Biology:Junín virus

From HandWiki
Short description: Species of virus

Junín virus
TEM and illustration of Junín virus (JUNV) particle and phylogenetic tree
Virus classification e
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Negarnaviricota
Class: Ellioviricetes
Order: Bunyavirales
Family: Arenaviridae
Genus: Mammarenavirus
Species:
Mammarenavirus juninense
Synonyms
  • Argentinian mammarenavirus
  • Junin virus
  • Junín virus

Junin virus or Junín virus (JUNV),[1] is an arenavirus in the Mammarenavirus genus that causes Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF).[2] The virus took its original name from the city of Junín, around which the first cases of infection were reported, in 1958.

Virology

Structure

Genome

The Junín virus genome is composed of two single-stranded RNA molecules, each encoding two different genes in an ambisense orientation. The two segments are termed 'short (S)' and 'long (L)' owing to their respective lengths. The short segment (around 3400 nucleotides in length) encodes the nucleocapsid protein and the glycoprotein precursor (GPC). The GPC is subsequently cleaved to form two viral glycoproteins, GP1 and GP2, which ultimately form the T-shaped glycoprotein spike which extends outwards from the viral envelope. [1]. The long segment (around 7200 nucleotides in length) encodes the viral polymerase and a zinc-binding protein. The virus is spread by rodents.

Disease and epidemiology

A member of the genus Mammarenavirus, Junín virus characteristically causes Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF). AHF leads to severe compromise of the vascular, neurological and immune systems and has a mortality rate between 20 and 30%.[3] Symptoms of the disease are conjunctivitis, purpura, petechiae and occasionally sepsis. The symptoms of the disease can be confusing; the condition can be mistaken for a different one, especially during the first week when it can resemble a flu.

Potential therapy

A potential novel treatment, the NMT inhibitor, has been shown to completely inhibit JUNV infection in cells based assays.[4] EPRS1 acts, in human cells, as a proviral factor in mammarenaviruses infection, including LASV, and its inhibition using halofuginon compound, a prolyl domain inhibitor of EPRS1, completely abolishes the viral infection by interrupting viral assembly and budding.[5] PKR has been shown to act as a proviral factor while the inhibition of its kinase activity restricted the virus replication and infectivity.[6]

Prevention and control

An investigational (in the US) vaccine (Candid1[7]) was developed at the US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Disease (USAMRIID)[8] at Ft. Detrick, MD in the 1980s which has shown to be safe, well tolerated and effective in reducing mortality and morbidity due to AHF.[9][10][11][12] The vaccine, which came from an XJ strain of the Junín virus, was continually passaged a total of 44 times in newborn mouse brains, and a total of 19 times along with cloning in FRhL cells. Over 90% of the volunteers in Phase 1 and 2 clinical trials developed antibodies against the Junín virus, and 99% developed an adequate immune response specific for Junín virus. Moreover, a large efficacy study among 6,500 people, where 3,255 individuals were randomly selected to take Candid 1 and 3,245 individuals were randomly selected to take a placebo resulted in 23 cases of Junin-like infections, where 22 out of the 23 cases were from the placebo group. This efficacy study resulted in a 95% vaccine efficacy. Currently, the Candid 1 vaccine, otherwise known as the Junin vaccine, is licensed in Argentina by the regulatory agency of Argentina where Junín virus is endemic to the region.[13] People in laboratories who come in constant contact with Junín virus are also recommended to take the Junin vaccine to prevent transmission.[14]

References

  1. ↑ "History of the taxon: Mammarenavirus juninense". https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=202302579&taxon_name=Mammarenavirus%20juninense. 
  2. ↑ Grant, A.; Seregin, A.; Huang, C.; Kolokoltsova, O.; Brasier, A.; Peters, C.; Paessler, S. (2012). "Junín Virus Pathogenesis and Virus Replication". Viruses (National Institutes of Health) 4 (10): 2317–2339. doi:10.3390/v4102317. PMID 23202466. "Junín virus, the etiological agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever, causes significant morbidity and mortality.". 
  3. ↑ Rebecca Wattam (2004). "Junin Virus". Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech. http://pathport.vbi.vt.edu/pathinfo/pathogens/Junin_virus.html. 
  4. ↑ Witwit, Haydar; Betancourt, Carlos Alberto; Cubitt, Beatrice; Khafaji, Roaa; Kowalski, Heinrich; Jackson, Nathaniel; Ye, Chengjin; Martinez-Sobrido, Luis et al. (2024-08-26). "Cellular N-Myristoyl Transferases Are Required for Mammarenavirus Multiplication" (in en). Viruses 16 (9): 1362. doi:10.3390/v16091362. ISSN 1999-4915. PMID 39339839. 
  5. ↑ Witwit, Haydar; Ibanez, Pablo; Zhou, Ruifeng; Jackson, Nathaniel; Escobedo, Ruby; Cubitt, Beatrice; Khafaji, Roaa; Sattler, Rachel Y. et al. (2026-02-04). "Prolyl tRNA Synthetase Is Required for Mammarenavirus Multiplication" (in en). Viruses 18 (2): 202. doi:10.3390/v18020202. ISSN 1999-4915. 
  6. ↑ Witwit, Haydar; Khafaji, Roaa; Salaniwal, Arul; Kim, Arthur S.; Cubitt, Beatrice; Jackson, Nathaniel; Ye, Chengjin; Weiss, Susan R. et al. (2024-03-19). Dutch, Rebecca Ellis. ed. "Activation of protein kinase receptor (PKR) plays a pro-viral role in mammarenavirus-infected cells" (in en). Journal of Virology 98 (3). doi:10.1128/jvi.01883-23. ISSN 0022-538X. PMID 38376197. 
  7. ↑ Goñi, SE (2006). "Genomic features of attenuated Junín virus vaccine strain candidate.". Virus Genes 32 (1): 37–41. doi:10.1007/s11262-005-5843-2. PMID 16525733. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7252058. 
  8. ↑ McKee, Kelly (1993). "Safety and Immunogenicity of a Live-Attenuated Junin (Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever) Vaccine in Rhesus Monkeys". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a265569.pdf. 
  9. ↑ Enria, D. A.; Oro, J. G. Barrera (2002). "Junin Virus Vaccines". Arenaviruses II. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 263. pp. 239–261. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-56055-2_12. ISBN 978-3-642-62724-8. 
  10. ↑ Enria D.A.; Barrera Oro J.G. (2002). "Junin Virus Vaccines". Arenaviruses II. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 263. pp. 239–261. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-56055-2_12. ISBN 978-3-642-62724-8. http://nihbrp.com/Citations/completed/HumanHealthEcologyTeam/JuninVirus/Enria_JuninVirus_MicrobiolImmun_2002.pdf. 
  11. ↑ Peters CJ; Buchmeir M; Rollin Pierre E; Ksiazek Thomas G (1996). "Arenaviruses". Field's Virology Third Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven. pp. 1521–1551. 
  12. ↑ "Protective efficacy of a live attenuated vaccine against Argentine hemorrhagic fever. AHF Study Group". J Infect Dis 177 (2): 277–283. February 1998. doi:10.1086/514211. PMID 9466512. 
  13. ↑ "Banco de Recursos de Comunicación del Ministerio de Salud de la Nación | Calendario Nacional de Vacunación | 2022". https://bancos.salud.gob.ar/recurso/calendario-nacional-de-vacunacion-2022. 
  14. ↑ Pittman, Phillip R., and Stanley A. Plotkin. (2013) "41 – Biodefense and Special Pathogen Vaccines." Biodefense and Special Pathogen Vaccines - Vaccines (Sixth Edition)

Wikidata ☰ Q51929761 entry



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Biology:Junín_virus&oldid=4305166"