Biology:Haplogroup D (mtDNA)

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Haplogroup D
Peopling of eurasia.jpg
Possible time of originca. 60,000 – 40,000 YBP
Possible place of originEast Asia
AncestorM80'D
DescendantsD4, 16189
Defining mutations4883 5178A 16362[1]

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup M, thought to have arisen somewhere in East Asia, between roughly 60,000 and 35,000 years ago (in the Late Pleistocene, before the Last Glacial Maximum and the settlement of the Americas).[2]

In contemporary populations, it is found especially in Central[3] and Northeast Asia.[4] Haplogroup D (more specifically, subclade D4) is one of five main haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, B, C, and X. Among the Nepalese population, haplogroup D is the most dominant maternal lineage in Tamang (26.1%) and Magar (24.3%).[5]

Subclades

There are two principal branches, D4 and D5'6. D1, D2 and D3 are subclades of D4.

D4

D1 is a basal branch of D4 that is widespread and diverse in the Americas. Subclades D4b1, D4e1, and D4h are found both in Asia and in the Americas and are thus of special interest for the settlement of the Americas. D2, which occurs with high frequency in some arctic and subarctic populations (especially Aleuts), is a subclade of D4e1 parallel to D4e1a and D4e1c, so it properly should be termed D4e1b. D3, which has been found mainly in some Siberian populations and in Inuit of Canada and Greenland,[6] is a branch of D4b1c.

D4 (3010, 8414, 14668): The subclade D4 is the most frequently occurring mtDNA haplogroup among modern populations of northern East Asia, such as Japanese,[7][8][9][10] Okinawans,[8] Koreans,[8][11] northern Han Chinese (e.g. from Lanzhou[12]), and some Mongolic- or Tungusic-speaking populations of the Hulunbuir region, such as Barghuts in Hulun Buir Aimak,[13] Mongols and Evenks in New Barag Left Banner,[14] and Oroqens in Oroqen Autonomous Banner.[14] D4 is also the most common haplogroup among the Oroks of Sakhalin, the Buryats and Khamnigans of the Buryat Republic, the Kalmyks of the Kalmyk Republic, the Telenghits and Kazakhs of the Altai Republic,[13][15] and the Kyrgyz of Kyzylsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture.[16] It also predominates among published samples of Paleo-Indians and individuals whose remains have been recovered from Chertovy Vorota Cave. Spread also all over China , the Himalayas, Central Asia, Siberia, and indigenous peoples of the Americas, with some cases observed in Southeast Asia, Southwest Asia, and Europe.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Khattak and Kheshgi in Peshawar Valley, Pakistan[24]

  • D4* - China, Mongol from Heilongjiang and Hebei,[25] Korea, Japan, Thailand (Lisu from Mae Hong Son Province), USA, Russia, Georgia, Iraq, Turkey, Greece

  • D1 – America
    • D1a – Colombia
      • D1a1 – Brazil (Surui, Gavião)
      • D1a2 – Guaraní
    • D1b – United States (Hispanic), Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico
    • D1c – United States (Hispanic), Mexican
    • D1d
      • D1d1 – United States (Hispanic), Mexican
      • D1d2 – Mexican
    • D1e – Brazil (Karitiana, Zoró)
    • D1f – Colombia (incl. Coreguaje), Ecuador (Amerindian Kichwas from the Amazonian provinces of Pastaza, Orellana, and Napo), Peru, Mexican, USA
      • D1f1 – Venezuela, Brazil (Karitiana), Tiriyó, Waiwai, Katuena
      • D1f2 – Colombia
      • D1f3 – Mexico, USA (Native American)
    • D1g – Southern Cone of South America
      • D1g1
        • D1g1a
        • D1g1b
      • D1g2
        • D1g2a
      • D1g3
      • D1g4
      • D1g5
      • D1g6
    • D1h
      • D1h1 – Mexican
      • D1h2 – Mexican
    • D1i – Peru, Mexican, United States (Hispanic)
      • D1i1 – Mexican
      • D1i2 – Mexican
    • D1j – Southern Cone of South America (incl. the Gran Chaco in Argentina)
      • D1j1
        • D1j1a
          • D1j1a1 – Argentina
          • D1j1a2
    • D1k – Peru, Mexican, United States (Hispanic)
    • D1m – Mexican
    • D1n – United States (Hispanic), Mexico
    • D1r – Peru
    • D1u
      • D1u1 – Peru

  • D4a – China,[26] Mongol from Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang,[25] Northern Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province, Phuan from Phrae Province),[27] Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang),[27] Japan, Korea, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan (Tajik from Ferghana),[28] Pakistan (Saraiki),[29] Mongolia[28]
    • D4a1 – Japan, Korea, Negidal, Ulchi[30]
      • D4a1a – Japan
        • D4a1a1 – Japan, Korea
          • D4a1a1a – Japan
      • D4a1b – Japan, Korea
        • D4a1b1 – Japan
      • D4a1c – Japan, Korea
      • D4a1d – Japan
      • D4a1e – China, Taiwan, Dirang Monpa, Mongol from Shandong,[25] Yakut
        • D4a1e1 – Japan, Uyghurs
      • D4a1f – Japan
        • D4a1f1 – Japan
      • D4a1g – China, Bargut
      • D4a1h – Japan
    • D4a2 – Japan, Korea
      • D4a2a – Japan, Korea
      • D4a2b – Japan
    • D4a3 Mongol from Tongliao[25]
      • D4a3a
        • D4a3a* – China[31] (Henan[32]), Korea[31]
        • D4a3a1 – China (Taihang area in Henan province,[33] Hunan Han,[32] Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture[34])
        • D4a3a2 – Japan
      • D4a3b
        • D4a3b* – China, Mongol from Shenyang[25]
        • D4a3b1 – Japan, Korea, China（Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, China）,[34] Pakistan (Kalash)[35]
        • D4a3b2 – China, Taiwan
    • D4a4 – Japan
    • D4a5 - Myanmar (Shan from Kachin State[32]), China (Zhejiang,[32] Chamdo,[32] Korean from Antu County, Mongol from Tongliao[25])
    • D4a6 - China[36] (Eastern China,[37] Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture[34]), Mauritius[38]
  • D4a-b
    • D4a-b* – China (Han Chinese from Taizhou, Zhejiang)[37]
      • D4a7
        • D4a7* – China[39]
          • D4a7a
            • D4a7a* – Taiwan[40]
              • D4a7a1 – Taiwan (Hakka Han from Neipu, Pingtung)[41]
          • D4a7b
            • D4a7b* – Vietnam (Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam)[42]
              • D4a7b1 – China (Souther Han Chinese from Hunan),[10] Taiwan (Minnan Han from Kaohsiung and Tsou from Alishan, Chiayi),[41] Vietnam (Kinh from Gia Lâm District, Hanoi) [43] Singapore (Malaysian)[44]
    • D4a8 – China
  • D4b – Thailand (Thai from Central Thailand[45])
    • D4b1
      • D4b1* – Russia (Tuvan from Tuva Republic, Tatarstan), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz), China (Uyghur, Mongol from Beijing,[25] etc.)
      • D4b1a
        • D4b1a* – China (Bargut from Inner Mongolia, Mongol from Heilongjiang[25]), South Korea, Thailand (Iu Mien from Nan Province)
        • D4b1a1 – South Korea, Japan
          • D4b1a1a – South Korea, Japan, Kyrgyzstan
        • D4b1a2 – Yukaghir, Neolithic Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug
          • D4b1a2a
            • D4b1a2a* – Hungary, Khamnigan, Han (Beijing)
            • D4b1a2a1 – China (Bargut, Uyghur), Mongol, Kazakhstan, Karakalpak, Azeri, Turkey, Poland, Russia (Buryats in Buryat Republic and Irkutsk Oblast, Tubalars, Ayon, Yanranay, Karaginsky District), Inuit (Canada, Greenland[46]), Canada, Native American (USA)
            • D4b1a2a2 – Buryat, Todzhins, Tuvan
      • D4b1b'd
        • D4b1b - China, Taiwan
          • D4b1b1 – Japan
            • D4b1b1a – Japan
              • D4b1b1a1 – Japan
          • D4b1b2 – Japan, China (Han from Zhanjiang)
        • D4b1d – China (Gelao from Daozhen)
      • D4b1c
        • D3 – Oroqen, Buryat, Barghut, Yukaghir, Even, Evenk, Yakut, Dolgan, Nganasan, Inuit
          • D3* – Buryat, Yakut, Yukaghir (Lower Indigirka River, Chukotka, etc.), Nganasan (Vadei from the Taimyr Peninsula), Even (Severo-Evensk district, Sebjan, Sakkyryyr, Berezovka), Evenk (Taimyr Peninsula), Oroqen, Mansi
          • D3a – Bargut, Buryat, Evenk (Stony Tunguska)
          • D3b – Oroqen
          • D3c
            • D3c* – Buryat
            • D3c1
              • D3c1* – Nganasan (Avam from the Taimyr Peninsula)
              • D3c1a
                • D3c1a1
                  • D3c1a1a – Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug (Neolithic Transbaikal), Bargut (modern Inner Mongolia)
                  • D3c1a1b – Italy (Roman Empire)
                • D3c1a2 – Ust'-Dolgoe site of Glazkovo culture (Bronze Age Cis-Baikal), Onnyos burial near Amga River (Middle Neolithic central Yakutia)
          • D3d – Even (Tompo District of Yakutia, Lower Indigirka River)
          • D3e – Even (Tompo District of Yakutia)
    • D4b2 – Japan, specimen from 4256–4071 cal YBP (Middle Jōmon period) Yokohama,[47] China (Mongol from Hebei[25]), Thailand (Hmong from Chiang Rai Province), India (Gallong)
      • D4b2a – Japan
        • D4b2a1 – Japan, China (Korean from Antu County)
        • D4b2a2 – Japan, Korea
          • D4b2a2a – Japan, Kyrgyzstan
            • D4b2a2a1 – Japan
            • D4b2a2a2 – Japan
          • D4b2a2b – Japan
      • D4b2b – China (Mongols from Northeast China and Inner Mongolia,[25] Uyghurs, Tu, Tibet, etc.), South Korea, Japan, Thailand (Khmu from Nan Province[27]), Saudi Arabia
        • D4b2b1 – Japan, Korea, Buryat, Mongol from Tongliao,[25] Uyghur, Persian
          • D4b2b1a – Japan
          • D4b2b1b – Japan
          • D4b2b1c – Japan
          • D4b2b1d – Japan
        • D4b2b2 – China (Mongol from Chifeng and Heilongjiang,[25] Tujia, Han from Lanzhou,[12] etc.), Taiwan (Hakka)
          • D4b2b2a – China, Taiwan, Vietnam (Lachi)
            • D4b2b2a1 – Japan, Russia
          • D4b2b2b – Russia, China, South Korea
          • D4b2b2c – China, Buryat
        • D4b2b3 – Japan
        • D4b2b4 – Northeast India (Sherdukpen), China, Russia (Tuvan)
        • D4b2b5 – Barguts, Buryat, Tibet, Taiwan
        • D4b2b6 – Chinese (Beijing, Lanzhou,[12] Denver), Korea, Armenian
        • D4b2b7 – China, Taiwan (Hakka)
        • D4b2b8 – Uyghur
        • D4b2b9
          • D4b2b9* – China, Xibo
          • D4b2b9a
            • D4b2b9a* – Buryat
            • D4b2b9a1 – China
      • D4b2c
      • D4b2d – Inner Mongolia (Bargut, Buryat)
  • D4c
    • D4c1 – Uyghur
      • D4c1a – Japan, Korea
        • D4c1a1 – Japan, Tashkurgan (Kyrgyz)
      • D4c1b – Japan, Inner Mongolia
        • D4c1b1 – Japan, Tibet
        • D4c1b2 – Japan
    • D4c2 – Turkmenistan, Mongol from Chifeng[25]
      • D4c2a – Uyghur (Artux), Russian Federation
        • D4c2a1 – Uyghur, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan, Ulchi
      • D4c2b – Yakut, Buryat, Bargut, Daur, Even, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Kazakhstan, Turk, Russian, Ukraine
      • D4c2c – Japan
  • D4d – Japan, Korea

  • D4e
    • D4e1 – Taiwan, Czech Republic (West Bohemia), Austrian, Finland, USA
      • D4e1a – Thailand (Mon from Nakhon Ratchasima Province[27]), Moken, Urak Lawoi, China (Han from Lanzhou,[12] Mongol from Inner Mongolia,[25] etc.), Tibet, Uyghur, Korea, Japan
        • D4e1a1 – Japan, Chinese
        • D4e1a2 – Thailand, Sonowal Kachari
          • D4e1a2a – Japan, Korea
        • D4e1a3 – China (Yao from Bama, Mongol from Alxa,[25] etc.), Thailand (Hmong, Iu Mien), Vietnam (Cờ Lao, Phù Lá)
      • D2 – Uyghur, Mongol from Jilin and Chaoyang[25]
        • D2a'b
          • D2a – Aleut, Tlingit
            • D2a1 – Saqqaq, ancient Canada
              • D2a1a – Aleut
              • D2a1b – Siberian Eskimo
            • D2a2 – Chukchi, Eskimo
          • D2b – Yukaghir, Even (Maya River, Okhotsk Region), Mongol from Hulunbuir[25]
            • D2b1 – China, Tibet, Kazakhstan, Kalmyk, Belarus (Tatar)
              • D2b1a – Buryat, Yakut, Khamnigan, Evenk
            • D2b2 – Evenk, Bargut
        • D2c – Buryat
      • D4e1c – Mexican
    • D4e2 – Japan, Korea, USA (African American)
      • D4e2a – Japan, Korea
      • D4e2b – Japan
      • D4e2c – Japan
      • D4e2d – Japan
    • D4e3 – Northeast Thailand (Black Tai, Saek),[27] China, Mongol from Shenyang and Tongliao,[25] Lachungpa
    • D4e4 – Yakut, Ulchi,[30] Bulgaria, Poland, Russian Federation
      • D4e4a – Evenk, Even, Uyghur
        • D4e4a1 – Yukaghir, Evenk, Even, Mongol from Shenyang[25]
      • D4e4b – Russian, Volga Tatar
    • D4e5
      • D4e5a - Xinjiang (Uyghur, Kyrgyz), Russia (Altai Kizhi, Buryat), Inner Mongolia (Bargut), Iran (Qashqai), Japan (Aichi)
      • D4e5b - Orok (Sakhalin), Even (Nelkan on the Maya River in the Okhotsk Region), Kyrgyz (Artux), Bashkortostan, Han Chinese (Lanzhou,[12] Denver), Mongol from Fuxin and Heilongjiang[25]
  • D4f – Shor
    • D4f1 – Japan, Korea, Mongol (Bargut, Chifeng,[25] Chaoyang,[25] Hebei[25])

  • D4g
    • D4g* – Japan, Korea
    • D4g1 – Japan, Korea, Uyghur, Uzbekistan
      • D4g1a – Japan
      • D4g1b – Japan, Taiwan, Mongol from Xinjiang,[25] Belarus
      • D4g1c – Japan
    • D4g2 – China, Mongols in China (Fuxin, Hinggan, Tongliao, Xilingol[25])
      • D4g2a – Japan
        • D4g2a1 – China, Thailand (Mon from Lopburi Province[27]), Mongols in China (Bargut, Beijing,[25] Fuxin[25]), Buryat, Khamnigan
          • D4g2a1a – Japan
          • D4g2a1b – China, Thailand (Black Tai from Kanchanaburi Province, Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province)
          • D4g2a1c – Thailand (Mon from Kanchanaburi Province and Ratchaburi Province[27]), China, Wancho, Jammu and Kashmir
      • D4g2b – China, Buryat
        • D4g2b1 – Han Chinese, Ulchi
          • D4g2b1a – Japan

  • D4h
    • D4h* – Thailand (Khmu from Nan Province, Htin from Phayao Province, Khon Mueang from Lampang Province[27]), Philippines
    • D4h1
      • D4h1* – China
      • D4h1a - Korea
        • D4h1a1 – Korea, Japan
        • D4h1a2 – Japan
      • D4h1b – Hunan (Han), Japan
      • D4h1c – China (incl. Tu), Tibet
        • D4h1c1 – Japan, Korea, Mongol from Shenyang[25]
      • D4h1d – Bargut
    • D4h2 – Ulchi
    • D4h3 – Thailand (Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province[27])[48]
      • D4h3a – South America (Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil), Mexico, USA,[49][50] and Colombia.[51]
        • D4h3a1 – Chile
          • D4h3a1a – Chile
            • D4h3a1a1 – Chile
            • D4h3a1a2 – Chile
        • D4h3a2 – Chile, Argentina
        • D4h3a3 – Chile
          • D4h3a3a – Mexico, USA
        • D4h3a4 – Peru
        • D4h3a5 – Chile, Peru, Argentina
        • D4h3a6 – Peru, Ecuador
        • D4h3a7 – ancient Canada
        • D4h3a8 – Mexico
        • D4h3a9 – Peru
      • D4h3b – China
    • D4h4 – Uyghur, Tibet, Japan, Mongol (Bayannur,[25] Hinggan[25])
      • D4h4a – Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Buryat, Bargut
  • D4i
    • D4i* – Japan, Uyghur, Israel (Palestinian)
    • D4i1 – Japan
    • D4i2 – Uyghur, Yakut, Dolgan, Kazakh, Volga Tatar, Buryat, Bargut, Evenk (Iengra), Even, Nanai, Yukaghir, Russia, Germany, England
    • D4i3
      • D4i3* – Nepal (Kathmandu)
      • D4i3a – China, Taiwan (Atayal)
    • D4i4 – Uyghur, Tibet (Sherpa), China (Miao), Vietnam (H'Mông)
    • D4i5 – Japan

  • D4j – Tibet, Uyghur, Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan, Tashkurgan, Artux), Altai, Teleut, Tuvan, Buryat, Mongols in China (Bargut, Chifeng,[25] Hohhot,[25] Tianjin,[25] Tongliao[25]), China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Turkey, Italy, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Belarus
    • D4j1 – Thailand (Palaung from Chiang Mai Province[27]), Uyghur
      • D4j1a – Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan
        • D4j1a1 – Lepcha, Gallong, Lachungpa, Sherpa, Tibet, Lahu, Thailand (Lahu from Mae Hong Son Province, Mon from Ratchaburi Province, Lawa from Mae Hong Son Province, Tai Yuan from Uttaradit Province[27]), Kyrgyz, Uyghur, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan
          • D4j1a1a – Gallong, Tibet
          • D4j1a1b – Toto
        • D4j1a2 – Tibet, Ladakh
      • D4j1b – Tibet, Wancho, Nepal, Thailand (Mon from Ratchaburi Province, Palaung and Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province[27]), Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
        • D4j1b2 – Gallong
    • D4j2 – Lithuania, ancient Scythian (Chylenski), Yakut,[52] Dolgan[52]
      • D4j2a – Mansi, Ket, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)[53]
    • D4j-T16311C! – Italy, Ukraine, Lithuania
      • D4j3 – Russian Federation, Uyghur, Tibet, Mongol (Hulunbuir[25]), Japan, Thailand (Mon from Ratchaburi Province[27])
        • D4j3a – China, Inner Mongolia (Mongol from Tongliao[25]), Ulchi
          • D4j3a1 – Japan,China
        • D4j3b - Thailand (Lisu from Mae Hong Son Province), Tibet (Lhoba), Uyghur
      • D4j11 – Japan, Inner Mongolia (Mongol from Chifeng[25]), Buryat, Hungary, Italy
    • D4j4 – Nganasan, Even (Maya River basin, NE Sakha Republic[52]), Evenk (Nyukzha river basin,[53] Iengra River basin[53])
      • D4j4a – Evenk (Okhotsk region, Sakha Republic,[52] Iengra River basin[53]), Even (Okhotsk region), Ulchi, Buryat, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin[52])
    • D4j5 – Italy, Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Iran (Khorasan),[54] Uyghur, Kyrgyz,[55] Inner Mongolia, Buryat, Yakut,[53][52] Yukaghir,[52] Even (Sakha Republic),[53][52] Evenk (Sakha Republic)[52]
    • D4j-T146C!
      • D4j6 – China, Buryat, Dirang Monpa
      • D4j13 – Volga Tatar, Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, Sherpa (Shigatse)
    • D4j7 – Tubalar, Mongol (Hinggan League[25])
      • D4j7a – Buryat, Bargut
    • D4j8 – China, Bargut, Buryat, Evenk (Sakha Republic),[52] Yakut,[52] Kazakh, Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, Poland, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia, Austria, Scotland, Argentina
    • D4j9 – Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan, Tuvan
    • D4j10 – Tubalar, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan, Kazakhstan, Turk
    • D4j12 – Bargut, Buryat, Uyghur, Tatarstan, Belarus, Poland, Italy
    • D4j14 – Japan
    • D4j15 – China, Tibet, Mongols in China (Chifeng[25]), Kazakhstan
    • D4j16 – China
  • D4k'o'p
    • D4k – Japan, Korea, China (Qinghai, Kinh, etc.), Uyghur, Kyrgyzstan
    • D4o – Teleut, Uyghur, Buryat[48]
      • D4o1
        • D4o1* – Uyghur, Tubalar (Northeast Altai)[23]
        • D4o1a – Japan, Buryat[48]
        • D4o1b – Kyrgyz (Artux),[55] Chelkan, Teleut, Khamnigan,[48] Buryat (Buryat Republic),[56] Han Chinese (N. China)[57]
      • D4o2 – Bargut, Yakut, Evenk (Sakha Republic), Even (Kamchatka, Sakha Republic), Koryak, Ulchi,[30] China (Han from Lanzhou[12])
        • D4o2* – Mongols in China (Bargut from Inner Mongolia,[48] Mongol from Hinggan League,[25] Mongol from Hohhot[25])
        • D4o2a – Manchu
          • D4o2a* – Uyghur, Yakut, Nganasan, Evenk (New Barag Left Banner), Even (Kamchatka),[53] Koryak[53]
          • D4o2a1 – Negidal, Hezhen, Uyghur, China
          • D4o2a2 – Yakut,[53] Uyghur, ancient Yana River basin
          • D4o2a3 – Bargut (Inner Mongolia),[48] Buryat (Zabaykalsky Krai)[56]
    • D4p
      • D4p* – Altaian, Buryat
      • D4p1 – Japan
      • D4p2 – Buryat
  • D4l
    • D4l1
      • D4l1a – Japan
        • D4l1a1 – Japan
      • D4l1b – Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Uyghur
    • D4l2 – Evenk (Nyukzha, Iengra, Taimyr), Yakut (Central, Vilyuy), Uyghur,[32] Kazakh[32]
      • D4l2a – Even (Tompo, Sebjan), Yukaghir, Mongol (Xilingol League[25])
        • D4l2a1 – Even (Sebjan, Sakkyryyr), Evenk (Taimyr), Yakut, Yukaghir
        • D4l2a2 – Evenk, Negidal, Yukaghir
      • D4l2b – China, Tibet (Lhasa)
  • D4m
    • D4m* – Tubalar (Northeast Altai)[23]
    • D4m1 – Japan
    • D4m2 – Mongolia, Mongols in China (Hohhot,[25] Tongliao[25]), South Korea
      • D4m2a – Nivkh, Ulchi, Yakut, Buryat, Evenk, Even, Yukaghir, South Korea
        • D4m2a* – Nivkh,[53] Buryat[48]
        • D4m2a1
          • D4m2a1* – Evenk (Central Siberia)[48]
          • D4m2a1a – Evens (two from Sakkyryyr[53] and one from Tompo[53]), Yukaghir[23]
        • D4m2a2 – Nivkh[53]
        • D4m2a3 – Yakut[53][57]
        • D4m2a4 – Nivkh[53]
      • D4m2b – Tuvinian,[58] Daur[57] Bargut (Inner Mongolia),[48] Mongolia, Uyghur
    • D4m3 – Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan,[59]Artux[55]), Uyghur
  • D4n
    • D4n* – Japan, Korea
    • D4n1
      • D4n1* – Japan
      • D4n1a – Japan
    • D4n2
      • D4n2a – China
      • D4n2b – Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan),[55] Tibet,[60] Bargut (Inner Mongolia),[48] Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast)[56]
  • D4q – Taiwan,[31] China,[32] Mongols in China (Fuxin[25]), Kyrgyz,[59] Tajiks,[59] India (Jammu and Kashmir),[32] Germany,[31] Poland,[31] Netherlands,[31] United States[31]
  • D4r – Thailand, Myanmar
  • D4s
    • D4s1
      • D4s1* – Vietnam (Si La, Hà Nhì)
      • D4s1a – Vietnam (Hà Nhì)
    • D4s2 – Tashkurgan (Sarikoli, Kyrgyz)[55]
    • D4s3 – Tibet (Lhasa),[63] Uyghur, Tuvinian[58]
  • D4t – China, Korea, Japan
  • D4u
    • D4u*
    • D4u1
      • D4u1* – Iran (Qashqai)[54]
      • D4u1a – Tashkurgan (Sarikoli)[55]
  • D4v – Thailand[27]
  • D4w – Japan (Tokyo), Tu
  • D4x – Peru (pre-Columbian Lima)
  • D4y – Vietnam (La Chí)
  • D4z – China

D5'6

D5'6 (16189) is mainly found in East Asia and Southeast Asia, especially in China, Korea, and Japan.[64][65][66] It does not appear to have participated in the migration to the Americas, and frequencies in Central, North, and South Asia are generally lower, although the D5a2a2 subclade is prevalent (57/423 = 13.48%[52]) among the Yakuts, a Turkic-speaking group that migrated to Siberia in historical times under the pressure of the Mongol expansion.[52]

  • D5 - Taiwan (Paiwan)[67]
    • D5a'b (D5-A9180G) - Korean,[68] Tai Yuan in Northern Thailand[45]
      • D5a - China, Korea, Japan, Buryat, Poland
        • D5a1 - Japan (TMRCA 7,300 [95% CI 3,300 <-> 14,200] ybp[32])
          • D5a1a - Japan
            • D5a1a1 - Japan
            • D5a1a2 - Japan
        • D5a2 - Gallong, Mongols in China (Baotou[25]), Korea (TMRCA 12,500 [95% CI 8,900 <-> 17,100] ybp[32])
          • D5a2a - Russia (Tula Oblast,[32] Buryat), Mongols in China (Heilongjiang,[25] Hohhot[25]), China, Japan (TMRCA 10,400 [95% CI 7,400 <-> 14,200] ybp[32])
            • D5a2a-T16092C - China, Korea
              • D5a2a1 - Mongols in China (Tongliao,[25] Beijing,[25] Chifeng,[25] Fuxin,[25] Hohhot,[25] Shandong[25]), China (Han from Lanzhou,[12] etc.), Tibet (Monpa, Deng), Vietnam (Hà Nhì), Korea, Japan (Gifu), Buryat, Tuvan, Kazakh
                • D5-C16172T! - Burusho,[57] Tubalar,[23] Kumandin (Turochak), Todzhi (Adir-Kezhig[69]), Buryat (South Siberia,[48] Inner Mongolia[56]), Wancho, Gallong, Monpa,[60] Myanmar (Burmese from Pakokku[67]), Thailand (Lawa from Mae Hong Son Province[27]), China (Han from Fujian, Miao, etc.), Taiwan
                  • D5a2a1a - Japan (Aichi, Chiba, etc.), China
                    • D5a2a1a1 - Japan (Aichi, etc.)
                      • D5a2a1a1a - Japan (Chiba, etc.)
                      • D5a2a1a1b - China (Uyghurs), Poland[48][70]
                    • D5a2a1a2 - Japan (Gifu, Tokyo, etc.)
                • D5a2a1b - Sonowal Kachari,[61] Gallong,[61] China (Han from Zhanjiang, etc.), Tibet (Lhoba, Tingri, Deng), Kyrgyz (Artux),[55] Mongols in China (Hohhot,[25] Tongliao[25])
                  • D5a2a1b1 - China, Taiwan (Minnan)
              • D5a2a2 - Japan (Aichi), Bargut, Buryat, Kyrgyz (Artux), Tibet (Shannan), Yakut, Dolgan, Yukaghir, Evenk (Iengra, Nyukzha, Taimyr, Sakha Republic), Even (Sakha Republic) (TMRCA 3,500 [95% CI 2,300 <-> 5,000] ybp[32])
          • D5a2b - Thailand (Iu Mien from Nan Province), Vietnam (Si La, Hà Nhì), Tibet (Deng, Sherpa), China (TMRCA 10,400 [95% CI 7,200 <-> 14,500] ybp[32])
        • D5a3 - Tibet, Mongol (Dalian[25]), Korea, Japan (TMRCA 11,100 [95% CI 6,300 <-> 18,100] ybp[32])
          • D5a3a - Mongol (Hinggan League[25]), China, Tibet, Finland
            • D5a3a1 - China, Uyghur, Ukraine
              • D5a3a1a - Finland, Norway (Saami), Russia (Veliky Novgorod, etc.), Mansi
          • D5a3b - China,[32] Korea (Seoul[48][32])
      • D5b - Uyghur, China, Mongol (Chifeng[25])
        • D5b1
          • D5b1* - China, Uyghur, Mongol (Hulunbuir,[25] Jilin,[25] Tongliao[25])
          • D5b1a
            • D5b1a1 - Japan, Korea, China (Hubei, etc.)
            • D5b1a2 - Japan
          • D5b1b
            • D5b1b* - Japan, Korea, Mongol (Baotou,[25] Chaoyang,[25] Heilongjiang,[25] Nanyang,[25] Shanxi,[25] Tongliao[25])
            • D5b1b1 - Japan, Korea, Uzbekistan
            • D5b1b2
              • D5b1b2* - Japan, Korea, Taiwan (Minnan), Uyghur
              • D5b1b2a - Uyghur
              • D5b1b2b - Uyghur
              • D5b1b2c - Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan)[59][32]
            • D5b1b3 - Japan
            • D5b1b4 - China
          • D5b1c
            • D5b1c* - China (Han from Kunming)
            • D5b1c1 - China, Mongol (Chifeng[25]), Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam (Kinh)
              • D5b1c1* - Taiwan (Minnan, etc.)
              • D5b1c1a
                • D5b1c1a* - Taiwan (Amis, Puyuma, etc.), Indonesia (Manado), Chinese (Singapore)
                • D5b1c1a1 - Philippines (Kankanaey, Ifugao, etc.)
                • D5b1c1a2 - Philippines (Ibaloi)
              • D5b1c1b - China
            • D5b1c2 - Uyghur
          • D5b1d - Han Chinese (Beijing), Mongol (Ordos[25]), Yakut[52][57]
          • D5b1e - China
          • D5b1f - China
        • D5b2 - Japan
        • D5b3
          • D5b3* - Vietnam (Kinh, Tay), Thailand (Phuan), Laos (Lao), Taiwan (Minnan, etc.)
          • D5b3a - Taiwan (Paiwan, Rukai, Puyuma)
            • D5b3a1 - Taiwan (Rukai, Bunun, Paiwan, etc.)
          • D5b3b - Thailand (Shan from Mae Hong Son Province, Black Tai from Kanchanaburi Province, Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province), Vietnam (Kinh)
        • D5b4 - Thailand (Siamese, Hmong from Chiang Rai Province), Vietnam (Tay Nung, Cờ Lao, Tay, Kinh), Taiwan (Minnan, Makatao, etc.), China (Han)
        • D5b5 - Uyghur
    • D5c
      • D5c1 - Japan, Han Chinese (Beijing)
        • D5c1a - Japan, Taiwan (Minnan, etc.), China, Mongol (Tongliao[25]), Uyghur, Tubalar, Kumandin (Turochak, Soltonsky District), Shor (Biyka, etc.), Kyrgyzstan (TMRCA 4,500 [95% CI 3,300 <-> 6,100] ybp[32])
      • D5c-T16311C! - Vietnam (Kinh),[67] Mongolian,[58] China[71]
        • D5c2 - China, Japan
  • D6
    • D6a - Philippines, East Timor
      • D6a1
        • D6a1* - Tibet, China, Korea, Japan
        • D6a1a - China, Japan
      • D6a2 - Taiwan (Atayal), Philippines
    • D6c - China (She people, Han from Zhanjiang), Taiwan (Minnan), Thailand (Phutai from Kalasin Province)
      • D6c1 - Philippines
        • D6c1a - Philippines (Maranao)


Table of frequencies by ethnic group

Population Frequency Count Source Subtypes
Ban Ravat (Uttarakhand) 1.000 38 [citation needed] D4=38
Aleut (Commander Islands) 1.000 36 [23] D2a1a=36
Orok (Sakhalin) 0.689 61 [citation needed] D(xD5)=41, D5=1
Aleut (Aleutian Islands) 0.656 163 [23] D2a1a=107
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan) 0.550 40 [citation needed] D(xD5)=20, D5(xD5a)=2
Northern Paiute/Shoshoni 0.479 94 [18] D=45
Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.438 16 [3] D(xD4c)=5, D4c=2
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner) 0.432 44 [14] D(xD5)=14, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2
Subba (Limbu) 0.432 44 [citation needed] D4=19
Japanese (Hokkaidō) 0.415 217 Asari 2007 D4a=24, D4b=21, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=21, D4e=11, D5=10, D4g=2, D4j=1
Japanese (northern Kyūshū) 0.414 256 [8] D4b=26, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=24, D4a=19, D4e=16, D5=10, D4g(xD4g1)=8, D4j=3
Japanese 0.412 211 [7] D4(xD4b)=75, D5(xD5a)=10, D5a=1, D4b=1
Japanese (Tōkai) 0.411 282 [8] D4b=34, D4a=26, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=24, D5=14, D4e=13, D4j=3, D4g(xD4g1)=2
Northern Paiute 0.408 98 [17] D=40
Japanese (Tōhoku) 0.399 336 [8] D4a=31, D4b=30, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=29, D4e=17, D4g(xD4g1)=11, D5=10, D4j=4, D4g1=2
Korean (South Korea ) 0.398 103 [15] D4(xD2, D3)=33, D5=8
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner) 0.396 48 [14] D(xD5)=16, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=1
Dolgan (Anabarsky, Volochanka, Ust-Avam, and Dudinka) 0.390 154 [52] D4l2=35, D3=8, D4e4a1=5, D4b1(xD3)=4, D4i2=2, D4j2=2, D4a=1, D2b1=1, D4m2=1, D5a2a2=1
Okinawa 0.383 326 [8] D4a=28, D4b=23, D4e=21, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=18, D4j=12, D4g(xD4g1)=12, D5=7, D4g1=4
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet) 0.375 24 [63] D=9
Korean (South Korea ) 0.364 261 [citation needed] D4(xD4a, D4b)=36, D4b=20, D4a=18, D5=14, D(xD4, D5)=7
Japanese (Tokyo) 0.356 118 [10] D4=39, D5=3
Barghut (Hulunbuir) 0.356 149 [13] D4(xD2, D3)=47, D2=3, D3=2, D5=1
Buryat (Buryatia) 0.349 295 [15] D4(xD2, D3)=86?, D5=8, D3=7, D2=2
Buryat 0.348 419 [48] D4(xD2)=134, D5=9, D2=3
Korean (South Korea ) 0.340 203 [8] D5=15, D4b=14, D4a=10, D4j=9, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=8, D4e=7, D4g(xD4g1)=6
Khamnigan (Buryatia) 0.333 99 [15] D4(xD2, D3)=25, D3=5, D5=2, D2=1
Korean (northern China) 0.333 51 [citation needed] D4(xD4a, D4b)=11, D4a=3, D5(xD5a)=2, D(xD4, D5)=1
Korean (Arun Banner) 0.333 48 [14] D(xD5)=11, D5(xD5a)=5
Yakut (vicinity of Yakutsk) 0.329 164 [52] D5a2a2=28, D4i2=9, D4c2=5, D4o2=4, D4j5=3, D4b1(xD3)=2, D4a=1, D4j8=1, D4l2=1
Korean (South Korea ) 0.324 185 [citation needed] D4(xD4a, D4b)=44, D5(xD5a)=6, D5a=3, D4a=3, D4b=3, D(xD4, D5)=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan) 0.323 31 [citation needed] D(xD5)=8, D5(xD5a)=2
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner) 0.319 47 [14] D(xD5)=12, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=1
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk) 0.301 73 [15] D4(xD2, D3)=13, D5=5, D3=4
Han (Beijing) 0.300 40 [citation needed] D4(xD4a, D4b)=5, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2, D4a=2
Japanese (Miyazaki) 0.300 100 [citation needed] D4(xD4a,D4b1,D4b2b)=16, D4a=5, D4b2b=3, D5a(xD5a2)=3, D4b1=1, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a2=1
Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.300 20 [3] D4c=5, D(xD4c)=1
Yakut 0.299 117 [14] D(xD5)=17, D5a=17, D5(xD5a)=1
Yakut (Vilyuy River basin) 0.297 111 [52] D5a2a2=20, D4i2=4, D4c2=2, D2b1=2, D4b1(xD3)=1, D4e4a(xD4e4a1)=1, D4j2=1, D4j4a=1, D4o2=1
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan) 0.296 27 [19] D(xD5)=7, D5(xD5a)=1
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, and 26 Guizhou) 0.292 137 [63] D4(xD4a)=29, D5a=6, D4a=5
Nganasan 0.292 24 [citation needed] D3=4, D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=3
Kalmyk (Kalmykia) 0.291 110 [15] D4(xD2, D3)=24, D5=6, D2=2
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin) 0.286 56 [citation needed] D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=16
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet) 0.286 35 [63] D=10
Evenk (Ust-Maysky, Oleneksky, and Zhigansky) 0.280 125 [52] D5a2a2=10, D4l2=8, D2b1=3, D4b1(xD3)=2, D3=2, D4c2=2, D4e4a1=2, D4j4a=2, D4j5=2, D4j8=1, D4o2=1
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning) 0.275 160 [8] D5=16, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=6, D4b=5, D4e=5, D4g(xD4g1)=5, D4j=4, D6=2, D4a=1
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.273 33 [citation needed] D(xD5)=6, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=1
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.267 15 [citation needed] D(xD5)=4
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach, Altai Republic) 0.265 98 [13] D4(xD2, D3)=22, D5=4
Yakut (northern Yakutia) 0.257 148 [52] D5a2a2=9, D4e4a(xD4e4a1)=6, D4j2=5, D4l2=4, D4i2=3, D5b1d=3, D4c2=2, D4j5=2, D3=1, D2b1=1, D4m2=1, D4o2=1
Nganasan (Ust-Avam, Volochanka, and Novaya) 0.256 39 [23] D3a1=7, D6=2, D4a=1
Han (Xinjiang) 0.255 47 [citation needed] D(xD5)=9, D5a=2, D5(xD5a)=1
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash) 0.255 47 [citation needed] D(xD5)=12
Nuu-Chah-Nulth 0.255 102 [17] D=26
Han (southern California ) 0.254 390 [63] D(xD4a, D5)=53, D5=28, D4a=18
Manchurian 0.250 40 [citation needed] D4(xD4a, D4b)=8, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1
Even (Eveno-Bytantaysky & Momsky) 0.248 105 [52] D4c2=5, D4l2=5, D4i2=3, D4j5=3, D5a2a2=3, D4m2=2, D4a=1, D3=1, D2b1=1, D4j4(xD4j4a)=1, D4o2=1
Teleut (Kemerovo) 0.245 53 [15] D4(xD2, D3)=12, D5=1
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner) 0.244 45 [14] D(xD5)=7, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=2
Evenk (Buryatia) 0.244 45 [15] D3=6, D4(xD2, D3)=4, D2=1
Han (Taiwan) 0.243 1117 [63] D=271
Negidal 0.242 33 [citation needed] D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=8
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.240 50 [citation needed] D(xD5)=7, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2
Ainu 0.235 51 [citation needed] D(xD5,D6)=8, D5=4
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan) 0.231 91 [8] D5=11, D4a=5, D4b=2, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=2, D4g(xD4g1)=1
Darjeeling (general population) 0.227 66 [citation needed] D4=13
D5=2
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) 0.226 31 [citation needed] D(xD4b, D5)=6, D4b=1
Uzbek (Xinjiang) 0.224 58 [citation needed] D(xD5)=11, D5(xD5a)=2
Yakut (Yakutia) 0.222 36 [15] D4(xD2, D3)=5, D2=1, D3=1, D5=1
Yukaghir (Upper Kolyma) 0.222 18 [23] D5a1=3, D6=1
Tujia (western Hunan) 0.219 64 [citation needed] D(xD5)=9, D5a=4, D5(xD5a)=1
Ulchi 0.218 87 [citation needed] D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=13, D1a=4, D3=2
Han (Beijing Normal University) 0.215 121 [10] D4=15, D5=11
Vietnamese 0.214 42 [citation needed] D4(xD4a, D4b)=7, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1
Evenk (53 Stony Tunguska basin & 18 Tugur-Chumikan) 0.211 71 [citation needed] D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=13, D3=1, D5=1
Telengit (Altai Republic) 0.211 71 [15] D4(xD2, D3)=15
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan) 0.208 24 [19] D(xD5)=4, D5(xD5a)=1
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet) 0.207 29 [63] D4(xD4a)=3, D5a=2, D4a=1
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet) 0.207 29 [63] D4(xD4a)=4, D5a=2
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang) 0.204 49 [citation needed] D(xD5)=9, D5(xD5a)=1
Kyrgyz (Xinjiang) 0.203 138 [16] D4(xD4b,D4e)=20
D5=4
D4b=2
D4e=2
Siberian Eskimos 0.203 79 [citation needed] D2=12, D3=4 (4/8 Naukan, 7/25 Sireniki, 5/46 Chaplin)
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.200 20 [3] D(xD4c)=4
Kyrgyz (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.200 20 [3] D(xD4c)=4
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan) 0.200 30 [citation needed] D(xD5)=6
Buryat 0.198 126 [14] D(xD5)=20, D5a=3, D5(xD5a)=2
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) 0.196 102 [citation needed] D(xD5)=15, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2
Tubalar 0.194 72 [citation needed] D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=10, D5=3, D3=1
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan) 0.194 103 [19] D(xD5)=15, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2
Bai (Dali, Yunnan) 0.191 68 [citation needed] D(xD5)=9, D5(xD5a)=4
Mansi 0.190 63 [4] D=12
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) 0.190 42 [19] D(xD5)=7, D5a=1
Khasi 0.190 368 [citation needed] D4=48
D(xD4, D5a)=22
Mizo 0.188 48 [citation needed] D4=9
Nyishi 0.188 48 [citation needed] D4=7
D5=2
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.188 16 [citation needed] D(xD5)=3
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet) 0.185 54 [63] D4(xD4a)=9, D5a=1
Poumai Naga 0.184 49 [citation needed] D4=9
Kazakh (Kazakhstan) 0.182 55 [citation needed] D(xD5)=9, D5(xD5a)=1
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan) 0.179 39 [19] D(xD5)=6, D5(xD5a)=1
Han (Denver) 0.178 73 [10] D4=10, D5=3
Yukaghir (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka) 0.171 82 [23] D9=4, D8=2, D7=2, D5a1=2, D3a1=2, D3a2=1, D2(xD2a1a)=1
Sherpa (India) 0.167 54 [citation needed] D4=9
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan) 0.167 36 [citation needed] D(xD5)=6
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan) 0.167 30 [citation needed] D(xD5)=3, D5(xD5a)=2
Yakama 0.167 42 [17] D=7
Bhotia (Uttarakhand) 0.164 55 [citation needed] D4=9
Han (Hunan & Fujian) 0.164 55 [10] D4=6, D5=2, D6=1
Uyghur (Kazakhstan) 0.164 55 [citation needed] D(xD5)=9
Khanty 0.160 106 [4] D=17
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk) 0.160 25 [citation needed] D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=4
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.158 19 [citation needed] D(xD5)=3
Khakassians (Khakassia) 0.158 57 [15] D4(xD2, D3)=9
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi) 0.156 32 [19] D(xD5)=5
Hui (Xinjiang) 0.156 45 [citation needed] D(xD5)=6, D5a=1
Tuvinian (Tuva) 0.152 105 [15] D4(xD2, D3)=9, D2=3, D5=3, D3=1
Nogai (Daghestan) 0.152 33 [citation needed] D=5
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan) 0.150 40 [19] D(xD5)=6
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.150 20 [3] D4c=2, D(xD4c)=1
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan) 0.150 40 [citation needed] D(xD5)=4, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou) 0.150 20 [citation needed] D(xD4b, D5)=3
Zhuang (Napo County, Guangxi) 0.146 130 [citation needed] D4=13, D5=3, D(xD4,D5)=3
Kyrgyz (Talas) 0.146 48 [citation needed] D(xD5)=7
Bella Coola 0.143 84 [17] D=12
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan) 0.143 35 [citation needed] D(xD5)=5
Tuvan 0.137 95 [citation needed] D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=9, D3=3, D5=1
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet) 0.136 44 [63] D4(xD4a)=5, D5a=1
Yukaghir (Verkhnekolymsky & Nizhnekolymsky) 0.136 22 [52] D4j5=1, D4l2=1, D5a2a2=1
Chukchi (Anadyr) 0.133 15 [15] D2=2
Kazakh (Xinjiang) 0.132 53 [citation needed] D(xD5)=7
Sema Naga 0.130 54 [citation needed] D4=7
Mongolian (Ulan Bator) 0.128 47 [citation needed] D4(xD4a, D4b)=5, D4b=1
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet) 0.127 55 [63] D4(xD4a)=5, D4a=1, D5a=1
Chakhesang Naga 0.127 55 [citation needed] D4=7
Shor (Kemerovo) 0.122 82 [15] D4(xD2, D3)=9, D5=1
Chukchi 0.121 66 [citation needed] D2=7, D3=1
Bunu (19 Bu Nu from Dahua & 6 Mu Bin from Tianlin) 0.120 25 [19] D(xD5)=2, D5a=1
Kurd (northwestern Iran) 0.120 25 [15] D4(xD2, D3)=3
Udmurt (Malo-Purginsky & Tatyshlinsky) 0.119 101 [citation needed] D=12
Karelian (Viena) 0.115 87 [citation needed] D5=10
Tibetan refugees in India 0.112 107 [citation needed] D4=9
D5=3
Sulawesi (89 Manado, 64 Toraja, 46 Ujung Padang, & 38 Palu) 0.110 237 [21] D5=20, D(xD5)=6
Han (Taiwanese) 0.108 111 [citation needed] D4a=2, D5b1=2, D4b1b=1, D4b2b5=1, D4g2=1, D4j1a(xD4j1a1)=1, D4j6=1, D5(xD5a2a1, D5b)=1, D5a2a1=1, D5b(xD5b1)=1
Mongolian (Ulan Bator) 0.106 47 [15] D4(xD2, D3)=5
Uyghur (Xinjiang) 0.106 47 [citation needed] D(xD5)=3, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1
Ao Naga 0.106 66 [citation needed] D4=5
D5=1
D(xD4,D5)=1
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.100 20 [3] D4c=1, D(xD4c)=1
Khasi 0.100 40 [citation needed] D4=4
Tharu (Morang, Nepal) 0.100 40 [citation needed] D4e1a=2, D4(xD4e1a, D4j)=2
Tatar (Aznakayevo) 0.099 71 [citation needed] D=7
Chuvantsi (Markovo, Chukotka) 0.094 32 [23] D3a2a=2, D2a1a=1
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan) 0.094 32 [citation needed] D(xD5)=2, D5(xD5a)=1
Bashkir (Beloretsky, Sterlibashevsky, Ilishevsky, & Perm) 0.090 221 [citation needed] D=20
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal) 0.090 133 [citation needed] D4(xD4e1a, D4j)=7, D4j=5
Altay Kizhi 0.089 90 [15] D4(xD2, D3)=6, D3=2
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan) 0.086 35 [citation needed] D(xD5)=3
Mansi 0.082 98 [citation needed] D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=6, D3=1, D5=1
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan) 0.081 37 [citation needed] D(xD5)=3
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) 0.077 26 [19] D(xD5)=1, D5(xD5a)=1
Hmong (Northern Thailand) 0.076 158 [citation needed] D4e1a3=9
D4e1a=1
D4b=1
D5b4=1
Thai 0.075 40 [citation needed] D(xD4, D5)=2, D4(xD4a, D4b)=1
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.075 40 [3] D(xD4c)=3
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi) 0.073 41 [19] D(xD5)=3
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou) 0.071 28 [citation needed] D(xD4b, D5)=2
Tibetan (Qinghai) 0.071 56 [citation needed] D(xD5)=4
Ambon 0.070 43 [21] D(xD5)=2, D5=1
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou) 0.069 29 [citation needed] D5=1, D(xD4b, D5)=1
Tajik (Tajikistan) 0.068 44 [15] D4(xD2, D3)=2, D5=1
Turkmen (Afghanistan) 0.067 75 [citation needed] D4(xD4j)=4
D4j=1
Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.063 16 [3] D(xD4c)=1
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong) 0.057 35 [19] D(xD5)=2
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.056 18 [citation needed] D5(xD5a)=1
Komi-Permyak (Komi-Permyak Autonomous District) 0.054 74 [citation needed] D=4
Taono O'odham 0.054 37 [18] D=2
Taiwan aborigines 0.053 640 [65] D5'6=26, D4=8
Apache 0.053 38 [18] D=2
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet) 0.053 19 [63] D=1
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) 0.053 19 [19] D(xD5)=1
Li (Hainan) 0.052 346 [65] D5'6=13, D4=5
Hazara (Afghanistan) 0.051 78 [citation needed] D4j=2
D4(xD4j)=2
Borneo (89 Banjarmasin & 68 Kota Kinabalu) 0.051 157 [21] D5=7, D(xD5)=1
Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.050 20 [3] D(xD4c)=1
Karelian (Tver) 0.049 61 [citation needed] D5=2, D(xD5)=1
Tatar (Buinsk) 0.048 126 [citation needed] D=6
Thailand 0.048 105 [22] D=5
Uzbek (Afghanistan) 0.047 127 [citation needed] D4j=2
D4(xD4j)=2
D5'6=2
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan) 0.044 45 [citation needed] D(xD5)=2
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal) 0.042 24 [citation needed] D4(xD4e1a, D4j)=1
Tajik (Afghanistan) 0.041 146 [citation needed] D4(xD4j)=4
D4j=1
D5'6=1
Changpa 0.040 50 [citation needed] D4=1
D5=1
Chuvash (Morgaushsky) 0.036 55 [citation needed] D=2
Cun (Hainan) 0.033 30 [65] D4=1
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) 0.032 31 [19] D(xD5)=1
Filipino 0.031 64 [66] D5b=1, D6=1
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) 0.031 32 [19] D(xD5)=1
Filipino (Mindanao) 0.029 70 [66] D6=2
Karelian (Aunus) 0.028 218 [citation needed] D5=6
Ket 0.026 38 [citation needed] D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=1
Tatar (Almetyevsky & Yelabuzhsky) 0.026 228 [citation needed] D=6
Persian (eastern Iran) 0.024 82 [15] D4(xD2, D3)=1, D5=1
Lombok (Mataram) 0.023 44 [21] D5=1
Filipino (Luzon) 0.023 177 [66] D6=2, D5b=1, D(xD5b, D6)=1
Alor 0.022 45 [21] D(xD5)=1
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam) 0.018 168 [citation needed] D4=3
Mari (Zvenigovsky) 0.015 136 [citation needed] D=2
Koryak 0.013 155 [citation needed] D3=2
Bali 0.012 82 [21] D5=1
Pashtun (Afghanistan) 0.011 90 [citation needed] D4j=1
Mordvinian (Staroshaygovsky) 0.010 102 [citation needed] D=1
Filipino (Visayas) 0.009 112 [66] D6=1
Kiliwa 0.000 7 [18] -
Seri 0.000 8 [18] -
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan) 0.000 10 [19] -
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) 0.000 11 [19] -
Cochimí 0.000 13 [18] -
Filipino (Palawan) 0.000 20 [citation needed] -
River Yuman 0.000 22 [18] -
Delta Yuman 0.000 23 [18] -
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan) 0.000 24 [citation needed] -
Zuni 0.000 26 [18] -
Pai Yuman 0.000 27 [18] -
Batek (Malaysia) 0.000 29 [20] -
Batak (Palawan) 0.000 31 [citation needed] -
Lingao (Hainan) 0.000 31 [65] -
Nahua 0.000 31 [18] -
Mendriq (Malaysia) 0.000 32 [20] -
Temuan (Malaysia) 0.000 33 [20] -
Jemez 0.000 36 [18] -
Akimal O’odham 0.000 43 [18] -
Java (incl. 36 from Tengger) 0.000 46 [21] -
Tofalar 0.000 46 [citation needed] -
Udegey 0.000 46 [citation needed] -
Itelmen 0.000 47 [citation needed] -
Sumba (Waingapu) 0.000 50 [21] -
Jahai (Malaysia) 0.000 51 [20] -
Senoi (51 Temiar & 1 Semai, Malaysia) 0.000 52 [20] -
Filipino 0.000 61 [21] -
Semelai (Malaysia) 0.000 61 [20] -
Komi-Zyryan (Sysolsky) 0.000 62 [citation needed] -
Navajo 0.000 64 [18] -
Sumatra 0.000 180 [21] -

See also

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T

References

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  2. ↑ estimated at 48.3+13.1
    −12.7     kya     (95% CI) in: Soares, Pedro; Ermini, Luca; Thomson, Noel; Mormina, Maru; Rito, Teresa; Röhl, Arne; Salas, Antonio; Oppenheimer, Stephen et al. (June 2009). "Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock". The American Journal of Human Genetics 84 (6): 740–759. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001. PMID 19500773. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 Comas, David; Plaza, Stéphanie; Wells, R. Spencer; Yuldaseva, Nadira; Lao, Oscar; Calafell, Francesc; Bertranpetit, Jaume (June 2004). "Admixture, migrations, and dispersals in Central Asia: evidence from maternal DNA lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics 12 (6): 495–504. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201160. PMID 14872198. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Pimenoff, Ville NExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2008). "Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers". European Journal of Human Genetics 16 (10): 1254–1264. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.101. PMID 18506205. 
  5. ↑ Basnet, Rajdip; Rai, Niraj; Tamang, Rakesh; Awasthi, Nagendra Prasad; Pradhan, Isha; Parajuli, Pawan; Kashyap, Deepak; Reddy, Alla Govardhan et al. (2022-10-15). "The matrilineal ancestry of Nepali populations" (in en). Human Genetics 142 (2): 167–180. doi:10.1007/s00439-022-02488-z. ISSN 0340-6717. PMID 36242641. https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-1728898/latest.pdf. 
  6. ↑ Helgason, AgnarExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2006). "MtDNA Variation in Inuit Populations of Greenland and Canada: Migration History and Population Structure". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 130 (1): 123–134. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20313. PMID 16353217. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Maruyama, Sayaka; Minaguchi, Kiyoshi; Saitou, Naruya (2003). "Sequence polymorphisms of the mitochondrial DNA control region and phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA lineages in the Japanese population". Int J Legal Med 117 (4): 218–225. doi:10.1007/s00414-003-0379-2. PMID 12845447. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 Umetsu, KazuoExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2005). "Multiplex amplified product-length polymorphism analysis of 36 mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms for haplogrouping of East Asian populations". Electrophoresis 26 (1): 91–98. doi:10.1002/elps.200406129. PMID 15624129. 
  9. ↑ Asari, M (2007). "Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population". Leg Med 9 (5): 237–240. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.01.007. PMID 17467322. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Zheng, H-XExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2011). "Major Population Expansion of East Asians Began before Neolithic Time: Evidence of mtDNA Genomes". PLOS ONE 6 (10): e25835. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025835. PMID 21998705. Bibcode: 2011PLoSO...625835Z. 
  11. ↑ Lee, HY; Yoo, JE; Park, MJ; Chung, U; Kim, CY; Shin, KJ (2006). "East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis". Electrophoresis 27 (22): 4408–18. doi:10.1002/elps.200600151. PMID 17058303. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Yao, Hongbin; Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Li, Yingxiang; Yang, Xiaomin; Li, Ailin; Yeh, Hui-Yuan; Wang, Peixin et al. (May 2021). "New insights into the fine-scale history of western–eastern admixture of the northwestern Chinese population in the Hexi Corridor via genome-wide genetic legacy". Molecular Genetics and Genomics 296 (3): 631–651. doi:10.1007/s00438-021-01767-0. PMID 33650010. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Derenko, MExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2012). "Complete Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Eastern Eurasian Haplogroups Rarely Found in Populations of Northern Asia and Eastern Europe". PLOS ONE 7 (2): e32179. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032179. PMID 22363811. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...732179D. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 Kong, Qing-PengExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2003). "Mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphisms of five ethnic populations from northern China". Hum Genet 113 (5): 391–405. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1004-7. PMID 12938036. 
  15. ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 15.16 15.17 15.18 Derenko, MiroslavaExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2007). "Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 81 (5): 1025–1041. doi:10.1086/522933. PMID 17924343. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Guo, Yuxin; Xia, Zhiyu; Cui, Wei; Chen, Chong; Jin, Xiaoye; Zhu, Bofeng (2020-05-18). "Joint Genetic Analyses of Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosome Molecular Markers for a Population from Northwest China". Genes 11 (5): 564. doi:10.3390/genes11050564. PMID 32443545. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 Malhi, Ripan S.; Breece, Katherine E.; Shook, Beth A. Schultz; Kaestle, Frederika A.; Chatters, James C.; Hackenberger, Steven; Smith, David Glenn (2004). "Patterns of mtDNA Diversity in Northwestern North America". Human Biology 76 (1): 33–54. doi:10.1353/hub.2004.0023. Project MUSE 53387. PMID 15222679. https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/cotsfac/394. 
  18. ↑ 18.00 18.01 18.02 18.03 18.04 18.05 18.06 18.07 18.08 18.09 18.10 18.11 18.12 18.13 18.14 Malhi, Ripan S.; Mortensen, Holly M.; Eshleman, Jason A.; Kemp, Brian M.; Lorenz, Joseph G.; Kaestle, Frederika A.; Johnson, John R.; Gorodezky, Clara et al. (February 2003). "Native American mtDNA prehistory in the American Southwest". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 120 (2): 108–124. doi:10.1002/ajpa.10138. PMID 12541329. 
  19. ↑ 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 19.11 19.12 19.13 19.14 19.15 19.16 Wen, BoExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2005). "Genetic Structure of Hmong-Mien Speaking Populations in East Asia as Revealed by mtDNA Lineages". Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 (3): 725–734. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi055. PMID 15548747. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 Hill, CatherineExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2006). "Phylogeography and Ethnogenesis of Aboriginal Southeast Asians". Mol. Biol. Evol. 23 (12): 2480–2491. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl124. PMID 16982817. http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/40038/1/Phylogeography%20and%20ethnogenesis%20of%20aboriginal%20Southeast%20Asians.pdf. 
  21. ↑ 21.00 21.01 21.02 21.03 21.04 21.05 21.06 21.07 21.08 21.09 21.10 Hill, Catherine; Soares, Pedro; Mormina, Maru; Macaulay, Vincent; Clarke, Dougie; Blumbach, Petya B.; Vizuete-Forster, Matthieu; Forster, Peter et al. (January 2007). "A Mitochondrial Stratigraphy for Island Southeast Asia". The American Journal of Human Genetics 80 (1): 29–43. doi:10.1086/510412. PMID 17160892. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Kaewsutthi, SupanneeExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (Jul 2011). "Mitochondrial Haplogroup Background May Influence Southeast Asian G11778A Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy". Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52 (7): 4742–8. doi:10.1167/iovs.10-5816. PMID 21398275. 
  23. ↑ 23.00 23.01 23.02 23.03 23.04 23.05 23.06 23.07 23.08 23.09 23.10 Volodko, Natalia V.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2008). "Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in Arctic Siberians, with Particular Reference to the Evolutionary History of Beringia and Pleistocenic Peopling of the Americas". The American Journal of Human Genetics 82 (5): 1084–1100. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.03.019. PMID 18452887. 
  24. ↑ Zubair, Muhammad; Hemphill, Brian E.; Schurr, Theodore G.; Tariq, Muhammad; Ilyas, Muhammad; Ahmad, Habib (August 2020). "Mitochondrial DNA diversity in the Khattak and Kheshgi of the Peshawar Valley, Pakistan". Genetica 148 (3–4): 195–206. doi:10.1007/s10709-020-00095-2. PMID 32607672. 
  25. ↑ 25.00 25.01 25.02 25.03 25.04 25.05 25.06 25.07 25.08 25.09 25.10 25.11 25.12 25.13 25.14 25.15 25.16 25.17 25.18 25.19 25.20 25.21 25.22 25.23 25.24 25.25 25.26 25.27 25.28 25.29 25.30 25.31 25.32 25.33 25.34 25.35 25.36 25.37 25.38 25.39 25.40 25.41 25.42 25.43 25.44 25.45 25.46 25.47 25.48 25.49 25.50 25.51 25.52 25.53 25.54 25.55 25.56 25.57 25.58 25.59 25.60 25.61 25.62 25.63 25.64 25.65 25.66 25.67 25.68 25.69 25.70 Guang‐Lin He, Meng‐Ge Wang, Xing Zou, Hui‐Yuan Yeh, Chang‐Hui Liu, Chao Liu, Gang Chen, and Chuan‐Chao Wang. Extensive ethnolinguistic diversity at the crossroads of North China and South Siberia reflects multiple sources of genetic diversity[J]. J Syst Evol, 2023, 61(1): 230-250. doi: 10.1111/jse.12827
  26. ↑ Li, Yu-Chun; Ye, Wei-Jian; Jiang, Chuan-Gui; Zeng, Zhen; Tian, Jiao-Yang; Yang, Li-Qin; Liu, Kai-Jun; Kong, Qing-Peng (2019-08-01). "River Valleys Shaped the Maternal Genetic Landscape of Han Chinese". Molecular Biology and Evolution 36 (8): 1643–1652. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz072. PMID 31112995. 
  27. ↑ 27.00 27.01 27.02 27.03 27.04 27.05 27.06 27.07 27.08 27.09 27.10 27.11 27.12 27.13 27.14 Kutanan, Wibhu; Kampuansai, Jatupol; Srikummool, Metawee; Kangwanpong, Daoroong; Ghirotto, Silvia; Brunelli, Andrea; Stoneking, Mark (January 2017). "Complete mitochondrial genomes of Thai and Lao populations indicate an ancient origin of Austroasiatic groups and demic diffusion in the spread of Tai–Kadai languages". Human Genetics 136 (1): 85–98. doi:10.1007/s00439-016-1742-y. PMID 27837350. 
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  29. ↑ Hayat, Sikandar; Akhtar, Tanveer; Siddiqi, Muhammad Hassan; Rakha, Allah; Haider, Naeem; Tayyab, Muhammad; Abbas, Ghazanfar; Ali, Azam et al. (March 2015). "Mitochondrial DNA control region sequences study in Saraiki population from Pakistan". Legal Medicine 17 (2): 140–144. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2014.10.010. PMID 25465675. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Sukernik, Rem I.; Volodko, Natalia V.; Mazunin, Ilya O.; Eltsov, Nikolai P.; Dryomov, Stanislav V.; Starikovskaya, Elena B. (2012). "Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in the Tubalar, Even, and Ulchi: Contribution to Prehistory of Native Siberians and Their Affinities to Native Americans". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 148 (1): 123–138. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22050. PMID 22487888. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 MtDNA Haplotree at FTDNA
  32. ↑ 32.00 32.01 32.02 32.03 32.04 32.05 32.06 32.07 32.08 32.09 32.10 32.11 32.12 32.13 32.14 32.15 32.16 32.17 32.18 32.19 32.20 32.21 32.22 32.23 32.24 YFull MTree 1.02.8328 (as of 11 March 2021)
  33. ↑ Liu, Jia; Wang, Li-Dong; Sun, Yan-Bo; Li, En-Min; Xu, Li-Yan; Zhang, Ya-Ping; Yao, Yong-Gang; Kong, Qing-Peng (April 2012). "Deciphering the Signature of Selective Constraints on Cancerous Mitochondrial Genome". Molecular Biology and Evolution 29 (4): 1255–1261. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr290. PMID 22130971. 
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  35. ↑ Rahman, Gohar; Ilyas, Muhammad; Mian, Bilal Ahmad; Jameel, Muhammad; Ali, Sharafat; Ali, Nasir; Zadran, Suleman Khan; Muhammad, Ikram et al. (June 2021). "Frequency distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups within the Kalash population of Pakistan". Meta Gene 28: 100893. doi:10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100893. 
  36. ↑ Jiang, Chunhua; Cui, Jianhua; Liu, Fuyu; Gao, Liang; Luo, Yongjun; Li, Peng; Guan, Libin; Gao, Yuqi (30 January 2014). "Mitochondrial DNA 10609T Promotes Hypoxia-Induced Increase of Intracellular ROS and Is a Risk Factor of High Altitude Polycythemia". PLOS ONE 9 (1): e87775. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087775. PMID 24498190. Bibcode: 2014PLoSO...987775J. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Zhao, Dan; Ding, Yingying; Lin, Haijiang; Chen, Xiaoxiao; Shen, Weiwei; Gao, Meiyang; Wei, Qian; Zhou, Sujuan et al. (June 2019). "Mitochondrial Haplogroups N9 and G Are Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients in China". AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 35 (6): 536–543. doi:10.1089/aid.2018.0151. PMID 30950284. 
  38. ↑ Fregel, Rosa; Seetah, Krish; Betancor, Eva; Suárez, Nicolás M.; Calaon, Diego; Čaval, Saša; Janoo, Anwar; Pestano, Jose (2014-03-27). "Multiple Ethnic Origins of Mitochondrial DNA Lineages for the Population of Mauritius". PLOS ONE 9 (3): e93294. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093294. PMID 24676463. Bibcode: 2014PLoSO...993294F. 
  39. ↑ Ji, Qiang; Cheng, Xiaomin; Ding, Yinan; Geng, Huiwu; Zhao, Yuan; Liu, Gang; Liu, Xiaoying (2 January 2019). "Association of mitochondrial DNA mutations with Chinese esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC) by analyzing the whole mitochondrial DNA genomes". Mitochondrial DNA Part B 4 (1): 2071–2075. doi:10.1080/23802359.2019.1619493. 
  40. ↑ Loo, Jun-Hun; Trejaut, Jean A; Yen, Ju-Chen; Chen, Zong-Sian; Ng, Wai-Mei; Huang, Chin-Yuan; Hsu, Kuang-Nan; Hung, Kuo-Hua et al. (2014). "Mitochondrial DNA association study of type 2 diabetes with or without ischemic stroke in Taiwan". BMC Research Notes 7 (1): 223. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-223. PMID 24713204. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Ko, Albert Min-Shan; Chen, Chung-Yu; Fu, Qiaomei; Delfin, Frederick; Li, Mingkun; Chiu, Hung-Lin; Stoneking, Mark; Ko, Ying-Chin (6 March 2014). "Early Austronesians: Into and Out Of Taiwan". American Journal of Human Genetics 94 (3): 426–436. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.02.003. PMID 24607387. 
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  43. ↑ Duong, Nguyen Thuy; Macholdt, Enrico; Ton, Nguyen Dang; Arias, Leonardo; Schröder, Roland; Van Phong, Nguyen; Thi Bich Thuy, Vo; Ha, Nguyen Hai et al. (3 August 2018). "Complete human mtDNA genome sequences from Vietnam and the phylogeography of Mainland Southeast Asia". Scientific Reports 8 (1): 11651. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-29989-0. PMID 30076323. Bibcode: 2018NatSR...811651D. 
  44. ↑ Wall, Jeffrey D.; Stawiski, Eric W.; Ratan, Aakrosh; Kim, Hie Lim; Kim, Changhoon; Gupta, Ravi; Suryamohan, Kushal; Gusareva, Elena S. et al. (December 2019). "The GenomeAsia 100K Project enables genetic discoveries across Asia". Nature 576 (7785): 106–111. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1793-z. PMID 31802016. Bibcode: 2019Natur.576..106G. 
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  46. ↑ Lopopolo, Maria; Børsting, Claus; Pereira, Vania; Morling, Niels (December 2016). "A study of the peopling of Greenland using next generation sequencing of complete mitochondrial genomes". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 161 (4): 698–704. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23074. PMID 27553902. 
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  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Derenko, MExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2013). "Complete Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Iranians". PLOS ONE 8 (11): e80673. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080673. PMID 24244704. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...880673D. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 55.4 55.5 55.6 Peng, Min-Sheng; Xu, Weifang; Song, Jiao-Jiao; Chen, Xing; Sulaiman, Xierzhatijiang; Cai, Liuhong; Liu, He-Qun; Wu, Shi-Fang et al. (January 2018). "Mitochondrial genomes uncover the maternal history of the Pamir populations". European Journal of Human Genetics 26 (1): 124–136. doi:10.1038/s41431-017-0028-8. PMID 29187735. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 Derenko, Miroslava; Denisova, Galina; Malyarchuk, Boris; Dambueva, Irina; Bazarov, Boris (January 2018). "Mitogenomic diversity and differentiation of the Buryats". Journal of Human Genetics 63 (1): 71–81. doi:10.1038/s10038-017-0370-2. PMID 29215085. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 57.3 57.4 Lippold, Sebastian; Xu, Hongyang; Ko, Albert; Li, Mingkun; Renaud, Gabriel; Butthof, Anne; Schröder, Roland; Stoneking, Mark (24 September 2014). "Human paternal and maternal demographic histories: insights from high-resolution Y chromosome and mtDNA sequences". Investigative Genetics 5 (1): 13. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-5-13. PMID 25254093. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 Ingman, M.; Gyllensten, U. (2007). "Rate variation between mitochondrial domains and adaptive evolution in humans". Human Molecular Genetics 16 (19): 2281–2287. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddm180. PMID 17617636. 
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  62. ↑ Mondal, Mayukh; Casals, Ferran; Xu, Tina; Dall'Olio, Giovanni M; Pybus, Marc; Netea, Mihai G; Comas, David; Laayouni, Hafid et al. (September 2016). "Genomic analysis of Andamanese provides insights into ancient human migration into Asia and adaptation". Nature Genetics 48 (9): 1066–1070. doi:10.1038/ng.3621. PMID 27455350. 
  63. ↑ 63.00 63.01 63.02 63.03 63.04 63.05 63.06 63.07 63.08 63.09 63.10 63.11 Ji, FuyunExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2012). "Mitochondrial DNA variant associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and high-altitude Tibetans". PNAS 109 (19): 7391–7396. doi:10.1073/pnas.1202484109. PMID 22517755. Bibcode: 2012PNAS..109.7391J. 
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  69. ↑ Dryomov, Stanislav V.; Nazhmidenova, Azhar M.; Starikovskaya, Elena B.; Shalaurova, Sofia A.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Bernardos, Rebecca; Derevianko, Anatoly P. et al. (28 January 2021). "Mitochondrial genome diversity on the Central Siberian Plateau with particular reference to the prehistory of northernmost Eurasia". PLOS ONE 16 (1): e0244228. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244228. PMID 33507977. Bibcode: 2021PLoSO..1644228D. 
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  71. ↑ MtDNA Haplotree at Family Tree DNA

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