Biology:Haplogroup A (mtDNA)

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Short description: Human mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry
Haplogroup A
World map of prehistoric human migrations.jpg
Possible time of origin40,000 ± 10,000 YBP

40,500 (95% CI 37,900 <-> 43,200) ybp[1]
Coalescence age18,600 (95% CI 14,200 <-> 23,900) ybp[1]

24,209 (SD 4,906) ybp[2]
Possible place of originAsia
AncestorN
DescendantsA3, A4, A5, A7, A8
Defining mutations152, 235, 523-524d, 663, 1736, 4248, 4824, 8794, 16290, 16319[3]

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup A is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Origin

mtDNA-based chart of possible large human migrations.

Haplogroup A is believed to have arisen in Asia some 30,000–50,000 years BC. Its ancestral haplogroup was Haplogroup N. However, the extant diversity of mitochondrial genomes that belong to Haplogroup A is low relative to the degree of divergence from its nearest outgroups in haplogroup N, which suggests that extant members of Haplogroup A might be descended from a population that has emerged from a bottleneck approximately 20,000 years ago.

Its highest frequencies are among Native Americans, its largest overall population is in East Asia, and its greatest variety (which suggests its origin point) is in East Asia. Thus, it might have originated in and spread from the Far East.[4]

Distribution

Its subclade A2 shares a T16362C mutation with subclades A1 (found in Japan, Tashkurgan, Veliky Novgorod, Mongols, and Altaians), A6 (found in Tibet and in the Yangtze River basin), A12'23 (found in Siberia and among Uralic and Turkic peoples), A13'14 (found in southern Siberia, Xinjiang, Ladakh, China, Yunnan, Thailand, and Vietnam), A15 (found in China, Naxi, Uyghur, Japan, and among the Sherpa of Tibet and Nepal), A16 (found in Uyghur, Buryat, Turkey), A17 (found in China, Miao, Yi, Tibet, Ladakh, Kyrgyz, Thailand, and Vietnam), A18 (found in China), A19 (found in China), A20 (found among Han Chinese and in Japan), A21 (found in Tibet and in Jammu and Kashmir), A22 (found in China), A24 (found in Beijing and West Bohemia), A25 (found in Japan and Yakutia), and A26 (found in Denmark). A2 is found in Chukotko–Kamchatka[5] and is also one of five mtDNA haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being B, C, D, and X.[4]

Haplogroup A2 is the most common haplogroup among the Inuit, Na-Dene, and many Amerind ethnic groups of North and Central America. Lineages belonging to haplogroup A2 also comprise the majority of the mtDNA pool of the Inuit and their neighbors, the Chukchis, in northeasternmost Siberia.[5][6][7]

Other branches of haplogroup A are less frequent but widespread among other populations of Asia.[8][9] Haplogroup A5 is rather limited to populations from Korea and Japan southward, though it has been detected as singletons in a pair of large samples of Khamnigans (1/99 = 1.0%) and Buryats (1/295 = 0.3%) from the Buryat Republic.[6]

In Asia, A(xA2) is especially frequent in Tibeto-Burman-speaking populations of Southwest China, such as Tibetans (6/65 = 9.2%,[5] 25/216 = 11.6%,[10] 11/73 = 15.1%[10]). Approximately 7% to 15% of Koreans belong to haplogroup A.[6][11][12] Approximately 5% to 12% of the Japanese belong to haplogroup A (including A4, A5, and A(xA4, A5)).[5][13][14][15] Approximately 4% to 13% of Mongols belong to haplogroup A, almost all of whom are contained within the A4 subclade (2/47 = 4.3% Mongolians from Ulan Bator in haplogroup A4,[11] 4/48 = 8.3% Mongols from New Barag Left Banner in haplogroup A(xA5),[12] 6/47 = 12.8% Mongolians from Ulan Bator in haplogroup A4[6]). Approximately 3% to 9% of Chinese people belong to haplogroup A.[13] Haplogroup A also has been found in Vietnamese (2/42 = 4.8%, including one A4 and one A5(xA5a)).[11] Approximately 4% (3/71) of Tatars from Aznakayevo,[16] 3% (4/126) of Tatars from Buinsk,[16] and 2% of Turkish people belong to haplogroup A.[17] Haplogroup A4 has been found in 2.4% (2/82) of a sample of Persians from eastern Iran and in 2.3% (1/44) of a sample of Tajiks from Tajikistan.[6] Haplogroup A is not found among Austronesians.[18] In Nepalese population except Sherpa, haplogroup A was mirrored by its clades, A27, A14 and A17, of which A27 was the most abundant clade in Newar (3.99%).[19] Newly defined clade A27 only discerned so far in Newar and Nepali-mix coalesce at ~ 8.4 Kya suggesting their ancient origin and potentially insitu differentiation in Nepal.[19]

Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup A

Population Frequency Count Source Subtypes
Tłı̨chǫ (Dogrib) 1 42 [20]
Tlingit 1 2 [20]
Acoma Pueblo 1 1 [20]
Esselen 1 1 [21] A01
Haida 0.966 29 [20]
Eskimo (Greenland) 0.961 385 Volodko 2008 A2b=196, A2a=174
Eskimo (Chaplin) 0.900 50 Volodko 2008 A2a=36, A2b=9
Eskimo (Canada) 0.875 96 Volodko 2008 A2b=68, A2a=16
Mixtec 0.828 29 [20]
Siberian Eskimo 0.772 79 [citation needed] A2=61 (41/46 Chaplin, 17/25 Sireniki, 3/8 Naukan)
Eskimo (Naukan) 0.744 39 Volodko 2008 A2b=16, A2a=13
Chukchi (Anadyr, Chukotka) 0.733 15 [6] A2=11
Eskimo (Sireniki) 0.703 37 Volodko 2008 A2a=16, A2b=10
Chukchi 0.682 66 [citation needed] A2=45
Chickasaw/Choctaw 0.667 27 [20]
Mixe 0.625 16 [20]
Apache 0.621 29 [20]
Nahua (Cuetzalan, Mexico) 0.613 31 [citation needed] A=19
Nahua/Cora (Mexico) 0.531 32 [20]
Siouan 0.529 34 [20]
Chumash 0.524 21 [21] A02, A03, A04, A05, A07, A09, A10, A12
Maya (Mexico) 0.519 27 [20]
Navajo 0.517 58 [20]
Nuxalk (Bella Coola) 0.5 36 [20]
Salinan 0.5 6 [21] A01, A06, A13
Ojibwe (Chippewa)/Kickapoo 0.484 62 [20]
Salinan/Chumash 0.455 11 [20]
Nuu-Chah-Nulth 0.4 15 [20]
Kiowa 0.4 5 [20]
Creek/Seminole 0.389 18 [20]
Aleut (Aleutian Islands) 0.344 163 Volodko 2008 A2a=56
Zapotec 0.333 15 [20]
Pawnee 0.333 3 [20]
Cheyenne/Arapaho 0.308 26 [20]
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan) 0.300 30 [citation needed] A=9
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan) 0.297 37 [citation needed] A=11
Mi'kmaq (Newfoundland)/Narragansett 0.286 7 [20]
Chuvantsi (Markovo, Chukotka) 0.250 32 Volodko 2008 A2a=6, A2b=2
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan) 0.250 24 [citation needed] A=6
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou) 0.250 20 [citation needed] A=5
Ohlone (Costanoan) 0.25 8 [23] A01
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet) 0.229 35 [citation needed] A=8
Tibetan (Qinghai) 0.214 56 [citation needed] A=12
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet) 0.211 19 [citation needed] A=4
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.188 16 [citation needed] A=3
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet) 0.172 29 [citation needed] A1=5
Zuni 0.182 22 [20]
Korean (Arun Banner) 0.146 48 [12] A5=4, A(xA5)=3
Tujia (Western Hunan) 0.141 64 [citation needed] A=9
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan) 0.139 36 [citation needed] A=5
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou) 0.138 29 [citation needed] A=4
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet) 0.136 44 [citation needed] A1=6
Mongolian (Ulan Bator) 0.128 47 [6] A4(xA2)=6
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.121 33 [citation needed] A=4
Japanese (Miyazaki) 0.120 100 [citation needed] A4=4, A5=4, A(xA4,A5)=4
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) 0.118 102 [citation needed] A=12
Penutian (California ) 0.118 17 [20]
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan) 0.114 35 [citation needed] A=4
Tubalar (Turochak & Choysky) 0.111 72 [citation needed] A(xA2)=8
Havasupai/Hualapai/Yavapai/Mojave 0.111 18 [20]
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet) 0.109 55 [citation needed] A1=6
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet) 0.103 29 [citation needed] A1=3
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan) 0.100 40 [citation needed] A=4
Manchurian 0.100 40 [11] A(xA4,A5)=3, A4=1
Korean (northern China) 0.098 51 [11] A4=4, A5(xA5a)=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan) 0.097 31 [citation needed] A=3
Han (Denver) 0.096 73 Zheng 2011 A=7
Japanese 0.090 211 [citation needed] A5=11, A(xA5)=8
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan) 0.089 45 [citation needed] A=4
Korean (South Korea ) 0.089 203 [13] A=18
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning) 0.088 160 [13] A=14
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan) 0.087 103 [citation needed] A(xA6)=7, A6=2
Japanese (Tōhoku) 0.086 336 [13] A=29
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner) 0.083 48 [12] A(xA5)=4
Korean (South Korea ) 0.081 185 [11] A4=6, A5(xA5a)=5, A(xA4,A5)=3, A5a=1
Cochimí 0.077 13 [20]
Korean (South Korea ) 0.077 261 [citation needed] A=20
Han (Beijing Normal University) 0.074 121 Zheng 2011 A=9
Pai Yuman 0.074 27 [citation needed] A=2
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet) 0.074 54 [citation needed] A1=4
Han (Southwest China, pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, and 26 Guizhou) 0.073 137 [citation needed] A=10
Han (Hunan and Fujian) 0.073 55 Zheng 2011 A=4
Telengit 0.073 55 [citation needed] A=4
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital) 0.073 633 Fuku 2007 A=46
Buryat 0.071 126 [12] A(xA5)=9
Han (southern California ) 0.069 390 [citation needed] A=27
Korean (South Korea ) 0.068 103 [6] A5=4, A4(xA2)=3
Japanese (Tokyo) 0.068 118 Zheng 2011 A=8
Okinawa 0.067 326 [13] A=22
Japanese (northern Kyūshū) 0.066 256 [13] A=17
Itelmen 0.064 47 [citation needed] A(xA2)=3
Japanese (Gifu) 0.063 1617 Fuku 2007 A=102
Yokuts 0.063 16 [21] A08
Zhuang
(Napo County, Guangxi)		 0.062 130 [citation needed] A=8
Barghut (Hulun Buir) 0.060 149 [citation needed] A4=8, A8=1
Japanese (Hokkaidō) 0.060 217 Asari 2007 A=13
Bai (Dali, Yunnan) 0.059 68 [citation needed] A=4
Ket 0.059 34 [24] A8a2
Evenk (Siberia) 0.056 71 [citation needed] A(xA2)=4
Telenghit (Altai Republic) 0.056 71 [6] A4(xA2)=4
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.056 18 [citation needed] A=1
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.053 19 [citation needed] A=1
Koryak 0.052 155 [citation needed] A2=4, A(xA2)=4
Buryat (Buryatia) 0.051 295 [6] A4(xA2)=13, A5=1, A8=1
Khamnigan (Buryatia) 0.051 99 [6] A4(xA2)=4, A5=1
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan) 0.050 40 [citation needed] A=2
Han (Beijing) 0.050 40 [11] A4=1, A(xA4,A5)=1
Japanese (Tōkai) 0.050 282 [13] A=14
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.049 41 [citation needed] A=2
Vietnamese 0.048 42 [11] A4=1, A5(xA5a)=1
Yakama 0.048 42 [citation needed] A=2
Akimal O’odham (Pima) 0.054 37 [20]
Han (Kunming, Yunnan) 0.047 43 [citation needed] A=2
Dolgan (Anabarsky, Volochanka, Ust-Avam, & Dudinka) 0.045 154 [citation needed] A10=3, A8=2, A4(xA4b)=2
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner) 0.045 44 [12] A(xA5)=2
Va (Simao, Yunnan) 0.045 22 [citation needed] A=1
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner) 0.043 47 [12] A(xA5)=2
Mongolian (Ulan Bator) 0.043 47 [11] A4=2
Tatar (Aznakayevo) 0.042 71 Malyarchuk 2010 A(xA8b)=2, A8b=1
Altai-kizhi 0.042 48 [citation needed] A=2
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan) 0.042 24 [citation needed] A(xA6)=1
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk) 0.041 73 [6] A4(xA2)=3
Evenk (Ust-Maysky, Oleneksky, Zhigansky) 0.040 125 [citation needed] A4(xA4b)=3, A4b=2
Ainu 0.039 51 Sato 2009[25] A=2
Kalmyk (Kalmykia) 0.036 110 [6] A4(xA2)=3, A8=1
Han (Taiwanese) 0.036 111 [citation needed] A4e1=2, A5b=2
Yakut (Vilyuy River basin) 0.036 111 [citation needed] A4(xA4b)=2, A4b=1, A8=1
Han (Taiwan) 0.036 1117 [citation needed] A=40
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou) 0.036 28 [citation needed] A=1
Shor 0.036 28 [citation needed] A=1
Khakassian (Khakassia) 0.035 57 [6] A4(xA2)=2
Altay Kizhi 0.033 90 [6] A4(xA2)=3
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan) 0.033 91 [13] A=3
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) 0.032 31 [citation needed] A(xA6)=1
Tatar (Buinsk) 0.032 126 Malyarchuk 2010 A8b=4
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) 0.031 32 [citation needed] A6=1
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach District) 0.031 98 [citation needed] A4=3
Mansi 0.031 98 [citation needed] A(xA2)=3
Altai-kizhi (Altai Republic) 0.029 276 [citation needed] A=8
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong) 0.029 35 [citation needed] A6=1
Guangdong 0.026 546 [citation needed] A=14
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan) 0.025 40 [citation needed] A6=1
Persian (eastern Iran) 0.024 82 [6] A4(xA2)=2
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi) 0.024 41 [citation needed] A6=1
Yakut (vicinity of Yakutsk) 0.024 164 [citation needed] A4b=2, A4(xA4b)=1, A8=1
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) 0.024 42 [citation needed] A(xA6)=1
Tajik (Tajikistan) 0.023 44 [6] A4(xA2)=1
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner) 0.022 45 [12] A(xA5)=1
Evenk (Buryatia) 0.022 45 [6] A4(xA2)=1
Tuvan 0.021 95 [citation needed] A(xA2)=2
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.020 50 [citation needed] A=1
Kumandin (Turochak District) 0.019 52 [citation needed] A=1
Guangxi 0.017 1111 [citation needed] A=19
Yakut 0.017 117 [12] A(xA5)=2
Shor (Kemerovo) 0.012 82 [6] A4(xA2)=1
Tuvinian (Tuva) 0.010 105 [6] A4(xA2)=1
Khanty 0.009 106 [8] A=1
Vietnam 0.008 392 [citation needed] A=3
Southeast Yunnan 0.006 158 [citation needed] A=1
Li (Hainan) 0.003 346 [citation needed] A=1
Kiliwa 0.000 7 [citation needed] –
Seri 0.000 8 [citation needed] –
Paiute/Shoshone 0 9 [20] –
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan) 0.000 10 [citation needed] –
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) 0.000 11 [citation needed] –
Kiliwa/Paipai 0 11 [20] –
Uto-Aztecan (California ) 0 14 [20]
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.000 15 [citation needed] –
Kumeyaay 0 16 [20] –
Yukaghir (Upper Kolyma) 0.000 18 Volodko 2008 –
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) 0.000 19 [citation needed] –
Filipino (Palawan) 0.000 20 [citation needed] –
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.000 21 [citation needed] –
Yukaghir (Verkhnekolymsky & Nizhnekolymsky) 0.000 22 [citation needed] –
River Yuman 0.000 22 [citation needed] –
Delta Yuman 0.000 23 [citation needed] –
Quechan/Cocopah 0 23 [20] –
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal) 0.000 24 [citation needed] –
Nganasan 0.000 24 [citation needed] –
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet) 0.000 24 [citation needed] –
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk) 0.000 25 [citation needed] –
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi) 0.000 25 [citation needed] –
Kurd (northwestern Iran) 0.000 25 [6] –
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) 0.000 26 [citation needed] –
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan) 0.000 27 [citation needed] –
Washo 0 28 [20] –
Andhra Pradesh (tribal) 0.000 29 [citation needed] –
Batek (Malaysia) 0.000 29 [citation needed] –
Cun (Hainan) 0.000 30 [citation needed] –
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan) 0.000 30 [citation needed] –
Batak (Palawan) 0.000 31 [citation needed] –
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) 0.000 31 [citation needed] –
Lingao (Hainan) 0.000 31 [citation needed] –
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan) 0.000 32 [citation needed] –
Mendriq (Malaysia) 0.000 32 [citation needed] –
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi) 0.000 32 [citation needed] –
Negidal 0.000 33 [citation needed] –
Teleut 0.000 33 [citation needed] –
Temuan (Malaysia) 0.000 33 [citation needed] –
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan) 0.000 35 [citation needed] –
Aleut (Commander Islands) 0.000 36 Volodko 2008 –
Va (Ximeng & Gengma, Yunnan) 0.000 36 [citation needed] –
Yakut (Yakutia) 0.000 36 [6] –
Jemez/Taos/San Ildefonso Pueblo 0 36 [20] –
Taono O’odham 0.000 37 [citation needed] –
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan) 0.000 39 [citation needed] –
Nganasan 0.000 39 Volodko 2008 –
Thai 0.000 40 [11] –
Tharu (Morang, Nepal) 0.000 40 [citation needed] –
Ambon 0.000 43 [citation needed] –
Lombok (Mataram) 0.000 44 [citation needed] –
Alor 0.000 45 [citation needed] –
Tofalar 0.000 46 [citation needed] –
Udegey 0.000 46 [citation needed] –
Hindu (New Delhi, India) 0.000 48 [citation needed] –
Sumba (Waingapu) 0.000 50 [citation needed] –
Jahai (Malaysia) 0.000 51 [citation needed] –
Senoi (Malaysia) 0.000 52 [citation needed] –
Teleut (Kemerovo) 0.000 53 [6] –
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin) 0.000 56 [citation needed] –
Filipino 0.000 61 [citation needed] –
Semelai (Malaysia) 0.000 61 [citation needed] –
Mansi 0.000 63 [8] –
Filipino 0.000 64 [18] –
Filipino (Mindanao) 0.000 70 [18] –
Tubalar (Turochak District) 0.000 71 [citation needed] –
Bali 0.000 82 [citation needed] –
Yukaghir (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka) 0.000 82 Volodko 2008 –
Ulchi 0.000 87 [citation needed] –
Chelkan (Turochak District) 0.000 91 [citation needed] –
N. Paiute/Shoshoni 0.000 94 [citation needed] –
Northern Paiute 0.000 98 [citation needed] –
Even (Eveno-Bytantaysky & Momsky) 0.000 105 [citation needed] –
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal) 0.000 133 [citation needed] –
Yakut (northern Yakutia) 0.000 148 [citation needed] –
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam) 0.000 168 [citation needed] –
Filipino (Luzon) 0.000 177 [18] –
Sumatra 0.000 180 [citation needed] –
Sulawesi 0.000 237 [citation needed] –
Taiwan aborigine 0.000 640 [citation needed] –

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup A subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[3] and subsequent published research.

  • A
    • A(xA5, A8, A10) – China (Han from Wuhan), Buryat (Inner Mongolia)
      • A+T152C!+T16362C – Uyghur, Korea, Japan, Vietnam (Hmong from Lao Cai Province,[26] Kinh from Hanoi,[26] Cờ Lao)
        • A1 [TMRCA 12,800 (95% CI 6,500 <-> 22,700) ybp[1]]
          • A1* – Japan, Korea
          • A1a [TMRCA 7,500 (95% CI 4,500 <-> 11,800) ybp[1]]
            • A1a* – Japan (Aichi), Sarikoli (Tashkurgan), USA, England
            • A1a1 [TMRCA 5,000 (95% CI 2,200 <-> 9,800) ybp[1]]
              • A1a1* – Buryat, Altai Kizhi
              • A1a1a – Buryat, Mongol (Inner Mongolia) [TMRCA 1,050 (95% CI 75 <-> 5,500) ybp[1]]
            • A1a2 – Russia (Bashkortostan, Velikij Novgorod), Iran (Turkmen) [TMRCA 1,950 (95% CI 100 <-> 10,500) ybp[1]]
            • A1a3 – Greece (Ioannina), United States (West Virginia) [TMRCA 1,150 (95% CI 75 <-> 6,000) ybp[1]]
        • A2 – Ache, Waiwai, Zoro, Surui, Waiapi, Poturujara, Kayapo, Katuena, Guarani, Arsario, Cayapa, Dogrib, ancient Canada, USA (Pennsylvania, California), Mexico (Zapotec), Cuba, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina [TMRCA 10,600 (95% CI 9,600 <-> 11,700) ybp[1]]
          • A2a – Eskimo (Greenland, Chukotka), Chukchi
            • A2a1 – Inuit (Canada), Selkup[27]
            • A2a2 – Eskimo (Chukotka), Chukchi
            • A2a3 – Eskimo (Greenland, Canada, Chukotka), Chukchi
            • A2a4 – USA (New Mexico, Arizona), Mexico (Chihuahua)
            • A2a5 – Apache, USA (California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas), Canada (Cree, Shuswap)
          • A2b – Chukchi
            • A2b1 – Chukchi, Koryak, Eskimo (Chukotka, Canada, Greenland)
          • A2c
          • A2d – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
            • A2d1 – USA (Mexican)
              • A2d1a – USA (Hispanic)
            • A2d2 – USA (Hispanic)
          • A2e'ao
            • A2e
            • A2ao
              • A2ao1
          • A2f
            • A2f1 – Newfoundland
              • A2f1a – Canada, USA (Native American)
            • A2f2 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico
            • A2f3 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
          • A2g – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico, Iberian Peninsula
            • A2g1 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Latin America
          • A2h – Colombia (Cocama of Amazonas, Arhuaco), Yanomama, Kogui
            • A2h1 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico, Latin America
          • A2i – USA (Hispanic, etc.), Canada (Ojibwa, Prince Edward Island, Pabos in Quebec)
          • A2j – USA (Hispanic)
            • A2j1 – USA (Hispanic)
          • A2k – USA (Puerto Rico)
            • A2k1 – Ecuador, Wayuu, Mexico
              • A2k1a – Venezuela, Colombia (Pasto of Putumayo), USA (Hispanic)
          • A2l'm'n'o'ai'aj
            • A2l
            • A2m
            • A2n – Canada
            • A2o
            • A2ai
            • A2aj
          • A2p'am
            • A2p
              • A2p1
              • A2p2
            • A2am – USA (Puerto Rico, Hispanic), Venezuela. One ancient DNA found in Curaçao, in a Dabajuroid (Caquetio) site dating 1160-1500 CE.[28]
          • A2q
            • A2q1
          • A2r – USA (Hispanic, Mexican), Cuba
            • A2r1 – Mexico, USA (Mexican)
          • A2s
          • A2t – USA (Mexican)
          • A2u
            • A2u1
            • A2u2
          • A2v
            • A2v1 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico (La Mixteca)
              • A2v1a – Guatemala, USA (Mexican)
              • A2v1b – Mexico
          • A2w – Colombia (Kogi, Guambiano of Putumayo), Arsario, USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
            • A2w1 – Mexico, Cayman Islands, Guatemala (La Tinta), Panama (Guaymi), Colombia
          • A2x
          • A2y
          • A2z – USA (Hispanic, Puerto Rico)
          • A2aa
          • A2ab
          • A2ac
            • A2ac1
          • A2ad
            • A2ad1
            • A2ad2
          • A2ae
          • A2af
            • A2af1
              • A2af1a
                • A2af1a1
                • A2af1a2
              • A2af1b
                • A2af1b1
                  • A2af1b1a
                  • A2af1b1b
                • A2af1b2
            • A2af2
          • A2ag
          • A2ah
          • A2ak
          • A2al
          • A2an
          • A2ap
          • A2aq
        • A6 [TMRCA 12,000 (95% CI 8,600 <-> 16,100) ybp[1]]
          • A6* – Deng, Korea[1][29]
          • A6a – China [TMRCA 9,600 (95% CI 5,500 <-> 15,500) ybp[1]]
            • A6a* – Han Chinese (Wuhan, etc.)
            • A6a1 – Tujia
          • A6b – Tibet [TMRCA 5,000 (95% CI 2,700 <-> 8,300) ybp[1]]
            • A6b* – Tibet (Chamdo, Ladakh)
            • A6b1 – Tibet (Sherpa)
          • A6c – Tibet (Lhoba, Monpa)
        • A12'23 – Austria, Romania, Poland, Russia, possibly found among Udmurts and Komis[27]
          • A12 – Czech Republic, Germany [TMRCA 11,800 (95% CI 6,500 <-> 19,700) ybp[1]]
            • A12a – Ireland, UK, New Zealand, USA, Nenets,[27] Selkup[27] [TMRCA 4,700 (95% CI 2,700 <-> 7,600) ybp[1]]
              • A12a* – Mansi, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin),[30] Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan)[31]
              • A12a1 – Kyordyughen Site (Ymyiakhtakh Culture, Yakutia),[32] Hungary (Debrecen) [TMRCA 2,800 (95% CI 1,450 <-> 4,900) ybp[1]]
              • A12a2 – Evenk (Krasnoyarsk Krai,[6] Stony Tunguska River basin[30]) [TMRCA 1,250 (95% CI 100 <-> 6,600) ybp[1]]
            • A12b – Buryat,[6] Karos-Eperjesszög (Hungarian conqueror period)[33] [TMRCA 3,000 (95% CI 425 <-> 10,700) ybp[1]]
          • A23 – Mongol (Inner Mongolia),[34] Buryat,[6] Ket,[27] Qashqai (Iran),[35] ancient Scythian (Chylenski) [TMRCA 6,200 (95% CI 3,300 <-> 10,600) ybp[1]]
        • A13'14 – Russia (Buryat, Khamnigan), China (Shiyan, Tu, Uyghur, etc.), Ladakh, Thailand, Vietnam (Mang), Korea, Japan, Paraguay (Alto Parana[36][1]), Ireland
          • A13
            • A13a - Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Rai Province and Lampang Province[37][1]), China[1]
            • A13b
              • A13b1 - Uyghur,[1] Taiwan[1]
              • A13b2 - China (Lahu, etc.), Thailand (Red Lahu from Mae Hong Son Province[38][1]), Vietnam (Phù Lá)
                • A13b2a - China (Naxi), Thailand (Lisu from Mae Hong Son Province[38])
          • A14 – Russia (Altai Kizhi, etc.), Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, China, Han Chinese (Denver), Taiwan, Thailand (Lawa from Chiang Mai Province, Mon from Lopburi Province[37]), Vietnam (Pa Then)
        • A15 – Uyghur
          • A15a – China (Han in Beijing, Lanzhou,[39] etc.), Tibet (Tingri), Uyghur, Japan
          • A15b – China, Japan (Ehime)
          • A15c – China
            • A15c1 – Naxi, Tibet (Sherpa), Nepal (Sherpa)
        • A16 – Buryat, Uyghur, Turk
        • A17 – China (Han from Beijing, Lanzhou,[39] etc.), Miao, Yi, Tibet (Lhoba, Monpa, Tingri), Ladakh, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Thailand (Lawa from Chiang Mai Province and Mae Hong Son Province,[37] Blang from Chiang Rai Province,[37] Mon from Ratchaburi Province[37]), Vietnam (Phù Lá, Hà Nhì)
        • A18 – Japan, China (Han from Fujian, Han from Beijing, Han from Lanzhou[39]), Romania
        • A19 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
        • A20 – Japan, Han Chinese (Denver)
        • A21 – Tibet (Sherpa, Deng, etc.), Jammu and Kashmir
        • A22 – China, Han Chinese (Denver)
        • A24 – China (Han in Beijing), Turkey, Czech Republic (West Bohemia)
        • A25 – Japan (Chiba), China, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)
        • A26 – Denmark
      • A3 – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea [TMRCA 6,800 (95% CI 3,200 <-> 12,600) ybp[1]]
        • A3a – Japan (Aichi, etc.) [TMRCA 4,300 (95% CI 1,400 <-> 9,800) ybp[1]]
      • A7 [TMRCA 8,800 (95% CI 5,400 <-> 13,500) ybp[1]]
        • A7* – China
        • A7a – Tibet [TMRCA 7,000 (95% CI 3,900 <-> 11,700) ybp[1]]
          • A7a* – Lhoba
          • A7a1 – Lhoba
          • A7a2 – Lhoba, Monpa
        • A7b – Japan (Tokyo, etc.) [TMRCA 6,300 (95% CI 2,100 <-> 14,700) ybp[1]]
      • A9
      • A11 – Nepal, Korea,[1] Russia [TMRCA 14,500 (95% CI 9,700 <-> 20,800) ybp[1]]
        • A11a – Tibet (Lhasa, Nyingchi, Tingri, Sherpa, Lhoba, etc.), Ladakh
        • A11b – Tibet (Tingri, Chamdo, etc.), Naxi, Han (Yunnan)
    • A5 – China (incl. Hong Kong), Japan [TMRCA 16,200 (95% CI 11,100 <-> 22,800) ybp]
      • A5a – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.), Korea, China [TMRCA 5,500 (95% CI 3,800 <-> 7,600) ybp[1]]
        • A5a1 - Korea
          • A5a1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea
            • A5a1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi, etc.), Korea[40]
              • A5a1a1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.)
              • A5a1a1b – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, etc.), Korea
            • A5a1a2 – Japan, Korea
              • A5a1a2a – Japan (Aichi)
          • A5a1b – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi)
        • A5a2 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.)
        • A5a3
          • A5a3* – Korea, USA (African American)
          • A5a3a
            • A5a3a* – Japan (Tokyo)
            • A5a3a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.)
        • A5a4 – Japan
        • A5a5 – Japan, South Korea (Seoul), Uyghur
      • A5b – China (Tujia, Hui, etc.) [TMRCA 12,800 ybp (95% CI 8,400 <-> 18,800) ybp[1]]
        • A5b1 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.), Japan, Korea, Uyghur, Thailand, Vietnam (Tay), Singapore [TMRCA 8,600 (95% CI 6,600 <-> 11,100) ybp[1]]
          • A5b1* – Uyghur
          • A5b1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea[29] [TMRCA 6,700 (95% CI 3,700 <-> 11,300) ybp[1]]
          • A5b1b – China (Han from Fujian, Miao, etc.), Uyghur, Korea[41] [TMRCA 7,300 (95% CI 5,600 <-> 9,400) ybp[1]]
            • A5b1b* – Han Chinese
            • A5b1b1
              • A5b1b1* – Miao
              • A5b1b1a – China
              • A5b1b1b – China
            • A5b1b2 – Uyghur
          • A5b1c – Han Chinese (Denver) [TMRCA 7,600 (95% CI 3,100 <-> 15,500) ybp[1]]
            • A5b1c1 – Taiwan (Hakka, Bunun, Paiwan) [TMRCA 5,400 (95% CI 1,800 <-> 12,600) ybp[1]]
          • A5b1d [TMRCA 7,300 (95% CI 3,700 <-> 13,000) ybp[1]]
            • A5b1d* – China
            • A5b1d1 – Siamese (Central Thailand), Tay (Vietnam)
        • A5b2 – China (Tujia, etc.)
      • A5c – Japan (Aichi, etc.), Korea,[41] Khamnigan, Buryat, Barghut[1] [TMRCA 8,200 (95% CI 4,800 <-> 13,000) ybp[1]]
        • A5c1 – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi, etc.)
    • A8 – Uyghur [TMRCA 14,000 (95% CI 9,500 <-> 19,800) ybp[1]]
      • A8a – Okunev culture, Ket, Selkup,[27] Pakistan, Poland, Italy [TMRCA 11,000 (95% CI 8,000 <-> 14,800) ybp[1]]
        • A8a* – Han Chinese (Guizhou), Korean
        • A8a1 – Hungary, Albania [TMRCA 5,500 (95% CI 3,000 <-> 9,200) ybp[1]]
          • A8a1* - Uyghur, Poland (Podhale), USA (Louisiana)
          • A8a1a - Yakut,[30] Uyghur, Buryat
        • A8a2
          • A8a2a – Kets (Kellog, etc.), Tofalar (Alygdzher) [TMRCA 2,200 (95% CI 125 <-> 12,000) ybp[1]]
          • A8a2b - Tuvan (Bay-Tal), Poland
      • A8b – Koryak [TMRCA 1,050 (95% CI 75 <-> 5,600) ybp[1]]
    • A10 – China (Uyghur), Afghanistan (Hazara, Uzbek), Russia (Mansi, Volga Tatars, etc.), France, Canada, New York [TMRCA 9,200 (95% CI 4,900 <-> 15,600) ybp[1]]

Popular culture

The mummy "Juanita" of Peru, also called the "Ice Maiden", has been shown to belong to mitochondrial haplogroup A.[42][43]

In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Aiyana.

Eva Longoria, an American actress of Mexican descent, belongs to Haplogroup A2.

See also

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 YFull MTree 1.01.5539
  2. ↑ Behar et al., 2012b
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Fagundes, Nelson J.R.; Ricardo Kanitz; Roberta Eckert; Ana C.S. Valls; Mauricio R. Bogo; Francisco M. Salzano; David Glenn Smith; Wilson A. Silva et al. (2008). "Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas". American Journal of Human Genetics 82 (3): 583–592. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013. PMID 18313026. PMC 2427228. http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/Fagundes-et-al.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-19. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Tanaka, Masashi (2004). "Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan". Genome Research 14 (10A): 1832–1850. doi:10.1101/gr.2286304. PMID 15466285. 
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 6.23 6.24 6.25 Miroslava Derenko, Boris Malyarchuk, Tomasz Grzybowski et al., "Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations", Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2007;81:1025–1041. DOI: 10.1086/522933
  7. ↑ Volodko, Natalia V.; Starikovskaya, Elena B.; Mazunin, Ilya O.; Eltsov, Nikolai P.; Naidenko, Polina V.; Wallace, Douglas C.; Sukernik, Rem I. (9 May 2008). "Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in Arctic Siberians, with Particular Reference to the Evolutionary History of Beringia and Pleistocenic Peopling of the Americas". The American Journal of Human Genetics 82 (5): 1084–1100. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.03.019. PMID 18452887. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Ville N Pimenoff, David Comas, Jukka U Palo et al., "Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers", European Journal of Human Genetics (2008) 16, 1254–1264; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.101
  9. ↑ Fuku, Noriyuki; Park, Kyong Soo; Yamada, Yoshiji; Nishigaki, Yutaka; Cho, Young Min; Matsuo, Hitoshi; Segawa, Tomonori; Watanabe, Sachiro et al. (March 2007). "Mitochondrial Haplogroup N9a Confers Resistance against Type 2 Diabetes in Asians". The American Journal of Human Genetics 80 (3): 407–415. doi:10.1086/512202. PMID 17273962. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Fuyun Ji, Mark S. Sharpley, Olga Derbeneva et al., "Mitochondrial DNA variant associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and high-altitude Tibetans", PNAS (May 8, 2012), vol. 109, no. 19, 7391–7396. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1202484109
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 Han-Jun Jin, Chris Tyler-Smith and Wook Kim, "The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers" PLoS ONE (2009)
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 Qing-Peng Kong, Yong-Gang Yao, Mu Liu et al., "Mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphisms of five ethnic populations from northern China", Hum Genet (2003) 113 : 391–405. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1004-7
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 Kazuo Umetsu, Masashi Tanaka, Isao Yuasa et al., "Multiplex amplified product-length polymorphism analysis of 36 mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms for haplogrouping of East Asian populations", Electrophoresis (2005), 26, 91–98. DOI 10.1002/elps.200406129
  14. ↑ Asari, Masaru; Umetsu, Kazuo; Adachi, Noboru; Azumi, Jun-ichi; Shimizu, Keiko; Shiono, Hiroshi (September 2007). "Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population". Legal Medicine 9 (5): 237–240. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.01.007. PMID 17467322. 
  15. ↑ Zheng, Hong-Xiang; Yan, Shi; Qin, Zhen-Dong; Wang, Yi; Tan, Jing-Ze; Li, Hui; Jin, Li (6 October 2011). "Major Population Expansion of East Asians Began before Neolithic Time: Evidence of mtDNA Genomes". PLOS ONE 6 (10): e25835. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025835. PMID 21998705. Bibcode: 2011PLoSO...625835Z. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Malyarchuk, B.; Derenko, M.; Denisova, G.; Kravtsova, O. (1 October 2010). "Mitogenomic Diversity in Tatars from the Volga-Ural Region of Russia". Molecular Biology and Evolution 27 (10): 2220–2226. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq065. PMID 20457583. 
  17. ↑ Marchani, EE; Watkins, WS; Bulayeva, K; Harpending, HC; Jorde, LB (2008). "Culture creates genetic structure in the Caucasus: Autosomal, mitochondrial, and Y-chromosomal variation in Daghestan". BMC Genetics 9: 47. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-9-47. PMID 18637195. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Kristina A. Tabbada, Jean Trejaut, Jun-Hun Loo et al., "Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia?", Mol. Biol. Evol. 27(1):21–31. (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msp215
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Basnet, Rajdip; Rai, Niraj; Tamang, Rakesh; Awasthi, Nagendra Prasad; Pradhan, Isha; Parajuli, Pawan; Kashyap, Deepak; Reddy, Alla Govardhan et al. (2022-10-15). "The matrilineal ancestry of Nepali populations" (in en). Human Genetics 142 (2): 167–180. doi:10.1007/s00439-022-02488-z. ISSN 0340-6717. PMID 36242641. https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-1728898/latest.pdf. 
  20. ↑ 20.00 20.01 20.02 20.03 20.04 20.05 20.06 20.07 20.08 20.09 20.10 20.11 20.12 20.13 20.14 20.15 20.16 20.17 20.18 20.19 20.20 20.21 20.22 20.23 20.24 20.25 20.26 20.27 20.28 20.29 20.30 20.31 20.32 20.33 Lorenz, Joseph G.; Smith, David Glenn (November 1996). "Distribution of Four Founding mtDNA Haplogroups Among Native North Americans". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 101 (3): 311. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199611)101:3<307::AID-AJPA1>3.0.CO;2-W. PMID 8922178. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199611)101:3%3C307::AID-AJPA1%3E3.0.CO;2-W. Retrieved 2023-05-24. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 Johnson, John R.; Lorenz, Joseph G. (2006). "Genetics, Linguistics, and Prehistoric Migrations: An Analysis of California Indian MitochondrialDNA Lineages". Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 26 (1): 46–48. https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/dam/sdc/pds/ceqa/JVR/AdminRecord/IncorporatedByReference/Appendices/Appendix-E---Cultural-Resources-Report/Johnson%20and%20Lorenz%202006_Genetics%20Liguistics.pdf. Retrieved 2023-05-24. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Breschini, Gary S.; Haversat, Trudy (2004). "Ancient DNA – Modern Connections: Results of Mitochondrial DNA Analyses from Monterey County, California". Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 40 (2): 1–10. https://www.californiaprehistory.com/assets/documents/PagesfromV40N1a.pdf. Retrieved 2023-05-24. 
  23. ↑ Two skeletons, one each from CA-MNT-1489 and CA-MNT-1931, Late Period archeological sites located in Rancho San Carlos, inland from Carmel and south of the Carmel River, were both determined to be of haplotype A01 (Breschini and Haversat 2004).[22] An adult and child, dating from Cal BP 200, buried at CA-MNT-831, a site in Pacific Grove, on the Monterey Peninsula, both belonged to haplogroup D01 (Breschini and Haversat 2004).[22] Of four Ohlone mtDNA lineages identified by Johnson and Lorenz (2006),[21] two belonged to haplogroup C, one each to haplogroups B and D, and none to haplogroup A. Of these eight Ohlone individuals, two belonged to haplogroup A.
  24. ↑ Dryomov, Stanislav V.; Nazhmidenova, Azhar M.; Starikovskaya, Elena B.; Shalaurova, Sofia A.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Bernardos, Rebecca; Derevianko, Anatoly P. et al. (January 28, 2021). "Mitochondrial genome diversity on the Central Siberian Plateau with particular reference to the prehistory of northernmost Eurasia". PLOS ONE 16 (1): 5. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244228. PMID 33507977. PMC 7842996. Bibcode: 2021PLoSO..1644228D. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348862302. Retrieved 2023-05-24. 
  25. ↑ Sato, Takehiro; Amano, Tetsuya; Ono, Hiroko; Ishida, Hajime; Kodera, Haruto; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Yoneda, Minoru; Masuda, Ryuichi (2009). "Mitochondrial DNA haplogrouping of the Okhotsk people based on analysis of ancient DNA: an intermediate of gene flow from the continental Sakhalin people to the Ainu". Anthropological Science 117 (3): 171–180. doi:10.1537/ase.081202. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 S. Pischedda, R. Barral-Arca, A. Gómez-Carballa, et al. (2017), "Phylogeographic and genome-wide investigations of Vietnam ethnic groups reveal signatures of complex historical demographic movements." Scientific Reports volume 7, Article number: 12630 (2017).
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 Kristiina Tambets, Bayazit Yunusbayev, Georgi Hudjashov, et al. (2018), "Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations." Genome Biology (2018) 19:139. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1
  28. ↑ Fernandes, D.M., Sirak, K.A., Ringbauer, H. et al. "A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean." Nature (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-03053-2
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Pham VH, Nguyen VL, Jung HE, Cho YS, Shin JG. "The frequency of the known mitochondrial variants associated with drug-induced toxicity in a Korean population." BMC Med Genomics. 2022 Jan 3;15(1):3. doi: 10.1186/s12920-021-01153-0. PMID 34980117; PMCID: PMC8722126.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Duggan AT, Whitten M, Wiebe V, Crawford M, Butthof A, et al. (2013), "Investigating the Prehistory of Tungusic Peoples of Siberia and the Amur-Ussuri Region with Complete mtDNA Genome Sequences and Y-chromosomal Markers." PLoS ONE 8(12): e83570. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083570
  31. ↑ Marchi, N., Hegay, T., Mennecier, P., Georges, M., Laurent, R., Whitten, M., Endicott, P., Aldashev, A., Dorzhu, C., Nasyrova, F., Chichlo, B., Segurel, L. and Heyer, E., "Sex-specific genetic diversity is shaped by cultural factors in Inner Asian human populations." Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. (2017)
  32. ↑ Kilinc, G.M., Kashuba, N., Yaka, R., Sumer, A.P., Yuncu, E., Shergin, D., Ivanov, G.L., Kichigin, D., Pestereva, K., Volkov, D., Mandryka, P., Kharinskii, A., Tishkin, A., Ineshin, E., Kovychev, E., Stepanov, A., Alekseev, A., Fedoseeva, S.A., Somel, M., Jakobsson, M., Krzewinska, M., Stora, J., and Gotherstrom, A., "Investigating Holocene human population history in North Asia using ancient mitogenomes." Sci Rep 8 (1), 8969 (2018)
  33. ↑ Endre Neparáczki, Klaudia Kocsy, Gábor Endre Tóth, Zoltán Maróti, Tibor Kalmár, Péter Bihari, István Nagy, György Pálfi, Erika Molnár, István Raskó, and Tibor Török, "Revising mtDNA haplotypes of the ancient Hungarian conquerors with next generation sequencing." PLoS ONE 12(4): e0174886. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174886
  34. ↑ Lippold, Sebastian; Xu, Hongyang; Ko, Albert; Li, Mingkun; Renaud, Gabriel; Butthof, Anne; Schröder, Roland; Stoneking, Mark (2014). "Human paternal and maternal demographic histories: insights from high-resolution Y chromosome and mtDNA sequences". Investigative Genetics 5 (1): 13. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-5-13. ISSN 2041-2223. PMID 25254093. 
  35. ↑ Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Bahmanimehr A, Denisova G, Perkova M, et al. (2013), "Complete Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Iranians." PLoS ONE 8(11): e80673. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080673
  36. ↑ Filipa Simão, Christina Strobl, Carlos Vullo, et al., "The maternal inheritance of Alto Paraná revealed by full mitogenome sequences." FSI Genetics Volume 39, P66-72, March 01, 2019. Published online December 19, 2018. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.12.007
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 Wibhu Kutanan, Jatupol Kampuansai, Metawee Srikummool, Daoroong Kangwanpong, Silvia Ghirotto, Andrea Brunelli, and Mark Stoneking, "Complete mitochondrial genomes of Thai and Lao populations indicate an ancient origin of Austroasiatic groups and demic diffusion in the spread of Tai–Kadai languages." Hum Genet 2016 DOI 10.1007/s00439-016-1742-y.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Wibhu Kutanan, Rasmi Shoocongdej, Metawee Srikummool, et al. (2020), "Cultural variation impacts paternal and maternal genetic lineages of the Hmong-Mien and Sino-Tibetan groups from Thailand." European Journal of Human Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-020-0693-x
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Hongbin Yao, Mengge Wang, Xing Zou, et al., "New insights into the fine-scale history of western-eastern admixture of the northwestern Chinese population in the Hexi Corridor via genome-wide genetic legacy." Mol Genet Genomics 2021 Mar 1. doi: 10.1007/s00438-021-01767-0.
  40. ↑ Qing-Peng Kong, Hans-Jürgen Bandelt, Chang Sun, et al., "Updating the East Asian mtDNA phylogeny: a prerequisite for the identification of pathogenic mutations." Human Molecular Genetics, 2006, Vol. 15, No. 13 2076–2086. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddl130
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Hwan Young Lee, Ji-Eun Yoo, Myung Jin Park, Ukhee Chung, Chong-Youl Kim, and Kyoung-Jin Shin, "East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: Haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis." Electrophoresis (2006). DOI 10.1002/elps.200600151.
  42. ↑ "The peopling of the Americas: Genetic ancestry influences health". Scientific American. http://www.physorg.com/news169474130.html. 
  43. ↑ "First Americans Endured 20,000-Year Layover – Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News". http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/02/13/beringia-native-american-02.html. 

External links



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