evidence that AGR encodes glycine". Nucleic Acids Research 21 (15): 3587–8. 1993. doi:10.1093/nar/21.15.3587. PMID 8393993. PMC 331473. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?name=Halocynthia+roretzi.
- ↑ "Codons AGA and AGG are read as glycine in ascidian mitochondria". Journal of Molecular Evolution 36 (1): 1–8. January 1993. doi:10.1007/bf02407301. PMID 8381878. Bibcode: 1993JMolE..36....1Y.
- ↑ "An extra tRNAGly(U*CU) found in ascidian mitochondria responsible for decoding non-universal codons AGA/AGG as glycine". Nucleic Acids Research 27 (12): 2554–9. June 1999. doi:10.1093/nar/27.12.2554. PMID 10352185.
- ↑ "Complete DNA sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi (Chordata, Urochordata)". Genetics 153 (4): 1851–62. December 1999. doi:10.1093/genetics/153.4.1851. PMID 10581290. PMC 1460873. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?name=Halocynthia+roretzi.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Mitochondrial genome of Ciona savignyi (Urochordata, Ascidiacea, Enterogona): comparison of gene arrangement and tRNA genes with Halocynthia roretzi mitochondrial genome". Journal of Molecular Evolution 57 (5): 574–87. November 2003. doi:10.1007/s00239-003-2511-9. PMID 14738316. Bibcode: 2003JMolE..57..574Y. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?name=Ciona+savignyi.
- ↑ "Transcript mapping and genome annotation of ascidian mtDNA using EST data". Genome Research 13 (9): 2203–12. 2003. doi:10.1101/gr.1227803. PMID 12915488.
- ↑ Elzanowski, Andrzej; Ostell, Jim; Leipe, Detlef; Soussov, Vladimir. "The Genetic Codes". Taxonomy browser. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/taxonomyhome.html/index.cgi?chapter=tgencodes#thetop.
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