Biology:Haplogroup L4 (mtDNA)
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Short description: African mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry
| Haplogroup L4 | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 90–80 kya |
| Possible place of origin | East Africa |
| Ancestor | L3'4 |
| Descendants | L4a, L4b |
| Defining mutations | 5460, 16362[1] |
Haplogroup L4 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is a small maternal clade primarily restricted to Africa.[2]
L4 is important in East Africa. The highest frequencies are in Tanzania among the Hadza at 60-83% and Sandawe at 48%.[3]
It has two branches, L4a and L4b. Subgroup L4a was formerly called L7 and considered a separate subclade of L3'4'7. It has been recognized as a subclade of L4, with L3 as its outgroup by Behar et al. (2008).[4] The parent clade L3'4 is to have emerged at 106–66 kya.[5] L4 is not much later than this, estimated at 87 kya by Fernandes et al. (2015).[6]
Phylogeny
The following phylogeny is based on van Oven and Kayser (2008).[1]
- L3'4
- L4
- L4a (formerly known as L7), mutations: 195C, 3357, 5460, 10373, 11253, 11344, 11485, 12414, 13174, 14302, 16260.
- L4a1
- L4a1a
- L4a2
- L4a1
- L4b, mutations: 709, 3918.
- L4b1
- L4b2 (formerly known as L3g or L4g)
- L4b2a
- L4b2a1
- L4b2a2
- L4b2a2a
- L4b2a2b
- L4b2b
- L4b2a
- L4a (formerly known as L7), mutations: 195C, 3357, 5460, 10373, 11253, 11344, 11485, 12414, 13174, 14302, 16260.
- L4
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457.
- ↑ Haplogroups L4.
- ↑ Tishkoff, S. et al. 2007, History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2007 24(10):2180-2195
- ↑ Behar, M.; Villems, R.; Soodyall, H.; Blue-Smith, J.; Pereira, L.; Metspalu, E.; Scozzari, R.; Makkan, H. et al. (May 2008). "The Dawn of Human Matrilineal Diversity". American Journal of Human Genetics 82 (5): 1130–1140. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.04.002. ISSN 0002-9297. PMID 18439549.
- ↑ Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock Supplementary material (p. 83). 2009. pp. 89. http://download.cell.com/AJHG/mmcs/journals/0002-9297/PIIS0002929709001633.mmc1.pdf.
- ↑ Fernandes V, Triska P, Pereira JB, Alshamali F, Rito T, Machado A, et al. (2015) Genetic Stratigraphy of Key Demographic Events in Arabia. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0118625. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118625
External links
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
- Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
|
Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mitochondrial Eve (L) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L0 | L1–6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| M | N | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CZ | D | E | G | Q | O | A | S | R | I | W | X | Y | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C | Z | B | F | R0 | pre-JT | P | U | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HV | JT | K | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| H | V | J | T | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 |
