Engineering:Space Shuttle Endeavour

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Short description: Space Shuttle orbiter


Endeavour
STS-123 Dextre&Kibo ELM-PS in orbit (cropped).jpg
Endeavour in orbit in 2008, during STS-123
TypeSpaceplane
ClassSpace Shuttle orbiter
ManufacturerRockwell International
Technical details
Dry mass78,000 kilograms (172,000 lb)
Flight history
First flightSTS-49
May 7–16, 1992
Last flightSTS-134
May 16 – June 1, 2011
Flights25
FateRetired

Space Shuttle Endeavour (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-105) is a retired orbiter from NASA's Space Shuttle program and the fifth and final operational Shuttle built. It embarked on its first mission, STS-49, in May 1992 and its 25th and final mission, STS-134, in May 2011.[1][2][3] STS-134 was expected to be the final mission of the Space Shuttle program,[4] but with the authorization of STS-135 by the United States Congress, Atlantis became the last shuttle to fly.

The United States Congress approved the construction of Endeavour in 1987 to replace the Space Shuttle Challenger, which was destroyed in 1986.

NASA chose, on cost grounds, to build much of Endeavour from spare parts rather than refitting the Space Shuttle Enterprise, and used structural spares built during the construction of Discovery and Atlantis in its assembly.

History

Endeavour rollout ceremony in April 1991
Endeavour as photographed from the International Space Station as it approached the station during STS-118
Endeavour appears to straddle the stratosphere and mesosphere in this 2010 photo taken from the International Space Station

Following the loss of Challenger, in 1986 NASA was authorized to begin the procurement process for a replacement orbiter. A major refit of the prototype orbiter Enterprise was looked at and rejected on cost grounds, with instead the cache of structural spares that were produced as part of the construction of Discovery and Atlantis earmarked for assembly into the new orbiter. Assembly was completed in July 1990, and the new orbiter was rolled out in April 1991. As part of the process, NASA ran a national competition for schools to name the new orbiter—the criteria included a requirement that it be named after an exploratory or research vessel, with a name "easily understood in the context of space"; entries included an essay about the name, the story behind it and why it was appropriate for a NASA shuttle, and the project that supported the name. Amongst the entries, Endeavour was suggested by one-third of the participating schools, with President George H.W. Bush eventually selecting it on the advice of the NASA Administrator, Richard Truly. The national winners were Senatobia Middle School in Senatobia, Mississippi, in the elementary division and Tallulah Falls School in Tallulah Falls, Georgia, in the upper school division. They were honored at several ceremonies in Washington, D.C., including a White House ceremony where President Bush presented awards to each school.[5] Endeavour was delivered by Rockwell International Space Transportation Systems Division in May 1991 and first launched a year later, in May 1992, on STS-49.

The orbiter is named after the British HMS Endeavour, the ship which took Captain James Cook on his first voyage of discovery (1768–1771).[6] This is why the name is spelled in the British English manner, rather than the American English ("Endeavor"). This has caused confusion, including when NASA itself misspelled a sign on the launch pad in 2007.[7] The Space Shuttle carried a piece of the original wood from Cook's ship inside the cockpit.[8] The name also honored Endeavour, the command module of Apollo 15, which was also named for Cook's ship.

On May 30, 2020, Dragon 2 capsule C206 was named Endeavour during the Crew Dragon Demo-2 mission by astronauts Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken in honor of the shuttle, on which both astronauts took their first flights (STS-127 and STS-123 respectively).

Service

On its first mission, it captured and redeployed the stranded INTELSAT VI communications satellite. The first African-American woman astronaut, Mae Jemison, was launched into space on the mission STS-47 on September 12, 1992.

Endeavour flew the first servicing mission STS-61 for the Hubble Space Telescope in 1993. In 1997 it was withdrawn from service for eight months for a retrofit, including installation of a new airlock. In December 1998, it delivered the Unity Module to the International Space Station.

Endeavour's last Orbiter Major Modification period began in December 2003 and ended on October 6, 2005. During this time, Endeavour received major hardware upgrades, including a new, multi-functional, electronic display system, often referred to as a glass cockpit, and an advanced GPS receiver, along with safety upgrades recommended by the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) for the shuttle's return to flight following the loss of Columbia during reentry on February 1, 2003.

The STS-118 mission, Endeavour's first since the refit, included astronaut Barbara Morgan, formerly assigned to the Teacher in Space project, and later a member of the Astronaut Corps from 1998 to 2008, as part of the crew. Morgan was the backup for Christa McAuliffe who was on the ill-fated mission STS-51-L in 1986.

Early milestones

Date Milestone[9]
1982 February 15 Start structural assembly of crew module (built as structural spare alongside Discovery and Atlantis)[10]
1987 July 31 Contract award to Rockwell International
1987 August 1 Start of Final Assembly
1987 September 28 Start structural assembly of aft fuselage
1990 July 6 Completed Final Assembly
1991 April 25 Rollout from Plant 42, Palmdale, California
1991 May 7 Delivery to Kennedy Space Center
1992 April 6 Flight Readiness Firing (FRF)
1992 May 7 First flight (STS-49)

Upgrades and features

Endeavour mounted on a Shuttle Carrier Aircraft
Endeavour approaches LC-39A before STS-130
Endeavour in flight en route back to the Kennedy Space Center atop a Shuttle Carrier Aircraft in 2008
Endeavour lands after STS-127 at the Kennedy Space Center Shuttle Landing Facility

As it was constructed later than its elder sisters, Endeavour was built with new hardware designed to improve and expand orbiter capabilities. Most of this equipment was later incorporated into the other three orbiters during out-of-service major inspection and modification programs. Endeavour's upgrades include:

  • A 40-foot (12 m) diameter drag chute that reduced the orbiter's landing roll-out distance (the runway length used for deceleration) from 3,000 feet (910 m) to 2,000 feet (610 m).
  • The plumbing and electrical connections needed for Extended Duration Orbiter (EDO) modifications to allow up to a 28-day mission (although a 28-day mission was never attempted; the record is 17 days, which was set by Columbia).
  • Updated avionics systems that included advanced general purpose computers, improved inertial measurement units and tactical air navigation systems, enhanced master events controllers and multiplexer-demultiplexers, a solid-state star tracker and improved nose wheel steering mechanisms.
  • An improved version of the Auxiliary Power Units (APUs) that provided power to operate the Shuttle's hydraulic systems.

Modifications resulting from a 2005–2006 refit of Endeavour included:

  • The Station-to-Shuttle Power Transfer System (SSPTS), which converted 8 kilowatts of DC power from the ISS main voltage of 120VDC to the orbiter bus voltage of 28VDC. This upgrade allowed Endeavour to remain on-orbit while docked at ISS for an additional 3- to 4-day duration. The corresponding power equipment was added to the ISS during the STS-116 station assembly mission, and Endeavour flew with SSPTS capability during STS-118.[11][12][13]

Final flights

Platforms around Endeavour in the Orbiter Processing Facility-2

Endeavour flew its final mission, STS-134, to the International Space Station (ISS) in May 2011. After the conclusion of STS-134, Endeavour was formally decommissioned.[14]

STS-134 was intended to launch in late 2010, but on July 1 NASA released a statement saying the Endeavour mission was rescheduled for February 27, 2011.[15]

"The target dates were adjusted because critical payload hardware for STS-133 will not be ready in time to support the previously planned 16 September launch," NASA said in a statement. With the Discovery launch moving to November, Endeavour mission "cannot fly as planned, so the next available launch window is in February 2011," NASA said, adding that the launch dates were subject to change.[16]

The launch was further postponed until April to avoid a scheduling conflict with a Russian supply vehicle heading for the International Space Station.[17] STS-134 did not launch until May 16 at 08:56 EDT.[18]

Endeavour landed at the Kennedy Space Center at 06:34 UTC on June 1, 2011, completing its final mission.[19] It was the 25th night landing of a shuttle.[20][21] Over its flight career, Endeavour flew 122,883,151 miles (197,761,262 km) and spent 299 days in space.[22] During Endeavour's last mission, the Russian spacecraft Soyuz TMA-20 departed from the ISS and paused at a distance of 200 metres (660 ft). Italian astronaut Paolo Nespoli took a series of photographs and videos of the ISS with Endeavour docked.[23] This was the second time a shuttle was photographed docked and the first time since 1996. Commander Mark Kelly was the last astronaut off Endeavour after the landing, and the crew stayed on the landing strip to sign autographs and pose for pictures.[24]

STS-134 was the penultimate Space Shuttle mission; STS-135 was added to the schedule in January 2011, and in July Atlantis flew for the final time.[25]

Flights

# Date Designation Launch pad Landing location Notes
1 1992-05-07 STS-49 39-B Edwards Air Force Base First flight of Endeavour: Capture and redeploy Intelsat VI. First three-person EVA, longest US EVA since Apollo 17.
2 1992-09-12 STS-47 39-B Kennedy Space Center Spacelab mission J with the first African American woman in space, Mae Jemison
3 1993-01-13 STS-54 39-B Kennedy Deploy TDRS-F
4 1993-06-21 STS-57 39-B Kennedy Spacelab experiments. Retrieve European Retrievable Carrier
5 1993-12-02 STS-61 39-B Kennedy First Hubble Space Telescope service mission (HSM-1)
6 1994-04-09 STS-59 39-A Edwards Space Radar Laboratory experiments
Spaceborne Imaging Radar
7 1994-09-30 STS-68 39-A Edwards Space Radar Laboratory experiments
Spaceborne Imaging Radar
8 1995-03-02 STS-67 39-A Edwards Spacelab Astro-2 experiments‡
9 1995-09-07 STS-69 39-A Kennedy Wake Shield Facility and other experiments
10 1996-01-11 STS-72 39-B Kennedy Retrieve Japanese Space Flyer Unit
11 1996-05-19 STS-77 39-B Kennedy Spacelab experiments
12 1998-01-22 STS-89 39-A Kennedy Rendezvous with Mir space station and astronaut exchange
13 1998-12-04 STS-88 39-A Kennedy International Space Station assembly mission 2A (assembled the Unity Module (Node 1), first American component of the ISS)
14 2000-02-11 STS-99 39-A Kennedy Shuttle Radar Topography Mission experiments
15 2000-11-30 STS-97 39-B Kennedy International Space Station assembly mission (P6 truss segment)
16 2001-04-19 STS-100 39-A Edwards International Space Station assembly mission 6A (Canadarm2 robotic arm and hand)
17 2001-12-05 STS-108 39-B Kennedy International Space Station assembly mission UF-1, rendezvous and astronaut exchange (Expedition 3/Expedition 4)
18 2002-06-05 STS-111 39-A Edwards International Space Station assembly mission UF-2, rendezvous and astronaut exchange (Expedition 4/Expedition 5)
19 2002-11-23 STS-113 39-A Kennedy International Space Station assembly mission 11A and astronaut exchange/final successful shuttle flight before the Columbia disaster (Expedition 5/6 exchange; P1 truss segment assembly)
20 2007-08-08 STS-118 39-A Kennedy Four spacewalks conducted.[26] Installation of the International Space Station S5 Truss, of the Integrated Truss Structure. Carried a SPACEHAB module carrying 5,000 pounds of supplies and equipment to the International Space Station. Crew included the Educator Astronaut Barbara Morgan. Thermal tiles protecting the underside of the vehicle were damaged during launch. NASA decided not to fix this damage in-flight as it was not believed to be serious enough to result in loss of vehicle or crew. The craft landed a day early due to the possibility that Hurricane Dean would force Mission Control to evacuate.
21 2008-03-11 STS-123 39-A Kennedy International Space Station assembly mission 1J/A which delivered the first element of Japan's Kibo module along with the Canadian Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator robotic arm, and the Spacelab Pallet-Deployable 1.
22 2008-11-14 STS-126 39-A Edwards[27] International Space Station assembly mission that brought equipment and supplies in the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module Leonardo, and Expedition 18 crew rotation, Sandra Magnus replaced Gregory Chamitoff. Endeavour was the only orbiter to land on the temporary Runway 4 at Edwards AFB, as the refurbished main runway will be operational from STS-119 onwards.[28]
23 2009-07-15[29] STS-127 39-A Kennedy International Space Station assembly mission which delivered the last two elements of Japan's Kibo Module along with the Spacelab Pallet-Deployable 2, and an Integrated Cargo Carrier-Vertical Light Deployable.[30]
24 2010-02-08 STS-130 39-A Kennedy International Space Station assembly mission which delivered the Node 3 and the Cupola observatory to the station. This brought the ISS to 98 percent completion.
25 2011-05-16 STS-134 39-A Kennedy International Space Station assembly mission which delivered the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer and the ELC-3 to the space station. This was the final mission of Endeavour. Although originally planned to be the last Space Shuttle program flight, one additional flight of Atlantis, STS-135, was flown in July 2011.

‡ Longest shuttle mission for Endeavour

Tribute and mission insignias

NASA Orbiter Tribute for Space Shuttle Endeavour
Space Shuttle Endeavour Tribute.jpg
Mission insignia for Endeavour flights
Sts-49-patch.png
Sts-47-patch.png
Sts-54-patch.png
Sts-57-patch.png
Sts-61-patch.png
STS-59 patch.svg
Sts-68-patch.png
STS 54
STS 57
STS 61
STS 59
STS 68
Sts-67-patch.svg
STS-69 patch.svg
Sts-72-patch.png
Sts-77-patch.png
Sts-89-patch.svg
Sts-88-patch.svg
Sts-99-patch.png
STS 67
STS 69
STS 72
STS 77
STS 89
STS 88
STS 99
Sts-97-patch.svg
STS-100 patch.svg
STS-108 Patch.svg
Sts-111-patch.png
STS-113 Patch.svg
STS-118 patch new.svg
STS-123 Patch.svg
STS 97
STS 100
STS 108
STS 111
STS 113
STS 118
STS 123
STS-126 patch.svg
STS-127 Patch.svg
STS-130 patch.png
STS-134 Patch.svg
STS 126
STS 127
STS 130
STS 134

Flow Directors

The Flow Director was responsible for the overall preparation of the Shuttle for launch and processing it after landing, and remained permanently assigned to head the spacecraft's ground crew while the astronaut flight crews changed for every mission. Each Shuttle's Flow Director was supported by a Vehicle Manager for the same spacecraft. Space Shuttle Endeavour's Flow Directors were:

  • 01/1991 – ?: John J. "Tip" Talone Jr. (previously Flow Director for Discovery)[32]
  • 08/2000 – 05/2006: Tassos Abadiotakis[33]
  • STS-126 --- Ken Tenbusch[34]
  • Until 08/2012: Dana M. Hutcherson[35]

Decommissioning

Endeavour (left) docked to the International Space Station on May 23, 2011, during its final mission

After more than twenty organizations submitted proposals to NASA for the display of an orbiter, NASA announced that Endeavour would go to the California Science Center in Los Angeles .[36][37][38]

After low level flyovers above NASA and civic landmarks across the country and in California, it was delivered to Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) on September 21, 2012.[39] The orbiter was slowly and carefully transported through the streets of Los Angeles and Inglewood three weeks later, from October 11–14 along La Tijera, Manchester, Crenshaw and Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevards to its final destination at the California Science Center in Exposition Park.[40][41]

Endeavour moving through Inglewood

Endeavour's route on the city streets between LAX and Exposition Park was meticulously measured and each move was carefully choreographed.[42] In multiple locations, there were only inches of clearance for the Shuttle's wide wings between telephone poles, apartment buildings and other structures. Many street light standards and traffic signals were temporarily removed as the Shuttle passed through. It was necessary to remove over 400 street trees as well, some of which were fairly old, leading to concern.[43] However, the removed trees were replaced two-for-one by the Science Center, using part of the $200 million funding for the move.[42]

The power had to be turned off and power carrying poles had to be removed temporarily as the orbiter crept along Manchester, to Prairie Avenue, then Crenshaw Boulevard. News crews lined the streets along the path with visible news personalities in the news trucks. Police escorts and other security personnel, among them including the LAPD, LASD, CHP, and NASA officials, controlled the large crowds gathered, with support from the LAFD and LACoFD to treat heat exhaustion victims as Endeavour made its way through the city.[44] Endeavour was parked for a few hours at The Forum where it was available for viewing.[45] The journey included an unmodified Toyota Tundra pickup truck pulling the Space Shuttle across the Manchester Boulevard Bridge.[46] The Space Shuttle was mainly carried by four self-propelled robotic dollies throughout the 12-mile (19 km) journey. However, due to bridge weight restrictions, Endeavour was moved onto the dolly towed by the Tundra. After it had completely crossed the bridge, the Space Shuttle was returned to the robotic dollies. The footage was later used in a commercial for the 2013 Super Bowl.[47] Having taken longer than expected, Endeavour finally reached the Science Center on October 14.[48]

The exhibit was opened to the public on October 30, 2012, at the temporary Samuel Oschin Space Shuttle Endeavour Display Pavilion of the museum.[45] A new addition to the Science Center, called the Samuel Oschin Air and Space Center, is under construction, breaking ground June 1, 2022,[49][50][when?] as Endeavour's permanent home. The Endeavour will be the only shuttle mounted vertically with an external tank and a pair of solid rocket boosters. One payload door will be opened out to reveal a demonstration payload inside.[45]

After its decommissioning, Endeavour's Canadarm (formally the 'Shuttle Remote Manipulator System') was removed in order to be sent to the Canadian Space Agency's John H. Chapman Space Centre in Longueuil, Quebec, a suburb of Montreal, where it was to be placed on display.[51] In a Canadian poll on which science or aerospace museum should be selected to display the Canadarm, originally built by SPAR Aerospace, the Canadian Space Agency's headquarters placed third to last with only 35 out of 638 votes.[52][53] Endeavour's Canadarm has since gone on permanent display at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa.[54][55][56]

In August 2015, NASA engineers removed a few of the tanks from Endeavour for reuse as storage containers for potable water on the International Space Station.[57]

California Science Center

Space Shuttle Endeavour on display inside the temporary pavilion in 2023

Endeavour was on display from October 30, 2012 to December 31, 2023 in a temporary structure at the California Science Center,[58] located in Exposition Park in South Los Angeles about two miles south of Downtown Los Angeles.[59] A companion exhibit, "Endeavour: The California Story", features images and artifacts that relate the Space Shuttle program to California , where the orbiters were originally constructed.[60]

The permanent home for Endeavour, the Samuel Oschin Air and Space Center at the California Science Center, is underway in which Endeavour will be attached to an external Space Shuttle fuel tank (the last mission-ready one in existence as all others were destroyed during launch) and two solid rocket boosters (SRBs) and raised in an upright position, as if Endeavour were to make one more flight. ET-94 underwent restoration after being used to analyze the foam on its sister tank, which was a factor in the failure of STS-107.[61] Originally slated to open in 2015, construction began on June 1, 2022.[62] In July 2023, assembly of the stack began with the aft skirts (bottom segments of the boosters) being precisely positioned on a concrete slab supported by six base isolators that will protect Endeavour from earthquakes.[63] Endeavour, the SRBs, and the external tank ET-94 were moved into their permanent position in January 2024.[64][65]

Legacy

Crew Dragon C206 Endeavour was named by Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken as a tribute to the Space Shuttle Endeavour.

Following their May 30, 2020, launch on board the SpaceX Crew Dragon Demo-2 vehicle, the crew announced in orbit that they had named their spacecraft Endeavour. Astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley said the name has a dual meaning: first, after the "incredible endeavor" put forth by SpaceX and NASA after the retirement of the Space Shuttle fleet in 2011; and second, because both Hurley and Behnken each flew their first flight aboard the shuttle Endeavour (Behnken on STS-123, Hurley on STS-127) and wanted to name this new spacecraft after the one that took each of them into space.[66] The shuttle appeared in the 2022 films Moonfall and Beavis and Butt-Head Do the Universe.

Replica

A replica of a section of Endeavour is on exhibit outside the Discovery Cube Orange County, a science museum in Santa Ana, California.[67]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Space Shuttle Overview: Endeavour (OV-105)". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/shuttleoperations/orbiters/endeavour-info.html. 
  2. ↑ "STS-49". NASA KSC. http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-49/mission-sts-49.html. 
  3. ↑ "Endeavour completes final mission; NASA has one left". CNN. June 1, 2011. http://edition.cnn.com/2011/US/06/01/nasa.endeavour.lands/. 
  4. ↑ "Consolidated Launch Manifest". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/iss_manifest.html. 
  5. ↑ "The Naming Of The Space Shuttle Endeavour". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/stseducation/stories/F_The_Naming_of_Space_Shuttle_Endeavour.html. 
  6. ↑ John F. Kennedy Space Center – Space Shuttle Endeavour . Pao.ksc.nasa.gov. Retrieved on May 20, 2012.
  7. ↑ "Shuttle's Name Misspelled On NASA Launch Pad Sign". WKMG-TV. http://www.local6.com/technology/13675075/detail.html. 
  8. ↑ 125,000 see Endeavour land: Satellite rescue highlights maiden trip. Daily Breeze. Retrieved on July 21, 2015.
  9. ↑ "Shuttle Orbiter Endeavour (OV-105)". NASA/KSC. http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/endeavour.html. 
  10. ↑ KSC, Elaine Marconi. "NASA – Space Shuttle Overview: Endeavour (OV-105)". http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/shuttleoperations/orbiters/endeavour-info.html. 
  11. ↑ "Vehicle Upgrades: Station-Shuttle Power Transfer System (SSPTS)". Boeing: Integrated Defense Systems. http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/returntoflight/vehicleupgrades/sspts.html. 
  12. ↑ "NASA Presolicitation Notice: Station-Shuttle Power Transfer System (SSPTS)". NASA. October 26, 2003. http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=10776. 
  13. ↑ "NASA's Space Shuttle Processing Status Report: S05-034". NASA. December 2, 2005. http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2005/dec/HQ_S05034_shuttle_status.html. 
  14. ↑ "OV-105 "Endeavour"" (in en-US). June 30, 2014. http://californiasciencecenter.org/exhibits/air-space/space-shuttle-endeavour/ov-105-endeavour. 
  15. ↑ "NASA Updates Shuttle Target Launch Dates For Final Two Flights". July 1, 2010. http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/jul/HQ_10-157_STS_Launch_Dates.html. 
  16. ↑ "NASA reschedules two final space shuttle launches". July 1, 2010. http://www.space-travel.com/reports/NASA_reschedules_two_final_space_shuttle_launches_999.html. 
  17. ↑ "Unmanned Russian cargo ship heads for space station". CNN. April 4, 2011. http://articles.cnn.com/2011-04-04/us/shuttle.endeavor.delay_1_russian-cargo-ship-international-space-station-insulation-foam?_s=PM:US. 
  18. ↑ "STS-134". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts134/main/index.html. 
  19. ↑ "Endeavour completes final mission; one flight left for NASA". CNN. June 1, 2011. http://edition.cnn.com/2011/US/06/01/nasa.endeavour.lands/. 
  20. ↑ Dunn, Marcia (January 6, 2011). "Endeavour's last landing sparks pride and sadness". NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/43228059. 
  21. ↑ Harwood, William (June 1, 2011). "Endeavour ends final mission with smooth landing; The Space Shot". CNET News. http://news.cnet.com/8301-19514_3-20067830-239.html. 
  22. ↑ "Space Shuttle Era Facts", NASA, July 5, 2011, https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/566250main_2011.07.05%20SHUTTLE%20ERA%20FACTS.pdf, retrieved August 2, 2016 
  23. ↑ "Soyuz TMA-20 captures historic photography prior to perfect landing". May 23, 2011. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/05/soyuz-tma-20-historic-photographic-event-landing/. 
  24. ↑ "Next-to-last space shuttle flight lands on Earth". Deseret News. June 1, 2011. https://www.deseret.com/2011/6/1/20195388/next-to-last-space-shuttle-flight-lands-on-earth. 
  25. ↑ "STS-135: The Final Voyage". July 27, 2011. https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts135/launch/sts-135_mission-overview.html. 
  26. ↑ "Space Shuttle Mission STS-122". Nasa.gov. May 24, 2009. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/main/index.html. 
  27. ↑ NASA (November 30, 2008). "NASA RSS archive". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/main/rss_feed_above_snip_collection_archive_1.html. 
  28. ↑ Bergin, Chris (November 30, 2008). "Endeavour lands at Edwards to conclude STS-126". NASASpaceflight.com. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2008/11/endeavour-lands-at-edwards-to-conclude-sts-126/. 
  29. ↑ "NASA's Shuttle and Rocket Launch Schedule". Nasa.gov. http://www.nasa.gov/missions/highlights/schedule.html. 
  30. ↑ "STS-127 MCC Status Report No. 32". NASA. July 31, 2009. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts127/news/STS-127-32.html. 
  31. ↑ "ISS Assembly missions". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/iss_assembly.html. 
  32. ↑ "KSC Names Two Space Shuttle Flow Directors". http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/status/r5-91.ksc. 
  33. ↑ KSC, Kay Grinter. "NASA – Biography of Tassos Abadiotakis". http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/about/biographies/abadiotakis.html. 
  34. ↑ Regan, KSC: Rebecca. "NASA – Biography of Ken Tenbusch" (in en). https://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/about/biographies/tenbusch.html. 
  35. ↑ "NASA – Dana M. Hutcherson, Launch Vehicle Systems Office Deputy Manager, NASA's Commercial Crew Program". http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/about/biographies/hutcherson.html. 
  36. ↑ Simon, Richard (August 14, 2010). "With shuttles becoming museum pieces, cities vie to land one". Los Angeles Times. https://articles.latimes.com/2010/aug/14/nation/la-na-space-shuttle-20100815. 
  37. ↑ "Discovery's Final Home 'Up In The Air'". United Press International. November 1, 2010. http://www.upi.com/Science_News/2010/11/01/Discoverys-final-home-up-in-the-air/UPI-15431288644749/. 
  38. ↑ Douglas Stanglin (April 12, 2011). "NYC, L.A., Kennedy Space Center, Smithsonian to get the 4 retired space shuttles". USA Today. http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2011/04/kennedy-space-center-air-and-space-museum-likely-to-get-2-of-the-4-retiring-shuttle-vehicles/1. 
  39. ↑ Richard Simon (April 12, 2012). "Delivering the space shuttles is tougher than you think". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-shuttle-delivery-20120411,0,7851736.story. 
  40. ↑ "Space shuttle Endeavour route, street closures & viewing areas". ABC7 News. http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/feature?section=news/local&id=8842882. 
  41. ↑ Kate Mather; Adolfo Flores; Marisa Geber; Andrew Khouri; Ken Weiss (October 13, 2012). "Space shuttle Endeavour rolls on toward its new home". Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/10/space-shuttle-endeavour-rolls-on-toward-its-new-home.html. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Anton, Mike (September 16, 2012). "Shuttle Endeavour's final journey is carefully choreographed". https://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-shuttle-transport-20120916-story.html. 
  43. ↑ Timon Singh (September 9, 2012). "400 Trees Cut Down to Make Way For Space Shuttle Endeavour's Los Angeles Arrival". Inhabitat – Sustainable Design Innovation, Eco Architecture, Green Building. http://inhabitat.com/400-trees-cut-down-to-make-way-for-space-shuttle-endeavours-los-angeles-arrival. 
  44. ↑ CBS News (October 14, 2012). "Space shuttle Endeavour's slow commute through Los Angeles". CBS News Los Angeles. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IPz52Bo5t7k. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 "Space Shuttle Endeavour homepage". California Science Center. 2012. http://www.californiasciencecenter.org/Exhibits/AirAndSpace/endeavour/endeavour.php. 
  46. ↑ Neal Morton (October 13, 2012). "Shuttle Endeavour hitches a ride with S.A. truck". San Antonio Express-News. http://www.mysanantonio.com/default/article/Shuttle-Endeavour-hitches-a-ride-with-S-A-truck-3944110.php. 
  47. ↑ Allyson Harwood (October 15, 2012). "How a 2012 Toyota Tundra Towed the Space Shuttle Endeavour". Motor Trend's Truck Trend. http://www.trucktrend.com/features/news/2012/163_news121015_2012_toyota_tundra_tows_endeavour/. 
  48. ↑ "Endeavour Arrives at California Science Center". NBC News Los Angeles. October 14, 2012. http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/Thousands-Watch-as-Shuttle-Nears-California-Science-Center-Endeavour-174096871.html. 
  49. ↑ Lin II, Rong-Gong; Campa, Andrew J. (2022-06-01). "Space shuttle Endeavour is getting its own grand museum in L.A., displayed in launch position" (in en-US). Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-06-01/endeavour-space-shuttle-california-science-center-groundbreaking. 
  50. ↑ Wisdom, McKenzie (2022-06-09). "Groundbreaking at California Science Center's Samuel Oschin Air and Space Center" (in en-US). https://www.mattconstruction.com/blog/non-profit/groundbreaking-at-california-science-centers-samuel-oschin-air-and-space-center/. 
  51. ↑ Canadian Space Agency. The Canadarm Is Returning Home , Montreal: Canadian Space Agency press release, July 16, 2012. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
  52. ↑ Canadian Space Agency Requests Proposals To Display Canadarm At St. Hubert Headquarters, SpaceRefCanada website. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
  53. ↑ "Endeavour's Canadarm coming home". CBC. April 12, 2011. http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/story/2011/04/12/technology-canadarm-endeavour-shuttle.html. 
  54. ↑ Andy Johnson (May 2, 2013). "Unveiling exhibit, Hadfield sends first Canadarm 'last command' from space". CTV News. http://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/unveiling-exhibit-hadfield-sends-first-canadarm-last-command-from-space-1.1263958. 
  55. ↑ Elizabeth Howell (May 2, 2013). "Space Shuttle's Robotic Arm Goes on Display at Canadian Museum". Space.com. http://www.space.com/20949-space-shuttle-canadarm-museum-exhibit.html. 
  56. ↑ Canadian Space Agency (May 2, 2013). "Minister Moore Unveils Exhibit for Canada's National Space Icon: the Canadarm". Canadian Space Agency. http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/media/news_releases/2013/0502.asp. 
  57. ↑ "Tanks from retired shuttle Endeavour will be used for water storage on space station". U.S. News & World Report. August 19, 2015. https://www.usnews.com/news/science/news/articles/2015/08/19/tanks-from-retired-shuttle-endeavour-going-to-space-station?int=aa3609. 
  58. ↑ Pearlman, Robert Z. (2023-12-31). "End of year, end of exhibit: Space shuttle Endeavour goes off view for a few years" (in en). https://www.space.com/space-shuttle-endeavour-exhibit-closing-california-science-center. 
  59. ↑ Lin II, Rong-Gong (October 9, 2014). "Space shuttle Endeavour inches closer to completion of final exhibit". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-endeavour-lab-20141010-story.html. 
  60. ↑ "Welcome to the California Science Center". California Science Center. http://www.californiasciencecenter.org. 
  61. ↑ Branson-Potts, Hailey (April 10, 2016). "Last flight-qualified space shuttle fuel tank in existence begins its journey to L.A.". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-0411-space-shuttle-tank-20160411-story.html. 
  62. ↑ Lin II, Rong-Gong; Campa, Andrew J. (June 1, 2022). "Space shuttle Endeavour is getting its own grand museum in L.A., displayed in launch position". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-06-01/endeavour-space-shuttle-california-science-center-groundbreaking. 
  63. ↑ "California Science Center starts complex process to display Space Shuttle Endeavour vertically" (in en-US). KTLA. Associated Press. 2023-07-20. https://ktla.com/news/local-news/ap-california-science-center-starts-complex-process-to-display-space-shuttle-endeavour-vertically/. 
  64. ↑ Lin II, Rong-Gong (2024-01-02). "Space shuttle Endeavour's giant orange external tank begins final journey" (in en-US). Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2024-01-02/space-shuttle-endeavours-giant-orange-external-tank-begins-final-journey. 
  65. ↑ Campa, Andrew J.; Lin II, Rong-Gong (2024-01-12). "Mission accomplished: Space shuttle Endeavour's giant orange fuel tank moved into viewing spot in L.A." (in en-US). https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2024-01-12/shuttle-endeavours-giant-orange-fuel-tank-lifted-but-winds-delay-final-placement. 
  66. ↑ Boyle, Alan. "Crew Dragon's astronauts give their SpaceX spaceship a storied name: Endeavour". https://www.geekwire.com/2020/crew-dragons-astronauts-give-spacex-capsule-storied-name-endeavour/. 
  67. ↑ Larry Evans (June 2, 2005). "Have Shuttle, Will Travel: Endeavour Takes Shape at Discovery Science Center" (in en). https://www.space.com/1158-shuttle-travel-endeavour-takes-shape-discovery-science-center.html. 

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