Engineering:Crew Dragon Endeavour

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Short description: SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft


Endeavour
CCP SpaceX Demo-2 Dragon (3).jpg
Endeavour at Cape Canaveral in April 2020.
TypeSpace capsule
ClassDragon 2
ManufacturerSpaceX
Technical details
Dimensions4.4 m × 3.7 m (14 ft × 12 ft)
PowerSolar panel
Flight history
First flightSpaceX Demo-2
30 May – 2 August 2020
Last flightSpaceX Crew-6
2 March 2023 – 4 September 2023
Flights4

Crew Dragon Endeavour (Dragon capsule C206) is a Crew Dragon space capsule manufactured and operated by SpaceX and used by NASA's Commercial Crew Program. (As of 2023) it has successfully completed four crewed missions to the International Space Station (ISS). It was first launched into orbit atop a Falcon 9 rocket on 30 May 2020 and successfully docked to the International Space Station (ISS) as part of the Crew Dragon Demo-2 mission. This was the first crewed flight test of a Dragon capsule, carrying Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken on first crewed orbital spaceflight from the United States since STS-135 in July 2011 and the first crewed orbital spaceflight by a private company. On 2 August 2020 it returned to Earth.[1] The spacecraft was named by Hurley and Behnken after the Space Shuttle Endeavour, aboard which they first flew into space during the STS-127 and STS-123 missions, respectively. The name Endeavour is also shared by the command module of Apollo 15. The spacecraft's second mission, Crew-2, ended 8 November 2021 after having spent almost 200 days in orbit. Crew Dragon Endeavour set the record for the longest spaceflight by a U.S. crew vehicle previously set by her sibling Crew Dragon Resilience on 2 May 2021.[2] Collectively, Endeavour has spent over 450 days in orbit the most time so far by a crewed spacecraft, surpassing Space Shuttle Discovery.[3]

History

After the success of Crew Dragon Demo-1 using Crew Dragon C204, that spacecraft was originally planned to be used for the Crew Dragon In-Flight Abort Test. However, on 20 April 2019, Crew Dragon C204 was destroyed in an explosion during static fire testing at the Landing Zone 1 facility.[4][5] On the day of the anomaly, the initial testing of the Crew Dragon's Draco thrusters was successful, with the explosion occurring during the test of the SuperDraco abort system.[6] Crew Dragon C205, then slated to be used for the Demo-2 mission, was subsequently used for the in-flight abort test. Endeavour, then, was assigned to the Demo-2 mission, replacing Crew Dragon C205. On 17 April 2020, NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine announced the launch date of the crewed Crew Dragon mission to the International Space Station to be on 27 May 2020.[7] According to SpaceX, Endeavour underwent electromagnetic interference testing and completed acoustic testing in February 2020.[8][9] In early April 2020, the spacecraft was in SpaceX's processing facility at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Florida to undergo final processing and testing in preparation for the Demo-2 launch.[10] It was then transported to Kennedy Space Center, arriving at the Launch Complex 39A on 15 May 2020. The spacecraft was then mated to a Falcon 9 rocket and was rolled out onto the launch pad on 21 May 2020, with static fire testing completed the next day.[11]

SpaceX's first reused Crew Dragon Endeavour, docks at International Space Station

Crew Dragon Endeavour, with its name still unannounced, was successfully launched on top of the rocket on 30 May 2020 after the scrubbing of the first attempt due to poor weather conditions.[12][13] Astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley crewed the Demo-2 mission, marking the first crewed launch to the International Space Station from the United States since STS-135 in July 2011. The mission was intended to complete the validation of crewed spaceflight operations using SpaceX hardware.[14] If successful, the demonstration flight would allow for human-rating certification of the Crew Dragon spacecraft, the Falcon 9 rocket, the crew transportation system, the launch pad, and SpaceX's capabilities. In a video tour of the spacecraft shortly after the launch, Behnken and Hurley revealed they named the capsule Endeavour after the Space Shuttle Endeavour, the spacecraft the both of them first flew on, on missions STS-123 and STS-127, respectively, to recognize the "incredible endeavor" that SpaceX and NASA have taken. Additionally, each crew member brought along a toy from their family, in this case an Apatosaurus dinosaur named "Tremor", a sequined plush dinosaur toy, and a Ty flippables plush toy, continuing the tradition for astronauts to bring a plush toy or trinket aboard their spacecraft to serve as a zero-gravity indicator when weightlessness kicks in during spaceflight.[15] Days after the successful launch, NASA gave SpaceX approval to reuse flight-proven spacecraft, indicating Endeavour may be potentially reused.[16]

Spending 19 hours in orbit approaching the ISS, Hurley demonstrated the ability to pilot the spacecraft via its touchscreen controls; upon reaching a distance of 220 metres (720 ft) from the ISS docking ports, he let the automated docking program take over. Endeavour docked with the ISS on 31 May 2020.[17][18][19] Hurley and Behnken joined the ISS Expedition 63 crew, which consisted of NASA astronaut Chris Cassidy and Russian cosmonauts Ivan Vagner and Anatoli Ivanishin.[20] Behnken and Hurley launched to the ISS for an indeterminate time frame, which depended on Endeavour's solar array degradation, the status of Crew Dragon Resilience, and landing zone weather.[21]

Crew Dragon Endeavour landing in the Gulf of Mexico on 2 August 2020.

NASA originally planned Demo-2 as a short test flight lasting about two weeks, but later chose to extend the mission to address the shortfall of crew in the ISS.[22] According to Ken Bowersox, acting administrator for NASA's human spaceflight program, the spacecraft was "doing very well" and NASA re-planned to bring the crew and Endeavour home in early August.[21] When Endeavour returned, it journeyed through a fast fiery descent of Earth's atmosphere and was slowed down by the capsule's drogue chute and suite of parachutes. It splashed down in the Gulf of Mexico, near Pensacola, FL, where a SpaceX recovery boat brought the crew and spacecraft back to shore.[17]

Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley left a Demo-2 patch on the inside of Endeavour after their mission.[23] Shane Kimbrough announced that the Crew-2 astronauts will keep the "Endeavour" name for the spacecraft revealed by Hurley and Behnken shortly after their launch last May.[24]

Flights

Endeavour was flown in space on the Crew Dragon Demo-2 mission on 30 May 2020, and returned to Earth on 2 August. The spacecraft was rated to spend 119 days in orbit, as its solar panels had less capability than a full production Crew Dragon capable of staying in space for up to 210 days.[25] The seat of Bob Behnken in Endeavour during Demo-2 was used by his wife, K. Megan McArthur in the SpaceX Crew-2 mission.[26]

Mission Patch Launch date (UTC) Landing date (UTC) Crew Duration Remarks Outcome
Demo-2 Crew Dragon Demo-2 Patch.png 30 May 2020, 19:22:45 2 August 2020, 18:48:06[27]
  • United States Doug Hurley
  • United States Bob Behnken
 63 days The first crewed test flight of a Crew Dragon capsule, first crewed orbital spaceflight from US soil since STS-135 in July 2011 (in which Doug Hurley was the pilot), and the first crewed orbital spaceflight by a private company. Flight extended from two weeks in order to allow the crew to bolster activity on the ISS ahead of Crew-1[1] and ended up being over two months. Success
Crew-2 SpaceX Crew-2 logo.png 23 April 2021, 09:49:02[28] 9 November 2021, 03:33:16
  • United States Shane Kimbrough
  • United States Megan McArthur
  • Japan Akihiko Hoshide
  • France Thomas Pesquet
 199 days Less than a week after the maiden flight of Endeavour, NASA gave approval for SpaceX to launch humans in reused Dragons on reused Falcon 9 rockets starting with Crew-2.[29][30] Success
Axiom Mission 1 Axiom-1 Patch 8 April 2022, 15:17:11[31] 25 April 2022, 17:06[32]
  • United States / Spain Michael López-Alegría
  • United States Larry Connor
  • Canada Mark Pathy
  • Israel Eytan Stibbe
 17 days First Crew Dragon flight contracted by Axiom Space. First fully private flight to the ISS, carrying Michael López-Alegría as Axiom professional astronaut,[33] Eytan Stibbe to conduct educational experiments for a 10-day trip,[34][35] Larry Connor and Mark Pathy, both heading investment companies.[33] Bad weather at the landing sites caused delays in the departure from the ISS.[36] Success
Crew-6 SpaceX Crew-6 logo.png 2 March 2023, 05:34:14 UTC 4 September 2023, 04:17 UTC
185 days Delivered two American astronauts, one Emirati astronaut, and one Russian cosmonaut to the ISS. Success
Crew-8 SpaceX Crew-8 logo.png 2024
  • United States Matthew Dominick
  • United States Michael Barratt
  • United States Jeanette Epps
  • Russia Alexander Grebenkin
 First vehicle to reach five flights. Planned


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Clark, Stephen (9 June 2020). "NASA anticipates August return for Hurley and Behnken". https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/06/09/nasa-anticipates-august-return-for-hurley-and-behnken/. 
  2. ↑ Gorman, Steve (9 November 2021). "NASA-SpaceX crew returns from record mission aboard International Space Station". https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/nasa-spacex-crew-begins-return-voyage-international-space-station-2021-11-08/. 
  3. ↑ @SpaceX. "Since this Dragon also completed the 63-day Demo-2 mission last year, it has now clocked over 260 days in space". https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/1457916148075274242.  Missing or empty |date= (help)
  4. ↑ @JimBridenstine (20 April 2019). "NASA has been notified about the results of the @SpaceX Static Fire Test and the anomaly that occurred during the final test. We will work closely to ensure we safely move forward with our Commercial Crew Program". https://twitter.com/JimBridenstine/status/1119754804258062337. 
  5. ↑ Mosher, Dave. "SpaceX confirmed that its Crew Dragon spaceship for NASA was 'destroyed' by a recent test. Here's what we learned about the explosive failure.". https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-crew-dragon-spaceship-test-explosion-2019-5. 
  6. ↑ Shanklin, Emily (15 July 2019). "UPDATE: IN-FLIGHT ABORT STATIC FIRE TEST ANOMALY INVESTIGATION". https://www.spacex.com/news/2019/07/15/update-flight-abort-static-fire-anomaly-investigation. 
  7. ↑ @JimBridenstine (17 April 2020). "BREAKING: On May 27, @NASA will once again launch American astronauts on American rockets from American soil! With our @SpaceX partners, @Astro_Doug and @AstroBehnken will launch to the @Space_Station on the #CrewDragon spacecraft atop a Falcon 9 rocket. Let's #LaunchAmerica 🇺🇸 pic.twitter.com/RINb3mfRWI". https://twitter.com/JimBridenstine/status/1251178705633841167. 
  8. ↑ @SpaceX (11 February 2020). "The Crew Dragon spacecraft that will fly @NASA astronauts @AstroBehnken and @Astro_Doug to and from the @Space_Station undergoing electromagnetic interference testin". https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/1227339210945777665. 
  9. ↑ @SpaceX (16 February 2020). "Crew Dragon completes acoustic testing in Florida". https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/1229194045349679113. 
  10. ↑ https://images.nasa.gov/details-KSC-20200411-PH-SPX01_0003 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  11. ↑ Wall, Mike (21 May 2020). "SpaceX's 1st Dragon capsule for astronauts arrives at launch site for historic mission". https://www.space.com/spacex-crew-dragon-arrives-launch-site-demo-2.html. 
  12. ↑ Thompson, Amy (30 May 2020). "Liftoff! SpaceX launches 1st astronauts for NASA on historic test flight". https://www.space.com/spacex-demo2-nasa-astronaut-launch-success.html. 
  13. ↑ Roulette, Joey (30 May 2020). "NASA resumes human spaceflight from U.S. soil with historic SpaceX launch". https://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-exploration-spacex-launch/spacex-nasa-to-try-again-for-landmark-launch-of-two-astronauts-from-florida-idUSKBN2360D2. 
  14. ↑ Etherington, Darrell (1 May 2020). "SpaceX and NASA break down what their historic first astronaut mission will look like". https://techcrunch.com/2020/05/01/spacex-and-nasa-break-down-what-their-historic-first-astronaut-mission-will-look-like/. 
  15. ↑ Boyle, Alan (30 May 2020). "Crew Dragon's astronauts give their SpaceX spaceship a storied name: Endeavour". https://www.geekwire.com/2020/crew-dragons-astronauts-give-spacex-capsule-storied-name-endeavour/. 
  16. ↑ Ralph, Eric (9 June 2020). "SpaceX wins NASA approval to launch astronauts on reused rockets and spacecraft". https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-nasa-astronaut-launch-rocket-reuse-approval/. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Grush, Loren (30 May 2020). "SpaceX successfully launches first crew to orbit, ushering in new era of spaceflight". https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/30/21269703/spacex-launch-crew-dragon-nasa-orbit-successful. 
  18. ↑ "NASA astronauts aboard the International Space Station after Dragon capsule successfully docks". The Washington Post (Nash Holdings LLC). 31 May 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/05/31/spacex-nasa-docking-international-space-station/. 
  19. ↑ Wattles, Jackie (31 May 2020). "Second hatch opens as Crew Dragon astronauts arrive at International Space Station". Warner Media, LLC. https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/31/tech/crew-dragon-docks-with-space-station-scn/index.html. 
  20. ↑ "SpaceX and Nasa set to launch astronauts after weather all-clear". Express & Star. 30 May 2020. https://www.expressandstar.com/news/uk-news/2020/05/30/spacex-and-nasa-set-to-launch-astronauts-after-weather-all-clear/. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Thompson, Amy (10 June 2020). "SpaceX Crew Dragon spaceship to bring NASA astronauts home this summer". https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-crew-dragon-nasa-astronauts-return-date/. 
  22. ↑ Foust, Jeff (9 June 2020). "Crew Dragon likely to support extended space station stay". https://spacenews.com/crew-dragon-likely-to-support-extended-space-station-stay/. 
  23. ↑ Welcome Home: NASA Astronauts Robert Behnken & Douglas Hurley Discuss Their Return To Earth
  24. ↑ Clark, Stephen (5 March 2021). "Next Crew Dragon launch set for April 22". https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/03/05/next-crew-dragon-launch-set-for-april-22/. 
  25. ↑ Weitering, Hanneke (5 May 2020). "How long will the 1st astronauts to ride SpaceX's Crew Dragon be in space? No one knows exactly (yet).". https://www.space.com/spacex-crew-dragon-demo-2-mission-duration.html. 
  26. ↑ "Megan to reuse Bob's demo-2 seat in crew-2 mission". 20 April 2020. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/20/international-crew-recycled-capsule-spacex-prepares-to-launch. 
  27. ↑ "Astronauts gear up for spacewalks amid planning for August Crew Dragon return". Spaceflight Now. 24 June 2020. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/06/24/astronauts-gear-up-for-friday-spacewalk-amid-planning-for-early-august-crew-dragon-return/. 
  28. ↑ "Off the Earth, for the Earth; Endeavour lifts off with international crew for six month mission" (in en-US). 22 April 2021. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/04/crew2_launch_endeavour/. 
  29. ↑ "beta.SAM.gov". https://beta.sam.gov/awards/90121604+IDV. 
  30. ↑ Foust, Jeff. "NASA plans for reusing the Demo-2 capsule for Crew-2" (in en). https://twitter.com/jeff_foust/status/1286312153193029633. 
  31. ↑ "Axiom-1 launches first ever private crewed mission to ISS". 8 April 2022. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/04/axiom-1-launch/. 
  32. ↑ "Private Ax-1 astronauts return to Earth, ending historic space mission" (in en). 2022-04-25. https://www.space.com/ax1-astronauts-return-to-earth-splashdown-success. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Axiom Space names first private crew to launch to space station". collectSPACE. 26 January 2021. http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-012621a-axiom-space-ax1-crew-announce.html. 
  34. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (5 March 2020). "There Are 2 Seats Left for This Trip to the International Space Station". https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/05/science/axiom-space-station.html. 
  35. ↑ O'Kane, Sean (5 March 2020). "SpaceX will send three tourists to the International Space Station next year". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/5/21166657/spacex-tourists-iss-international-space-station-orbit-falcon-9-dragon. 
  36. ↑ "Private Ax-1 astronauts return to Earth, ending historic space mission" (in en). 2022-04-25. https://www.space.com/ax1-astronauts-return-to-earth-splashdown-success. 

External links



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