Chemistry:Naptalam
Naptalam is a selective preёmergent herbicide, first registered in the US in 1949, to control sundry annual broadleaf weeds and grasses. Naptalam is a phthalic acid, though it is commonly also in sodium salt form.[1] It's also an aryl carboxylate, a phthalamate compound and an amide. It is also used in Australia[2] and Canada.[3] In 1974, the USA used 4.94 million pounds (2,240 t) in agriculture.[4]
Naptalam is unstable at temperatures over 180 °C or pH over 9.5.[1]
Application
Naptalam has been used on soybean, peanut, cucumber and melon crops, and ornamentals. Typical application rates are 2 to 6 lbs per acre (active ingredient), (2.25-6.75 kg/Ha). Formulations are usually water based liquids, or granular.[1] While primarily preёmergent, naptalam may also be sprayed postemergently in some cases.[3] Preёmergently, it should be applied within 48 hours of planting; weeds already emerged will usually not be controlled. Light incorporation (to 0.5-1 inch deep) may help if the soil is dry. Postemergently, it is done before plants start to vine. It may stunt the crop growth, but it should return to normal. Emerged weeds may be stunted too, but are not usually controlled.[5]
It has been sold under the tradename "Alanap-L" and "Rescue" in the US, and has been manufactured by Uniroyal,[1] Chemtura and Vertac.[2][6] "Alanap-3" is a 240 g/L formulation sold in Canada.[3]
Environmental behaviour
In soil, naptalam is absorbed through the roots and translocated to the leaves. Soil mobility is high in fine sand, sandy loam, and silt loam; soil retention is increased with CEC and organic matter content.[1]
Naptalam's toxicity is low for birds, fish, and aquatic invertebrates, presenting minimal hazard.[1]
Safety
Naptalam is not carcinogenic, even at 5000 mg/kg, the highest dose tested on mice. It has some teratogenicity, so the EPA recommends a NOEL of 15 mg/kg/day. However, it causes irreversible eye damage, and is corrosive.[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 "Pesticide Fact Sheet: Naptalam, 1985". US EPA. https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=91024KR1.txt.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs nameddatabase - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "ALANAP-3 LABEL". https://bartlett.ca/Bartlett/nmb/MSDSLabel.nsf/33679510e3c80d96852574a20055f364/e88018985fe8688f852571640052f8d4/$FILE/Alanap_3%20label.pdf.
- ↑ "Pesticide Usage Survey, of Agricultural, Governmental and Industrial Sectors in the United States, 1974". https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=91012P4O.txt.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedalanap 2003 - ↑ "Pesticide Reregistration Progress Report 1992". NSCEP. https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=40000E08.txt.
External links
- Naptalam in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB) (Naptalam)
- Naptalam in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB) (Naptalam-sodium)
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