Biology:Planctomycetaceae

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Planctomycetaceae is the only family in the order Planctomycetales within the Bacteria.[1] Species within this family are mostly spherical, inhabiting a vast array of aquatic environments with the majority being in marine ecosystems.[2] Planctomycetaceae species are generally aerobic, but are uniquely classified by fatty acid synthesis and stalk-like formations.[3]

Morphology

When compared to other species of the order Planctomycetales, species of the Planctomycetaceae family have very few unique characteristics that can taxonomically distinguish them from other related families. Planctomycetaceae species typically form colonies of a pink or white hue.[4] Their cell structure has been recorded to be spherical, but many species are elliptical or pear-shaped; all species range from 0.4 micrometers to 2.5 micrometers in size.[4][5]

When reproducing, cell structures of Planctomycetaceae are usually observed to be in either a rosette or aggregate grouping; the species Thalassoglobus neptunius is the only known example in this family capable of growing in chains.[4] Some members of Planctomycetaceae (including other taxonomic groups of Planctomycetota) develop stalk-like projections.[4][5] The species Planctomyces bekefii is well-known in this family for its stalks, using them to connect newly produced cells.[5]

Physiology

Families in Planctomycetales that have more research conducted have been noted to undergo anaerobic respiration, with the family Brocadiaceae being well known for its anaerobic ammonium redox (anammox) capabilities.[6] Planctomycetaceae is one of the many families of Planctomycetales that is both aerobic and cannot do anammox reactions.[7]

Similar to other families, members of Planctomycetaceae are capable of motility using flagella with some having cycles of motile and immotile lifestyles.[8] Standing out from other bacteria, this group has been able to utilize its stalk-like structures to aid in biofilm production, providing a second source of adherence than usual extracellular polymeric substances.[7]

Fatty acids and lipids synthesized by Planctomycetaceae are similar in composition to other families of the order Planctomycetales, but are unique enough to be considered taxonomically critical. Phosphocholine, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylglycerol are considered the major lipids of this family, which only some other families are capable of synthesizing.[7] Most notably, fatty acid C18:1-ω9C is synthesized only within this family of Planctomycete bacteria.[7]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[9] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).[10] As of 2022, researchers have discovered that there are currently 14 genera and 29 species within Planctomycetaceae.[11]

16S rRNA based LTP_10_2024[12][13][14] 120 marker proteins based GTDB 09-RS220[15][16][17]
 
 
 

Schlesneria Kulichevskaya et al. 2007

 
 

Planctopirus Scheuner et al. 2015

 
 
 
 
 

Polystyrenella Peeters et al. 2021

 
 

Symmachiella Salbreiter et al. 2021

 
 
 
 
 

Fuerstiella Kohn et al. 2020

 
 

Gimesia Scheuner et al. 2015

 
 
 
 
 

Thalassoroseus Kumar et al. 2023

 
 
 

Stratiformator Kumar et al. 2024

 
 
 

Calycomorphotria Schubert et al. 2021

 
 

Alienimonas Boersma et al. 2021

 
 
 
 
 
 

Rubinisphaera Scheuner et al. 2015

 
 
 

Maioricimonas Rivas-Marin et al. 2021

 
 
 

Caulifigura Kallscheuer et al. 2021

 
 
 

Planctomicrobium Kulichevskaya et al. 2015

 
 

Thalassoglobus Kohn et al. 2020

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Symmachiella

 
 
 
 

Schlesneria

 
 

Planctopirus

 
 
 
 
 
 

Polystyrenella

 
 

Thalassoroseus

 
 
 
 

Fuerstiella

 
 
 

Calycomorphotria

 
 

Alienimonas

 
 
 
 
 
 

Gimesia

 
 
 

Rubinisphaera

 
 
 

Maioricimonas

 
 
 

Caulifigura

 
 
 

Planctomicrobium

 
 

Thalassoglobus

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Genera incertae sedis:

  • Planctomyces Gimesi 1924
  • Planctellipticum corrig. Wurzbacher et al. 2024
  • "Rhodopilula" Frank 2011
  • "Thermopirellula" Liu et al. 2012

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Planctomycetales". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). https://lpsn.dsmz.de/order/planctomycetales. 
  2. ↑ Wiegand, Sandra; Jogler, Mareike; Boedeker, Christian; Pinto, Daniela; Vollmers, John; Rivas-Marín, Elena; Kohn, Timo; Peeters, Stijn H. et al. (January 2020). "Cultivation and functional characterization of 79 planctomycetes uncovers their unique biology" (in en). Nature Microbiology 5 (1): 126–140. doi:10.1038/s41564-019-0588-1. ISSN 2058-5276. PMID 31740763. PMC 7286433. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-019-0588-1. 
  3. ↑ Vitorino, Inês Rosado; Lage, Olga Maria (2022-02-01). "The Planctomycetia: an overview of the currently largest class within the phylum Planctomycetes" (in en). Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 115 (2): 169–201. doi:10.1007/s10482-021-01699-0. ISSN 1572-9699. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10482-021-01699-0. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Vitorino, Inês Rosado; Lage, Olga Maria (2022-02-01). "The Planctomycetia: an overview of the currently largest class within the phylum Planctomycetes" (in en). Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 115 (2): 169–201. doi:10.1007/s10482-021-01699-0. ISSN 1572-9699. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10482-021-01699-0. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Wiegand, Sandra; Jogler, Mareike; Jogler, Christian (November 2018). "On the maverick Planctomycetes". doi:10.1093/femsre/fuy029. https://academic.oup.com/femsre/article/42/6/739/5057868. 
  6. ↑ Kuypers, Marcel M. M.; Sliekers, A. Olav; Lavik, Gaute; Schmid, Markus; Jørgensen, Bo Barker; Kuenen, J. Gijs; Sinninghe Damsté, Jaap S.; Strous, Marc et al. (April 2003). "Anaerobic ammonium oxidation by anammox bacteria in the Black Sea" (in en). Nature 422 (6932): 608–611. doi:10.1038/nature01472. ISSN 1476-4687. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature01472. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Vitorino, Inês Rosado; Lage, Olga Maria (2022-02-01). "The Planctomycetia: an overview of the currently largest class within the phylum Planctomycetes" (in en). Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 115 (2): 169–201. doi:10.1007/s10482-021-01699-0. ISSN 1572-9699. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10482-021-01699-0. 
  8. ↑ Wiegand, Sandra; Jogler, Mareike; Jogler, Christian (November 2018). "On the maverick Planctomycetes". doi:10.1093/femsre/fuy029. https://academic.oup.com/femsre/article/42/6/739/5057868. 
  9. ↑ J.P. Euzéby. "Planctomycetaceae". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). https://lpsn.dsmz.de/family/planctomycetaceae. 
  10. ↑ Sayers. "Planctomycetaceae". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=126&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock. 
  11. ↑ Vitorino, Inês Rosado; Lage, Olga Maria (2022-02-01). "The Planctomycetia: an overview of the currently largest class within the phylum Planctomycetes" (in en). Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 115 (2): 169–201. doi:10.1007/s10482-021-01699-0. ISSN 1572-9699. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10482-021-01699-0. 
  12. ↑ "The LTP". https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/#LTP. 
  13. ↑ "LTP_all tree in newick format". https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_all_10_2024.ntree. 
  14. ↑ "LTP_10_2024 Release Notes". https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_10_2024_release_notes.pdf. 
  15. ↑ "GTDB release 09-RS220". https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C. 
  16. ↑ "bac120_r220.sp_labels". https://data.gtdb.ecogenomic.org/releases/release220/220.0/auxillary_files/bac120_r220.sp_labels.tree. 
  17. ↑ "Taxon History". https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/taxon_history/. 

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