Biology:Streptococcus bovis

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Short description: Species of bacterium

Streptococcus bovis
Scientific classification edit
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Bacillota
Class: Bacilli
Order: Lactobacillales
Family: Streptococcaceae
Genus: Streptococcus
Species:
S. bovis
Binomial name
Streptococcus bovis
Orla-Jensen 1919
Synonyms[1][2][3][4]

Streptococcus bovis is a group of strains of Gram-positive bacteria, originally described as a species,[5][6] that in humans is associated with urinary tract infections, endocarditis, sepsis,[7] and colorectal cancer.[8] S. bovis is commonly found in the alimentary tract of cattle, sheep, and other ruminants,[9] and may cause ruminal acidosis.[10][11] It is also associated with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, a frequent complication occurring in patients affected by cirrhosis.[12] Equivalence with Streptococcus equinus has been contested, with its classification under the Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex (SBSEC).[4]

Taxonomy and Nomenclature

Historical Use

Streptococcus bovis was a species that was discovered in 1919 by Sigurd Orla-Jenson from cow dung and milk.[13] It was studied as a distinct species and became a focus of research due to its link to endocarditis in the 1970's.[13] The species was divided into biotypes based upon biochemical characteristics until the later 1990's, when the biotypes began to gain recognition as independent species.[13][14] These biotypes were not recognized as individual species until 1984, when DNA-DNA hybridization showed that the biotypes were genetically heterogenous.[4][13] From this point forward, the original taxonomy of S. bovis as an individual species began to be further investigated, until the late 1990's and early 2000's, when it became a term to describe the group of a new species that had once been called Streptococcus bovis.

Streptococcus bovis consisted of biotypes based upon biochemical characteristics.[5][15][16] Biotype I was distinguished based on the microbe's ability to ferment mannitol.[5][15] Those that could not were separated into the Biotype II classification. However, this was further divided based on the ability to degrade bile-esculin, with those that could being distinguished as Biotype II/1, and those that could not as Biotype II/2.[5][15]

SBSEC

When referencing S. bovis in current research, the term is often used within the Streptococcus bovis Streptococcus equinus Complex (SBSEC)[17]. The SBSEC contains strains that were once classified as the species S. bovis, along with other closely related species[5][16][15]. The SBSEC complex includes 8 subspecies: S. equinus, S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus, S. gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus, S. gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus, S. infantarius subsp. infantarius, S. lutetiensis (previously S. infantarius subsp. coli), and S. alactolyticus.[5][17] A 2022 study isolated a novel species within the complex: S. ruminicola.[18]

S. bovis Biotypes to SBSEC Species & Subspecies[16]
Original S. bovis Biotype SBSEC Species and Subspecies Classification
Biotype I S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus
Biotype II/1 S. infantarius subsp. infantarius and S. lutetiensis
Biotype II/2 S. gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus

S. bovis group

The S. bovis group are the nonenterococcal group D streptococci. Members of this group are esculin positive, 6.5% salt negative, sorbitol negative and produce acetoin. Isolates from the S. bovis group are most frequently encountered in blood cultures from patients with colon cancer. However, S. bovis group organisms (especially S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus and S. infantarius subsp. coli) have been associated with endocarditis (3). Although infection with S. bovis group organisms occurs with higher frequency in adults than in pediatric patients, these organisms have been reported to cause neonatal sepsis and meningitis (20).[citation needed]

Classification

S. bovis is a catalase-negative and oxidase-negative, nonmotile, non-sporulating, Gram-positive lactic acid bacterium that grows as pairs or chains of cocci.[4] It is a member of the Lancefield group D streptococci. Most strains are gamma-hemolytic (non-hemolytic), but some also display alpha-hemolytic activity on sheep blood agar plates. Strep bovis is a non-enterococci.[citation needed] Biochemical Tests mannitol salt: negative bile esculin: negative MR/VP: positive/negative nutrient gelatin: negative starch: positive DNase: negative[citation needed]

Human infection

Entry

The main portal of entry for human infection of S. bovis bacteremia is the gastrointestinal tract, but in some cases, entry is through the urinary tract, the hepatobiliary tree, or the oropharynx.[19]

Role in disease

S. bovis is a human pathogen that has been implicated as a causative agent of endocarditis,[7] urinary tract infections, and more rarely, sepsis and neonatal meningitis.[20][21][22]

S. bovis has long been associated with colorectal cancer;[8][23] however, not all genospecies are associated equally. A 2011 meta-analysis on the association between S. bovis biotypes and colonic adenomas/carcinomas revealed that patients with S. bovis biotype I infection had a strongly increased risk of having colorectal cancer (pooled odds ratio: 7.26; 95% confidence interval: 3.94–13.36), compared to S. bovis biotype II-infected patients.[24] This analysis suggests S. bovis should no longer be regarded as a single bacterial entity in clinical practice. Only Streptococcus gallolyticus (S. bovis biotype I) infection has an unambiguous association with colonic adenomas/carcinomas (prevalence range: 33–71%) that markedly exceeds the prevalence of colonic (pre-)malignancies in the general population (10–25%). Nevertheless, research has not yet determined that S. gallolyticus is a causative agent of colorectal cancer, or if pre-existing cancer makes the lumen of the large intestine more hospitable to its outgrowth.[25]

Ruminal effects

When ruminants consume diets high in starch or sugar, these easily fermentable carbohydrates promote the proliferation of S. bovis in the rumen. Because S. bovis is a lactic acid bacterium, fermentation of these carbohydrates to lactic acid can cause a dramatic decline in ruminal pH, and subsequent development of adverse conditions such as ruminal acidosis or feedlot bloat.[10][11]

References

  1. ↑ Poyart, C.; Quesne, G.; Trieu-Cuot, P. (2002). "Taxonomic dissection of the Streptococcus bovis group by analysis of manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase gene (sodA) sequences: Reclassification of 'Streptococcus infantarius subsp. Coli' as Streptococcus lutetiensis sp. nov. And of Streptococcus bovis biotype 11.2 as Streptococcus pasteurianus sp. nov.". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52 (Pt 4): 1247–55. doi:10.1099/00207713-52-4-1247. PMID 12148636. 
  2. ↑ Dekker, J. P.; Lau, A. F. (2016). "An Update on the Streptococcus bovis Group: Classification, Identification, and Disease Associations". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 54 (7): 1694–1699. doi:10.1128/JCM.02977-15. PMID 26912760. 
  3. ↑ Whiley, R. A. (2003). "International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes Subcommittee on the taxonomy of staphylococci and streptococci: Minutes of the closed meeting, 31 July 2002, Paris, France". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53 (3): 915–917. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02589-0. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Schlegel L.; Grimont R.; Ageron E.; Grimont P.A.D.; Bouvet A. (2003). "Reappraisal of the taxonomy of the Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex and related species: description of Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus subsp. nov., S. gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus subsp. nov. and S. gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus subsp. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53 (3): 631–645. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02361-0. PMID 12807180. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 "An Update on the Streptococcus bovis Group: Classification, Identification, and Disease Associations". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 54 (7): 1694–1699. 2016. doi:10.1128/JCM.02977-15. PMID 26912760. 
  6. ↑ "Bacteremia due to Streptococcus gallolyticus: A Name with an Ominous Significance?". Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine 24 (10): 901–902. 2020. doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23623. PMID 33281311. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ryan K.J. and C.G. Ray CG (editors). 2004. Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Klein, R.S.; Recco, R.A.; Catalano, M.T.; Edberg, S.C.; Casey, J.I.; Steigbigel, N.H. (October 13, 1977). "Association of Streptococcus bovis with carcinoma of the colon". New England Journal of Medicine 297 (15): 800–802. doi:10.1056/NEJM197710132971503. PMID 408687. 
  9. ↑ Ghali M.B.; Scott P.T.; Al Jassim R.A.M. (2004). "Characterization of Streptococcus bovis from the rumen of the dromedary camel and Rusa deer". Letters in Applied Microbiology 39 (4): 341–346. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765X.2004.01597.x. PMID 15355536. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Regulation of fermentation in a ruminal bacterium, Streptococcus bovis, with special reference to rumen acidosis". Animal Science Journal 73 (5): 313–325. 2002. doi:10.1046/j.1344-3941.2002.00044.x. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Lorenz, Ingrid (June 2022). "Subacute Ruminal Acidosis in Cattle and Sheep, Professional Version". The Merck Veterinary Manual. https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/diseases-of-the-ruminant-forestomach/subacute-ruminal-acidosis-in-cattle-and-sheep. 
  12. ↑ Horner, Rosmari (2010). "Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis caused by Streptococcus bovis: case report and review of the literature". Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases 14 (3): 294–296. doi:10.1590/S1413-86702010000300017. PMID 20835516. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Corredoira, J; Alonso, M. P.; Coira, A.; Varela, J. (1 January 2017). "Streptococcus bovis: 100 Years of an Intriguing Pathogen". Clinical Microbiology Newsletter 39 (1): 9. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00129-08. 
  14. ↑ Beck, Marcella; Frodl, Reinhard; Funke, Guido (2008-09). "Comprehensive Study of Strains Previously Designated Streptococcus bovis Consecutively Isolated from Human Blood Cultures and Emended Description of Streptococcus gallolyticus and Streptococcus infantarius subsp. coli". Journal of Clinical Microbiology (American Society for Microbiology) 46 (9): 2966–2972. doi:10.1128/jcm.00078-08. PMID 18614655. PMC 2546750. https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jcm.00078-08. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Park, Seon Young; Seo, Seongwon; Kim, Ji Hyung (2025-05-23). "Current understanding of the Streptococcus bovis/equinus complex and its bacteriophages in ruminants: a review" (in English). Frontiers in Veterinary Science (Frontiers) 12. doi:10.3389/fvets.2025.1466437. ISSN 2297-1769. PMID 40487389. PMC 12141233. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/articles/10.3389/fvets.2025.1466437/full. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Pompilio, Arianna; Di Bonaventura, Giovanni; Gherardi, Giovanni (2019-01-23). "An Overview on Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus Complex Isolates: Identification to the Species/Subspecies Level and Antibiotic Resistance" (in en). International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20 (3): 480. doi:10.3390/ijms20030480. ISSN 1422-0067. PMID 30678042. PMC 6386949. https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/3/480. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Park, Seon Young; Lee, Mingyung; Lim, Se Ra; Kwon, Hyemin; Lee, Ye Seul; Kim, Ji Hyung; Seo, Seongwon (2021-01-04). "Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance in the Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus Complex (SBSEC) Isolated from Korean Domestic Ruminants" (in en). Microorganisms 9 (1): 98. doi:10.3390/microorganisms9010098. ISSN 2076-2607. PMID 33406675. PMC 7824528. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/1/98. 
  18. ↑ Park, Seon Young; Muhammad, Neak; Kim, Song-Gun; Kwon, Hyemin; Seo, Seongwon; Kim, Ji Hyung (2022-10). "Streptococcus ruminicola sp. nov., new species of the Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex (SBSEC) isolated from the rumen of Korean domestic ruminants" (in en). Archives of Microbiology 204 (10): 636. doi:10.1007/s00203-022-03255-4. ISSN 0302-8933. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00203-022-03255-4. 
  19. ↑ Mazumder, Shirin A (2018-11-30). "Group D Streptococcus (GDS) Infections (Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus gallolyticus): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". EMedicine. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229209-overview#a0104. 
  20. ↑ "Fulminant neonatal septicemia caused by Streptococcus bovis". Journal of Pediatrics 92 (2): 282–283. February 1978. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(78)80026-2. PMID 413898. 
  21. ↑ "Streptococcus bovis bacteremia and fetal death". Obstetrics and Gynecology 100 (5 Pt 2): 1126–1129. November 2002. doi:10.1016/S0029-7844(02)02206-8. PMID 12423832. 
  22. ↑ "Streptococcus bovis meningitis in an infant". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38 (1): 462–463. 1 January 2000. doi:10.1128/JCM.38.1.462-463.2000. PMID 10618145. 
  23. ↑ "Association between Bacteremia Due to Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus (Streptococcus bovis I) and Colorectal Neoplasia: ACase-Control Study". Clinical Infectious Diseases 55 (4): 491–496. 2012. doi:10.1093/cid/cis434. PMID 22563018. 
  24. ↑ Boleij, A; van Gelder, MM; Swinkels, DW; Tjalsma, H (November 2011). "Clinical Importance of Streptococcus gallolyticus infection among colorectal cancer patients: systematic review and meta-analysis.". Clinical Infectious Diseases 53 (9): 870–878. doi:10.1093/cid/cir609. PMID 21960713. 
  25. ↑ zur Hausen H (November 2006). "Streptococcus bovis: causal or incidental involvement in cancer of the colon?". International Journal of Cancer 119 (9): xi–xii. doi:10.1002/ijc.22314. PMID 16947772. 

Wikidata ☰ Q1761388 entry



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