Earth:Pabdeh Formation

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Pabdeh Formation
Stratigraphic range: middle Eocene to early Oligocene, 41–33.9 Ma
TypeFormation
Unit ofZagros fold and thrust belt
UnderliesAsmari Formation
OverliesGurpi Formation
Lithology
PrimaryMarl, limestone
OtherOil shales
Location
CountryIran

The Pabdeh Formation is a Middle Eocene to Early Oligocene-aged[1][2][3] geological formation in Iran. It outcrops along the Zagros Mountains. It was deposited in a deepwater environment in the upper bathyal zone of the Paratethys Sea,[4] with these abyssal sediments being lifted high above sea level from the uplift of the Zagros fold and thrust belt as part of the Alpide orogeny.

A high number of fossil fishes are known from this formation, the majority of which appear to have pelagic and deepwater affinities. These are mostly known from two localities near Elam and Istehbanat.[5] The age of these localities have been disputed, and have previously been considered to be Early Oligocene, but are now generally thought to be middle to late Eocene in age, most likely Priabonian.[6] More recent studies have estimated the age of these fossil-bearing lcoalities as slightly older and dated the formation to the Bartonian stage, based on the presence of certain foraminifera not present during the Priabonian. Some fossils of migratory insects (a locust and ant alates), as well as fish and birds, are also known from near Babaheidar.[3][4]

Paleobiota

Cartilaginous fishes

Genus Species Notes Images
Xiphodolamia X. serrata A xiphodolamiid shark[7] frameless

Bony fishes

Based primarily on Arambourg (1967), with taxonomic changes made where necessary:[5]

Genus Species Locality Notes Images
Aluvarus A. praeimperialis Elam The larva of a percomorph of uncertain affinities, once thought to be a louvar relative[8] frameless
Arambourgthurus A. scombrurus Istehbanat A surgeonfish; inhabited a pelagic ecosystem,[9] similar to species of Naso
Argyropelecus A. iranicus Babaheidar A marine hatchetfish[10] frameless
A. zagrosensis frameless
?Astronesthes ?A. simus Elam An apparent stareater, taxonomic affinity uncertain frameless
Babelichthys B. olneyi Elam A bizarre crestfish[11] frameless
Berycomorus B. firdoussi Elam A beryciform
Bregmaceros B. filamentosus Elam A codlet frameless
Caucasiganus C. sp. Istehbanat A relative of rabbitfish[12]
Cheilinus C. longifillis Istehbanat A wrasse frameless
Cottopsis C. gaudryi Elam An oceanic basslet[13]
Dussumieria D. elami Elam A rainbow sardine frameless
Eosternoptyx E. discoidalis Elam A deep-sea hatchetfish[14]
Epinnula E. cancellata Elam A snake mackerel frameless
Etrumeus E. hafizi Istehbanat A round herring frameless
Grammatorcynus G. scomberoides Istehbanat, Elam A mackerel frameless
Iraniplectus I. bakhtiari Babaheidar A pufferfish-like tetraodontiform[15] frameless
Maurolicus M. morgani Elam A pearlside frameless
?Myroconger ?M. rouslami Elam An apparent thin eel, taxonomic affinity uncertain frameless
Opisthonema O. persicum Elam A thread herring frameless
Palaeorhynchus P. altivelis Istehbanat A palaeorhynchid billfish frameless
Palimphyes (=Dipterichthys) P. nematophorus Elam A euzaphlegid[16] frameless
P. leptosomus
Parastylephorus P. anatoides Babaheydar A relative of the tube-eye[3] frameless
Paucaichthys P. elamensis Elam A pomfret[17]
Praewoodsia P. mesogeae Elam A bristlemouth
Priacanthopsis P. crassispinus Elam A bigeye
Proserrivomer P. mecquenemi Elam A sawtooth eel
Propteridium P. douvillei Elam A viviparous brotula
Pristigenys P. macropus Istehbanat A bigeye frameless
Protolophotus P. elami Elam A crestfish frameless
?Psenes ?P. macrolepis Elam A driftfish, taxonomic identity uncertain frameless
Pseudoholocentrum P. cristatum Elam A holocentrid
Rybapina R. orientalis Elam A driftfish[18][19]
Scomber S. saadii Istehbanat A mackerel frameless
Scomberomorus S. speciosus Istehbanat A mackerel frameless
Scopeloides S. glarisianus Elam A bristlemouth frameless
Sphyraena S. longimana Istehbanat A barracuda frameless
Thyrsitoides T. zarathoustrae Elam A relative of the blacksail snake mackerel frameless
?Urosphen ?U. iranensis Elam A urosphenid syngnathiform frameless

Birds

Genus Species Locality Notes Images
Diomedeoides (=Frigidafrons) D. babaheydariensis Babaheidar A diomedeoidid seabird[20] frameless

Arthropods

Crustaceans

Based on Garassino, Bahrami, Yazdi & Vega (2014):[21]

Genus Species Locality Notes Images
Eogordonella E. iranianiensis Babaheidar A solenocerid shrimp
Eopabdehus E. babaheydariensis A penaeid shrimp
Parsacus P. eocenicus A slipper lobster

Insecta

Genus Species Locality Notes Images
Acrididae indet. Babaheidar A short-horned grasshopper of uncertain affinities, potentially in a migratory locust-like phase[4]
Formicidae indet. A potentially myrmicine ant of uncertain affinities, migratory alates[4]

References

  1. ↑ Joudaki, M.; Baghbani, D. (2018-09-01). "Biostratigraphy of Oligocene and Lower Miocene deposits, Anneh Anticline, Folded Zagros, SW of Iran" (in en). Carbonates and Evaporites 33 (3): 509–515. doi:10.1007/s13146-017-0362-5. ISSN 1878-5212. Bibcode: 2018CarEv..33..509J. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13146-017-0362-5. 
  2. ↑ Joudaki, Mohamad; Asnavandi, Hamed; Panah, Fatemeh Mahmoodi; Baghbani, Darioush (2020-03-12). "The regional facies analysis and depositional environments of the Oligocene and Lower Miocene deposits; Zagros Basin, SW of Iran" (in en). Carbonates and Evaporites 35 (2): 39. doi:10.1007/s13146-020-00575-8. ISSN 1878-5212. Bibcode: 2020CarEv..35...39J. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13146-020-00575-8. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Ridolfi, Lorenzo; Schrøder, Ane Elise; Bahrami, Ali; Yazdi, Mehdi; Roa‐Varón, Adela; Marramà, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio (2026-08-11). "A new fossil from the Eocene of Iran provides new insights regarding the evolution of the morphologically bizarre tube‐eye fish" (in en). Papers in Palaeontology 12 (4). doi:10.1002/spp2.70114. ISSN 2056-2799. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Mirzaie Ataabadi, Majid; Bahrami, Ali; Yazdi, Mehdi; Nel, André (2019-05-28). "A locust witness of a trans-oceanic Oligocene migration between Arabia and Iran (Orthoptera: Acrididae)" (in en). Historical Biology 31 (5): 574–580. doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1378651. ISSN 0891-2963. Bibcode: 2019HBio...31..574M. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2017.1378651. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Muséum national d'histoire naturelle (France); naturelle (France), Muséum national d'histoire (1966). Notes et mémoires sur le Moyen-Orient. t.8 (1966). Paris: Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/281269. 
  6. ↑ Bannikov, A. F.; Erebakan, I. G. (2023-10-01). "On the Evolution of Some Groups of Marine Bony Fishes in the Cenozoic of the Tethys and Paratethys" (in en). Paleontological Journal 57 (5): 475–490. doi:10.1134/S0031030123050015. ISSN 1555-6174. Bibcode: 2023PalJ...57..475B. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0031030123050015. 
  7. ↑ Adnet, S.; Hosseinzadeh, R.; Antunes, M. T.; Balbino, A. C.; Kozlov, V. A.; Cappetta, H. (2009-10-01). "Review of the enigmatic Eocene shark genus Xiphodolamia (Chondrichthyes, Lamniformes) and description of a new species recovered from Angola, Iran and Jordan". Journal of African Earth Sciences 55 (3): 197–204. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2009.04.005. ISSN 1464-343X. Bibcode: 2009JAfES..55..197A. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1464343X09000752. 
  8. ↑ Bannikov, Alexandre F.; Tyler, James C. (1995). "Phylogenetic Revision of the Fish Families Luvaridae and Kushlukiidae (Acanthuroidei), with a New Genus and Two New Species of Eocene Luvarids" (in en). Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology (81): 1–45. doi:10.5479/si.00810266.81.1. https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/19149. 
  9. ↑ Carnevale, Giorgio; Tyler, James C. (2018). "The caudal skeleton of Arambourgthurus scombrurus (Arambourg, 1967), a Paleogene oceanic surgeonfish" (in en). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 131 (1): 101–110. doi:10.2988/17-00023. ISSN 0006-324X. http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.2988/17-00023. 
  10. ↑ Ridolfi, Lorenzo (2025). "The deep-sea hatchetfish Argyropelecus (Sternoptychidae) in the Eocene of Iran: description and phylogenetic relationships of two new species from the Pabdeh Formation". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 131 (3): 603–629. doi:10.54103/2039-4942/29039. Bibcode: 2025RIPS..13129039R. https://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/RIPS/article/view/29039. 
  11. ↑ Davesne, Donald (2017-06-28). "A fossil unicorn crestfish (Teleostei, Lampridiformes, Lophotidae) from the Eocene of Iran" (in en). PeerJ 5. doi:10.7717/peerj.3381. ISSN 2167-8359. PMID 28674642. Bibcode: 2017PeerJ...5e3381D. 
  12. ↑ Bannikov, Alexandre F.; Tyler, James C.; Sorbini, Chiara (2010). "Two new taxa of Eocene rabbitfishes (Perciformes, Siganidae) from the North Caucasus (Russia), with redescription of Acanthopygaeus agassizi (Eastman) from Monte Bolca (Italy) and a phylogenetic analysis of the family". Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona 34: 3–21. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266087721. 
  13. ↑ Prokofiev, A. M. (2007-09-01). "The osteology of Bathysphyraenops symplex and the diagnosis of the Howellidae (Perciformes: Percoidei) family" (in en). Journal of Ichthyology 47 (8): 566–578. doi:10.1134/S0032945207080036. ISSN 1555-6425. Bibcode: 2007JIch...47..566P. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0032945207080036. 
  14. ↑ Afsari, S. (2014). "A new deep-sea hatchetfish (Teleostei: Stomiiformes: Sternoptychidae) from the Eocene of Ilam, Zagros Basin, Iran". Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 53 (1): 27–37. 
  15. ↑ Tyler, J.C.; Mirzaie, M.; Nazemi, A. (2006). New genus and species of basal tetraodontoid puffer fish from the Oligocene of Iran, related to the Zignoichthyidae (Tetraodontiformes). Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona Geologia Paleontologia Preistoria, 30, 49-58
  16. ↑ Monsch, Kenneth A.; Bannikov, Alexandre F. (2011). "New taxonomic synopses and revision of the scombroid fishes (Scombroidei, Perciformes), including billfishes, from the Cenozoic of territories of the former USSR" (in en). Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 102 (4): 253–300. doi:10.1017/S1755691011010085. ISSN 1755-6910. Bibcode: 2011EESTR.102..253M. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/earth-and-environmental-science-transactions-of-royal-society-of-edinburgh/article/abs/new-taxonomic-synopses-and-revision-of-the-scombroid-fishes-scombroidei-perciformes-including-billfishes-from-the-cenozoic-of-territories-of-the-former-ussr/37C191646AD6ECED0B473DE94B6971EC. 
  17. ↑ Přikryl, Tomáš; Bannikov, Alexandre F. (2014). "A new species of the Oligocene pomfret fish Paucaichthys (Perciformes; Bramidae) from Iran". N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh. 272 (3): 325–330. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2014/0410. Bibcode: 2014NJGPA.272..325P. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262925988. 
  18. ↑ Bannikov, Alexandre F. (1993). "FOSSIL STROMATEOID FISHES OF THE FAMILIES NOMEIDAE AND ARIOMMIDAE (PERCIFORMES)". Paleontological Journal 27 (4). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268211561. 
  19. ↑ Bannikov, A. F. (2018-11-01). "A New Genus and Species of Stromateoid Fishes (Perciformes, Stromateoidei) from the Lower Oligocene of the Northern Caucasus" (in en). Paleontological Journal 52 (6): 631–638. doi:10.1134/S0031030118060035. ISSN 1555-6174. Bibcode: 2018PalJ...52..631B. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0031030118060035. 
  20. ↑ Peters, Dieter Stefan; Hamedani, Ali (2000-05-01). "Frigidafons babaheydariensis n. sp., ein Sturmvogel aus dem Oligozän des Irans (Aves: Procellariidae)" (in de). Senckenbergiana Lethaea 80 (1): 29–37. doi:10.1007/BF03043661. ISSN 0037-2110. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03043661. 
  21. ↑ Alessandro Garassino; Ali Bahrami; Medhi Yazdi; Francisco J. Vega (2014). "Report on decapod crustaceans from the Eocene of Zagros Basin, Iran". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 274 (1): 43–54. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2014/0442. Bibcode: 2014NJGPA.274...43G. 



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