Chemistry:Isoleucine

From HandWiki
l-Isoleucine
Chemical structure of Isoleucine
skeletal formula of L-isoleucine
Ball-and-stick model of L-isoleucine
Space-filling model of L-isoleucine
Names
IUPAC name
Isoleucine
Other names
(2S,3S)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChemSpider
DrugBank
KEGG
UNII
Properties
C6H13NO2
Molar mass 131.175 g·mol−1
−84.9·10−6 cm3/mol
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☑Y verify (what is ☑Y☒N ?)
Infobox references

Isoleucine (symbol Ile or I)[1] is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH+3 form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −COO− form under biological conditions), and a hydrocarbon side chain with a branch (a central carbon atom bound to three other carbon atoms). It is classified as a non-polar, uncharged (at physiological pH), branched-chain, aliphatic amino acid. It is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it, and must be ingested in our diet. Isoleucine is synthesized from pyruvate employing leucine biosynthesis enzymes in other organisms such as bacteria.[2] It is encoded by the codons AUU, AUC, and AUA.

Metabolism

Biosynthesis

As an essential nutrient, it is not synthesized in the body, hence it must be ingested, usually as a component of proteins. In plants and microorganisms, it is synthesized via several steps, starting from pyruvate and alpha-ketobutyrate. Enzymes involved in this biosynthesis include:[3]

  1. Acetolactate synthase (also known as acetohydroxy acid synthase)
  2. Acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase
  3. Dihydroxyacid dehydratase
  4. Valine aminotransferase

Catabolism

Isoleucine is both a glucogenic and a ketogenic amino acid. After transamination with alpha-ketoglutarate the carbon skeleton is oxidised and split into propionyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA. Propionyl-CoA is converted into succinyl-CoA, a TCA cycle intermediate which can be converted into oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesis (hence glucogenic). In mammals acetyl-CoA cannot be converted to carbohydrate but can be either fed into the TCA cycle by condensing with oxaloacetate to form citrate or used in the synthesis of ketone bodies (hence ketogenic) or fatty acids.[4]

Insulin resistance

Isoleucine, like other branched-chain amino acids, is associated with insulin resistance: higher levels of isoleucine are observed in the blood of diabetic mice, rats, and humans.[5] Mice fed an isoleucine deprivation diet for one day have improved insulin sensitivity, and feeding of an isoleucine deprivation diet for one week significantly decreases blood glucose levels.[6] In diet-induced obese and insulin resistant mice, a diet with decreased levels of isoleucine (with or without the other branched-chain amino acids) results in reduced adiposity and improved insulin sensitivity.[7][8] Reduced dietary levels of isoleucine are required for the beneficial metabolic effects of a low protein diet.[8] In humans, a protein restricted diet lowers blood levels of isoleucine and decreases fasting blood glucose levels.[9] In humans, higher dietary levels of isoleucine are associated with greater body mass index.[8]

Functions and requirement

The Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the U.S. Institute of Medicine has set Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for essential amino acids in 2002. For isoleucine, for adults 19 years and older, 19 mg/kg body weight/day is required.[10]

Beside its biological role as a nutrient, Isoleucine also has been shown to participate in regulation of glucose metabolism.[11]

Nutritional sources

Even though this amino acid is not produced in animals, it is stored in high quantities. Foods that have high amounts of isoleucine include eggs, soy protein, seaweed, turkey, chicken, lamb, cheese, and fish.[12]

Isomers

Forms of Isoleucine
Common name: isoleucine d-isoleucine l-isoleucine dl-isoleucine d-alloisoleucine l-alloisoleucine dl-alloisoleucine
Synonyms: (R)-Isoleucine L(+)-Isoleucine (R*,R*)-isoleucine alloisoleucine
PubChem: Template:PubChemCID Template:PubChemCID Template:PubChemCID Template:PubChemCID
EINECS number: 207-139-8 206-269-2 200-798-2 216-143-9 216-142-3 221-464-2
CAS number: 443-79-8 319-78-8 73-32-5 1509-35-9 1509-34-8 3107-04-8
L-Isoleucin - L-Isoleucine.svg D-isoleucine.svg
l-isoleucine (2S,3S) and d-isoleucine (2R,3R)
L-alloisoleucine.svg D-alloisoleucine.svg
l-alloisoleucine (2S,3R) and d-alloisoleucine (2R,3S)

Synthesis

Isoleucine can be synthesized in a multistep procedure starting from 2-bromobutane and diethylmalonate.[13] Synthetic isoleucine was originally reported in 1905 by French chemist Louis Bouveault.[14]

German chemist Felix Ehrlich discovered isoleucine in hemoglobin in 1903.

References

  1. ↑ "Nomenclature and Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides". IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. 1983. http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AminoAcid/AA1n2.html. 
  2. ↑ "Pathway for isoleucine formation form pyruvate by leucine biosynthetic enzymes in leucine-accumulating isoleucine revertants of Serratia marcescens". Journal of Biochemistry 82 (1): 95–103. July 1977. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a131698. PMID 142769. 
  3. ↑ Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry (3rd ed.). New York: Worth Publishing. 2000. ISBN 1-57259-153-6. https://archive.org/details/lehningerprincip01lehn. 
  4. ↑ Cole, Jeffrey T. (14 November 2014). "Chapter 2: Metabolism of BCAAs". Branched Chain Amino Acids in Clinical Nutrition. 1. ISBN 978-1-4939-1923-9. https://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9781493919222-c1.pdf. 
  5. ↑ "Branched-chain amino acids in metabolic signalling and insulin resistance". Nature Reviews. Endocrinology 10 (12): 723–36. December 2014. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.171. PMID 25287287. 
  6. ↑ "Effects of individual branched-chain amino acids deprivation on insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in mice". Metabolism 63 (6): 841–50. June 2014. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2014.03.006. PMID 24684822. 
  7. ↑ "Restoration of metabolic health by decreased consumption of branched-chain amino acids". The Journal of Physiology 596 (4): 623–645. February 2018. doi:10.1113/JP275075. PMID 29266268. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "The adverse metabolic effects of branched-chain amino acids are mediated by isoleucine and valine". Cell Metabolism 33 (5): 905–922.e6. May 2021. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2021.03.025. PMID 33887198. 
  9. ↑ "Decreased Consumption of Branched-Chain Amino Acids Improves Metabolic Health". Cell Reports 16 (2): 520–530. July 2016. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.092. PMID 27346343. 
  10. ↑ Institute of Medicine (2002). "Protein and Amino Acids". Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrates, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 589–768. doi:10.17226/10490. ISBN 978-0-309-08525-0. https://www.nap.edu/read/10490/chapter/12. 
  11. ↑ Yoshizawa, Fumiaki (October 2015). "Effects of Leucine and Isoleucine on Glucose Metabolism". Branched Chain Amino Acids in Clinical Nutrition. pp. 63–73. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1923-9_6. ISBN 978-1-4939-1922-2. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-1923-9_6. 
  12. ↑ "Foods highest in Isoleucine". Self Nutrition Data. Condé Nast. http://www.nutritiondata.com/foods-000081000000000000000.html. "List is in order of highest to lowest of per 200 Calorie serving of the food, not volume or weight." 
  13. ↑ Marvel, C. S. (1941). "dl-Isoleucine (α-Amino-β-methylvaleric acid)". Organic Syntheses 21: 60. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.021.0060. http://www.orgsyn.org/demo.aspx?prep=cv3p0495. ; Collective Volume, 3, pp. 495 
  14. ↑ Bouveault, L.; Locquin, R. (1905). "Action du sodium sur les éthers des acides monobasiques à fonction simple de la série grasse" (in fr). Compt. Rend. 140: 1593–1595. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30949/f1689.table. 

External links



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Chemistry:Isoleucine&oldid=2598865"