Engineering:Long March 5

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Short description: Chinese heavy lift rocket
Long March 5
Long March 5 launching Yaogan-41.jpg
Long March 5 launch carrying Yaogan-41.
FunctionHeavy-lift launch vehicle
ManufacturerCALT
Country of originChina
Cost per launch~US$70 million [1]
Size
Height56.97 m (186.9 ft)
Diameter5 m (16 ft)
Mass854,500 kg (1,883,900 lb)
Stages2
Payload to LEO25,000 kg (55,000 lb) [2][3]
Payload to GTO14,000 kg (31,000 lb) [2][3]
Payload to TLI8,800–9,400 kg (19,400–20,700 lb)
Payload to GEO5,100 kg (11,200 lb)
Payload to SSO15,000 kg (33,000 lb)
Payload to SSO6,700 kg (14,800 lb)
Payload to MEO13,000 kg (29,000 lb)
Payload to TMI6,000 kg (13,000 lb)
Associated rockets
FamilyLong March
Comparable
Launch history
StatusActive
Launch sitesWenchang, LC-1
Total launches
10
  • CZ-5: 6
  • CZ-5B: 4
Successes
9
  • CZ-5: 5
  • CZ-5B: 4
Failures
1 (CZ-5)
First flight
  • Long March 5: 3 November 2016[4]
  • Long March 5B: 5 May 2020[5]
Last flight
  • Long March 5: 15 December 2023
  • Long March 5B: 31 October 2022
Notable payloadsNext-generation crewed spacecraft, Chang'e 5, Tianwen 1, Tianhe, Wentian, Mengtian
Boosters – CZ-5-300
No. boosters4
Length27.6 m (91 ft)
Diameter3.35 m (11.0 ft)
Gross mass156,600 kg (345,200 lb)
Propellant mass142,800 kg (314,800 lb)
Engines2 YF-100
ThrustSea level: 2,400 kN (540,000 lbf)
Vacuum: 2,680 kN (600,000 lbf)
Total thrust9,600 kN (2,200,000 lbf)
Specific impulseSea level: 300 s (2.9 km/s)
Vacuum: 335.1 s (3.286 km/s)
Burn time173 seconds
FuelRP-1 / LOX
First stage – CZ-5-500
Length33.16 m (108.8 ft)
Diameter5 m (16 ft)
Gross mass186,900 kg (412,000 lb)
Propellant mass165,300 kg (364,400 lb)
Engines2 YF-77
ThrustSea level: 1,036 kN (233,000 lbf)
Vacuum: 1,400 kN (310,000 lbf)
Specific impulseSea level: 316.7 s (3.106 km/s)
Vacuum: 428 s (4.20 km/s)
Burn time492 seconds
FuelLH2 / LOX
Second stage (CZ-5) – CZ-5-HO
Length11.54 m (37.9 ft)
Diameter5 m (16 ft)
Gross mass36,000 kg (79,000 lb)
Propellant mass29,100 kg (64,200 lb)
Engines2 YF-75D
Thrust176.72 kN (39,730 lbf)
Specific impulse442.6 s (4.340 km/s)
Burn time700 seconds
FuelLH2 / LOX
Third stage – YZ-2 (Optional)
Diameter3.8 m (12 ft)
Engines2 YF-50D
Thrust13 kN (2,900 lbf)
Specific impulse316 s (3.10 km/s)
Burn time1105 seconds
FuelN2O4 / UDMH

Long March 5 (LM-5; Chinese: 长征五号; pinyin: Chángzhēng wǔ hào), or Changzheng 5 (CZ-5), and also by its nickname "Pang-Wu" (胖五, "Fat-Five"),[6] is a Chinese heavy-lift launch vehicle developed by the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT). It is the first Chinese launch vehicle designed to use exclusively non-hypergolic liquid propellants.[7] It is the fifth iteration of the Long March rocket family.

There are currently two CZ-5 variants: CZ-5 and CZ-5B. The maximum payload capacities are approximately 25,000 kg (55,000 lb) to low Earth orbit[8] (for CZ-5B) and approximately 14,000 kg (31,000 lb) to geostationary transfer orbit (for CZ-5).[9]

The Long March 5 roughly matches the capabilities of American NSSL heavy-lift launch vehicles such as the Delta IV Heavy. It is currently the most powerful member of the Long March rocket family and the world's fourth most powerful orbital launch vehicle currently in operation, trailing the Delta IV Heavy, Falcon Heavy, and the Space Launch System.[10]

The first CZ-5 launched from Wenchang Space Launch Site on 3 November 2016 and placed its payload in a suboptimal but workable initial orbit. The second CZ-5 rocket, launched on 2 July 2017, failed due to an engine problem in the first stage.[11]

After an interval of almost two and a half years, the Long March 5 successfully returned to flight with its third launch on 27 December 2019, which placed the experimental Shijian-20 communications satellite into geostationary transfer orbit, thereby paving the way for the ultimately successful launch of the Tianwen 1 Mars mission, the lunar Chang'e 5 sample-return mission, and the modular space station,[5] all of which required the lift capacity of a heavy lift launch vehicle.

History

Rendering of Long March 5 and 5B
Rendering of Long March 5 and 5B

Proposal and development

Since 2010, Long March launches (all versions) have made up 15–25% of the global launch totals. Growing domestic demand for launch services has also allowed China's state launch provider to maintain a healthy manifest. Additionally, China had been able to secure some international launch contracts by offering package deals that bundle launch vehicles with Chinese satellites, thereby circumventing the effects of U.S. embargo.[12]

China's main objective for initiating the new CZ-5 program in 2007 was in anticipation of its future requirement for larger LEO and GTO payload capacities during the next 20–30 years period. Formal approval of the Long March 5 program occurred in 2007 following two decades of feasibility studies when funding was finally granted by the Chinese government. At the time, the new rocket was expected to be manufactured at a facility in Tianjin, a coastal city near Beijing,[8] while launch was expected to occur at the new Wenchang Space Launch Site in the southernmost island province of Hainan.[8]

In July 2012, a new 1200 kN thrust LOX/kerosene engine to be used on the Long March 5 boosters was test-fired by China.[9][13]

The first photos of a CZ-5, undergoing tests, were released in March 2015.[14]

The first production CZ-5 was shipped from the port of Tianjin in North China to Wenchang Space Launch Site on Hainan Island on 20 September 2015 for launch rehearsals.[15]

The maiden flight of the CZ-5 was initially scheduled for 2014, but this subsequently slipped to 2016.[16]

The final production and testing of the first CZ-5 rocket to be launched into orbit were completed at its Tianjin manufacturing facility on or about 16 August 2016 and the various segments of the rocket were shipped to the launch center on Hainan island shortly thereafter.[17]

Early flights

The launch was planned to take place at around 10:00 UTC on 3 November 2016, but several issues, involving an oxygen vent and chilling of the engines, were detected during the preparation, causing a delay of nearly three hours. The final countdown was interrupted three times due to problems with the flight control computer and the tracking software.[18] The rocket finally launched at 12:43 UTC.[19]

The second launch on 2 July 2017 experienced an anomaly shortly after launch and was switched to an alternate, gentler trajectory. However, it was declared a failure 45 minutes into the flight.[20][21] Investigations revealed the source of the second flight's failure to be located in one of the core stage's YF-77 engines (specifically, in the oxidizer's turbo-pump).[5]

The Y3 mission of the Long March 5 program was launched on 27 December 2019, at about 12:45 UTC from the Wenchang Space Launch Site in Hainan, China . CASC declared the mission a success within an hour of launch, after the Shijian-20 communications satellite was placed in geostationary transfer orbit, thus marking the Long March 5 program's return to flight.[5]

Introduction of Long March 5B

The fourth flight of the Long March 5 program also marked the debut of the CZ-5B variant. This variant retains the base Long March 5's core stage and its four strap-on boosters; however, the CZ-5's second stage (with 2 YF-75D engines) has been removed from the CZ-5B. This variant is used to launch heavy low Earth orbit payloads such as components of the Tiangong space station. The 5B variant may also be considered for launching satellite constellations in the future using the Yuanzheng upper stage.[22]

The first flight of the 5B variant ("Y1 mission") carried an uncrewed prototype of China's future deep space crewed spacecraft, and, as a secondary payload, the Flexible Inflatable Cargo Re-entry Vehicle. The Y1 mission was launched on 5 May 2020, at 10:00 UTC from the Wenchang Space Launch Site in Hainan Island. CASC declared the launch a success after the payloads were placed in low Earth orbit.[23][24]

The flight's secondary payload, the experimental cargo return craft, malfunctioned during its return to Earth on 6 May 2020.[25] Nevertheless, the return capsule of the prototype next-generation crewed spacecraft, the flight's primary payload, successfully landed in north China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region at 05:49 UTC, on 8 May 2020. The prototype spacecraft flew in orbit for two days and 19 hours and carried out a series of successful experiments and technological verifications.[26] The Y1 mission's core stage may have been the most massive object to make an uncontrolled re-entry since the Soviet Union's Salyut 7 space station in 1991 and the United States' Skylab in 1979, excluding the failed controlled reentry of Space Shuttle Columbia over populated areas of the Continental United States in 2003.[27][lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2]

Space station construction

Long March 5B was the workhorse during the Tiangong space station construction. The second Long March 5B mission was the launch of Tianhe core module, the first component of the Chinese space station.[30]

Design and specifications

The YF-100 and YF-77 engines used by Long March 5.

The chief designer of CZ-5 is Li Dong (Chinese: 李东) of the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT). The CZ-5 family includes three primary modular core stages of 5.2-m diameter (maximum). The vehicle's total length is 60.5 meters and its weight at launch is 643 tons, with a thrust of 833.8 tons. Boosters of various capabilities and diameters ranging from 2.25 meters to 3.35 meters would be assembled from three modular core stages and strap-on stages. The first stage and boosters would have a choice of engines that use different liquid rocket propellants: 1200 kN thrust LOX / kerosene engines or 1550 kN thrust LOX / LH2. The upper stage would use improved versions of the YF-75 engine.

Engine development began in 2000–2001, with testing directed by the China National Space Administration (CNSA) commencing in 2005. Versions of both new engines, the YF-100 and the YF-77, had been successfully tested by mid-2007.[citation needed]

The CZ-5 series can deliver ~23 tonnes of payload to LEO or ~14 tonnes of payload to GTO (geosynchronous transfer orbit).[31] The CZ-5 launch vehicle would consist of a 5.0-m diameter core stage and four 3.35-m diameter strap-on boosters, which would be able to send a ~22 tonne payload to low Earth orbit (LEO).

Six CZ-5 variants were originally planned,[32][33] but the light variants were cancelled in favor of CZ-6 and CZ-7 family launch vehicles.[citation needed]

Active[31][34]
Version CZ-5 CZ-5B
Boosters 4 × (CZ-5-300, 2 × YF-100) 4 × (CZ-5-300, 2 × YF-100)
First stage CZ-5-500, 2 × YF-77 CZ-5-500, 2 × YF-77
Second stage CZ-5-HO, 2 × YF-75D —
Third stage (optional) Yuanzheng-2 —
Thrust (at ground) 10.62 MN 10.62 MN
Launch weight 854,500 kg 837,500 kg [35]
Height 56.97 m 53.66 m
Payload (LEO 200 km) — ~25,000 kg [36]
Payload (GTO) 14,000 kg [36] —
Proposed[36][8]
Version CZ-5-200 CZ-5-320 CZ-5-522 CZ-5-540
Boosters — 2 × CZ-5-200, YF-100 2 × CZ-5-200, YF-100; 2 × CZ-5-300, 2 × YF-100 4 × CZ-5-200, YF-100
First stage CZ-5-200, YF-100 CZ-5-300, 2 × YF-100 CZ-5-500, 2 × YF-77 CZ-5-500, 2 × YF-77
Second stage CZ-YF-73, YF-73 CZ-5-KO, CZ-5-HO, 2 × YF-75D CZ-5-HO, 2 × YF-75D
Third stage (not used for LEO) — CZ-5-HO, YF-75 — —
Thrust (at ground) 1.34 MN 7.2 MN 8.24 MN 5.84 MN
Launch weight 82,000 kg 420,000 kg 630,000 kg 470,000 kg
Height (maximal) 33 m 55 m 58 m 53 m
Payload (LEO 200 km) 1500 kg 10,000 kg 20,000 kg 10,000 kg
Payload (GTO) — 6000 kg 11,000 kg 6000 kg

Space debris concerns

Launching Tianhe Core Module on Long March 5B-Y2
Further information: List of space debris fall incidents

The first stage of the Long March 5B variant, which can reach orbital velocity and weighs 21.6 tonnes, currently lacks the capability for controlled atmospheric re-entry, meaning that debris could cause damage on the ground upon re-entry.[37] Without modification, it is expected all LEO launches of the Long March 5B will result in uncontrolled re-entries.[38][39]

The 5B is the specific variant in concern due to its unique LEO configuration. The core rocket stage (first stage) is launched directly into orbit,[40] which also unusually serves as the upper stage to perform payload insertion.[41] Typically, the rocket's first stage never reaches orbital velocity, while the smaller upper stage will usually burn up in the atmosphere during re-entry. However, Long March 5B's first and upper stage is combined into one, making the mitigation effort more difficult.[41]

Potential solutions include restarting engines during re-entry to reduce speed and collision probability, as the case for Long March 2D. China has also developed grid fins on other Long March variants to steer stages during re-entry.[42] However, Long March 5B has yet to demonstrate these capabilities.[41]

The debris found at Ivory Coast in May 2022 was reportedly the remains of the first Long March 5B launch (5B-Y1).[43][44] Although the probability of rocket debris hitting populated areas is mathematically minuscule, some scientists fear the lax attitude of many countries could eventually result in casualties.[45]

Responding to the criticism, CNSA claimed they had conducted measures to ensure safe re-entries. Xu Yansong, former director for international cooperation at the China National Space Administration (CNSA), told the audience on the CNSA live stream for 5B-Y3 that the re-entry process was improved with the "passivation process" (Chinese: 钝化处理[46]), and the core stage was specially designed with lighter materials so the vast majority of components will be ablated during the re-entry.[47][48] Before the launch of 5B-Y4, Liu Bing, deputy director-designer of the Long March 5B, told journalists that "an elaborative evaluation" was performed on the 5B to enable safe re-entry, though no details regarding the improved re-entry procedure were revealed.[49]

The core stage of the Long March 5B-Y3 re-entered Earth's atmosphere on 30 July 2022 over the Indian and Pacific oceans.[44] The debris of 5B-Y4 fell down in south-central Pacific Ocean on 4 November 2022.[50]

Launch statistics

Rockets in the Long March 5 family currently have accumulated a total of 10 launches (As of December 2023). Of these, 9 were successful with a single failed launch. The cumulative success rate is 90%.

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List of launches

For a more comprehensive list, see Engineering:List of Long March launches.
Flight No. Date (UTC) Variant Launch site Upper stage Photo Payload Orbit Result
Y1 3 November 2016
12:43 		5 Wenchang, LC-1 YZ-2 Long March 5 rolling out at WSLS.jpg Shijian 17 GTO Success
Y2 2 July 2017
11:23 		5 Wenchang, LC-1 None 长征五号遥二火箭转场.jpg Shijian 18 GTO Failure
Y3 27 December 2019
12:45 		5 Wenchang, LC-1 None Shijian-20 launch.jpg Shijian 20 GTO Success
5B-Y1 5 May 2020
10:00 [24][51] 		5B Wenchang, LC-1 None File:2020年5月5日 长征五号B火箭首飞成功 拉开中国空间站在轨建造任务序幕.webm Next-generation crewed spacecraft LEO Success
Y4 23 July 2020
04:41 [52] 		5 Wenchang, LC-1 None Tianwen-1 launch 04 (cropped).jpg Tianwen-1 Mars orbiter, lander, rover and a group of cubesat cameras TMI Success
Y5 23 November 2020
20:30 [53] 		5 Wenchang, LC-1 None Launch of Chang'e 5.png Chang'e 5, lunar sample-return TLI Success
5B-Y2 29 April 2021
03:23:15 [54] 		5B Wenchang, LC-1 None Launch of Tianhe Core Module 2 (Cropped).jpg Tianhe, Chinese space station core module LEO Success
5B-Y3 24 July 2022
06:22:32 [55][56] 		5B Wenchang, LC-1 None Wentian launched from Wenchang.jpg Wentian, Chinese space station experiment module 1 LEO Success
5B-Y4 31 October 2022
07:37:23 [57] 		5B Wenchang, LC-1 None Mengtian launch.jpg Mengtian, Chinese space station experiment module 2 LEO Success
Y6 15 December 2023
13:41[58] 		5 Wenchang, LC-1 None Yaogan-41 launch.jpg Yaogan 41 GTO Success
Y7 May 2024[59] 5 Wenchang, LC-1 None Chang'e 6, lunar sample-return from far side of the Moon TLI Planned
5B-Y? 2024 5B Wenchang, LC-1 YZ-2 Guowang LEO Planned
2024 5 Wenchang, LC-1 None Shensuo (Interstellar Express) (IHP-1) HCO Planned
5B-Y? 2025[60][61] 5B Wenchang, LC-1 None Xuntian LEO Planned
late 2026[62] 5 Wenchang, LC-1 None Chang'e 7, Lunar Antarctic Comprehensive Exploration Mission TLI Planned
2028[63] 5 Wenchang, LC-1 None Chang'e 8, Scientific exploration test, lunar surface test

Verification for the construction of lunar scientific research base

TLI Planned
2028[64] 5 Wenchang, LC-1 None Tianwen-3, Mars sample-return mission TMI Planned
September 2029[65] 5 Wenchang, LC-1 None Tianwen-4, Jupiter orbiter and Uranus flyby probe HCO Planned

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ A piece of debris up to 12-meters long, possibly originating from the reentry of the CZ-5B core stage from this launch, was found in the Ivory Coast's village of Mahounou on about 11 or 12 May 2020.[28]
  2. ↑ The core stage of the CZ-5B Y2 mission also attained enough velocity to remain in low but declining Earth orbit for over a week, as did the core stage for the CZ-5B Y1 mission; the CZ-5B Y2 mission's core stage eventually reentered Earth's atmosphere many kilometers above the Arabian Peninsula during the early morning hours of 9 May 2021 (UTC) with a possible debris impact location off the Maldives in the Indian Ocean.[29]

References

  1. ↑ "A top-secret Chinese spy satellite just launched on a supersized rocket". 16 December 2023. https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/12/a-top-secret-chinese-spy-satellite-just-launched-on-a-super-sized-rocket//. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mu, Xuequan. "China's largest carrier rocket Long March-5 makes new flight". http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-12/27/c_138662139.htm. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lifang. "China to launch Long March-5B rocket in 2019". http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-03/05/c_137017712.htm. 
  4. ↑ Barbosa, Rui C. (3 November 2016). "China conducts Long March 5 maiden launch". https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/11/china-long-march-5-maiden-launch/. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Jones, Andrew. "Successful Long March 5 launch opens way for China's major space plans". https://spacenews.com/successful-long-march-5-launch-opens-way-for-chinas-major-space-plans/. 
  6. ↑ 澎湃新闻记者, 张静-王心馨 (2019-12-27). ""胖五"到底有多牛？一图了解". https://news.sina.cn/2019-12-27/detail-iihnzahk0430570.d.html. "时隔两年，“胖五”再出征，剑指苍穹！冲破云霄后，这枚采用超过200项核心关键新技术、新技术比例几乎达100%的火箭，未来将承担载人空间站、嫦娥五号月球探测器、火星探测器等一系列我国重大航天发射任务。" 
  7. ↑ "Chinese Long March 5 rocket". AirForceWorld.com. 12 June 2015. http://www.airforceworld.com/a/20150408/490.html. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "Long March 5 Will Have World's Second Largest Carrying Capacity". Space Daily. Xinhua. 4 March 2009. https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Long_March_5_Will_Have_World_Second_Largest_Carrying_Capacity_999.html. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "China Tests Powerful Rocket Engine for New Booster". Space.com. 30 July 2012. http://www.space.com/16814-china-engine-test-long-march-5-rocket.html. 
  10. ↑ Mosher, Dave (27 December 2019). "China's wildly ambitious future in space just got a big boost with the successful launch of its new heavy-lift rocket". https://www.businessinsider.com/china-long-march-5-test-launch-success-moon-mars-missions-2019-12. 
  11. ↑ Foust, Jeff (2 July 2017). "Long March 5 launch fails". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/long-march-5-launch-fails/. 
  12. ↑ Henry, Caleb (August 22, 2017). "Back-to-back commercial satellite wins leave China Great Wall hungry for more". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/back-to-back-commercial-satellite-wins-leave-china-great-wall-hungry-for-more/. 
  13. ↑ Additional engine test-firings took place in July 2013.David, Leonard (15 July 2013). "China Long March 5 Rocket Engine Test". Space.com. http://www.space.com/21957-china-rocket-engine-test-space-station.html. "Chinese Rocket Engine Test a Big Step for Space Station Project" 
  14. ↑ Errymath. "First released picture of Long March 5 (CZ-5) Heavy Rocket". http://errymath.blogspot.com/2015/03/first-released-picture-of-long-march-5.html. 
  15. ↑ "China to rehearse new carrier rocket for lunar mission". Xinhua News Agency. 2015-09-20. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-09/20/c_134642723.htm. 
  16. ↑ spaceflightnow , accessed 30 September 2016
  17. ↑ "Chinese Long March 5 rocket ready to launch". AirForceWorld.com. 17 August 2015. http://www.airforceworld.com/a/20160819/3187.html. 
  18. ↑ 罪恶大天使 (4 November 2016). "长征五号首飞纪实" (in zh). https://www.weibo.com/ttarticle/p/show?id=2309404038022592094692. 
  19. ↑ "China launches Long March 5, one of the world's most powerful rockets". Spaceflight Now. 3 November 2016. http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/11/03/china-launches-long-march-5-one-of-the-worlds-most-powerful-rockets/. 
  20. ↑ "Chinese rocket launch fails after liftoff". CNN. 3 July 2017. http://edition.cnn.com/2017/07/02/asia/china-rocket-launch/index.html. 
  21. ↑ Barbosa, Rui C. (2 July 2017). "Long March 5 suffers failure with Shijian-18 launch". NASASpaceFlight. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/07/long-march-5-lofts-shijian-18/. 
  22. ↑ @CNSpaceflight. "Deputy designer of Long March 5B says CZ5B is not only for launches of Tiangong modules, but also launches of constellation sats in future with Yuanzheng upper stage. That would be a lot and I'm curious how the core stage will be dealt with, hopefully they won't enter orbit.". https://twitter.com/CNSpaceflight/status/1584959475265703937.  Missing or empty |date= (help)
  23. ↑ Clark, Stephen (5 May 2020). "China's first Long March 5B rocket launches on crew capsule test flight". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/05/05/chinas-first-long-march-5b-rocket-launches-on-crew-capsule-test-flight/. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Clark, Stephen (24 January 2020). "Prototypes for new Chinese crew capsule and space station arrive at launch site". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/01/24/prototypes-for-new-chinese-crew-capsule-and-space-station-arrive-at-launch-site//. 
  25. ↑ Clark, Stephen (6 May 2020). "Experimental Chinese cargo return capsule malfunctions during re-entry". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/05/06/experimental-chinese-cargo-return-capsule-malfunctions-during-re-entry/. 
  26. ↑ "China Focus: Return capsule of China's experimental manned spaceship comes back successfully". Xinhua. 8 May 2020. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-05/08/c_139041254.htm. 
  27. ↑ Clark, Stephen (9 May 2020). "U.S. military tracking unguided re-entry of large Chinese rocket". https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/05/09/u-s-military-tracking-large-chinese-rocket-reentry/. 
  28. ↑ "An out-of-control Chinese rocket may have dumped debris in Africa after falling from space". 13 May 2020. https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/13/21256484/china-rocket-debris-africa-uncontrolled-reentry-long-march-5b. 
  29. ↑ Jones, Andrew. "Successful Long March 5B falls into Indian Ocean after world follows rocket reentry". https://spacenews.com/long-march-5b-falls-into-indian-ocean-after-world-follows-rocket-reentry/. 
  30. ↑ Jones, Andrew (18 February 2021). "China assembling rocket to launch first space station module". https://spacenews.com/china-assembling-rocket-to-launch-first-space-station-module/. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Xiang, Meng; Tongyu, Li. "The New Generation Launch Vehicles In China". International Astronautical Federation (FIA). http://www.iafastro.net/download/congress/IAC-14/DVD/full/IAC-14/D2/1/manuscripts/IAC-14,D2,1,11,x20929.pdf.  [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  32. ↑ Harvey, Brian (2013). China in Space: The Great Leap Forward. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 364. ISBN 978-1-4614-5043-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=hZBAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA364. Retrieved 6 May 2021. 
  33. ↑ Zhao, Lei (21 April 2016). "6 versions of Long March 5 rocket inworks". http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-04/21/content_24714283.htm. 
  34. ↑ Qin, Tong; Xu, Lijie; Li, Pingqi; Liu, Jiajia. "Development of China's New Generation Launch Vehicles". Space Science Activities in China – National report 2016-2018. http://english.cssar.cas.cn/ns/NU/201809/W020180906583001107643.pdf. 
  35. ↑ "La Chine lance une fusée porteuse Longue Marche-5B" (in fr). http://french.peopledaily.com.cn/n3/2020/0506/c31357-9687050.html. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Kyle, Ed. "CZ-5 Data Sheet". http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/cz5.html. 
  37. ↑ Shepherd, Christian (2022-07-25). "Debris from China rocket launch to crash-land — and no one knows where". The Washington Post (Washington, D.C.). ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 1330888409. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/07/25/china-launches-rocket-space-station-tiangong/. 
  38. ↑ Clark, Stephen (10 May 2021). "NASA chief criticizes China for uncontrolled rocket re-entry". https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/05/10/nasa-chief-criticizes-china-for-uncontrolled-rocket-re-entry/. 
  39. ↑ Rabie, Passant (26 October 2022). "Another Problematic Launch Expected as China Seeks to Complete Its Space Station". https://gizmodo.com/problematic-rocket-launch-expected-china-space-station-1849705767. 
  40. ↑ Jones, Andrew (30 April 2021). "Huge rocket looks set for uncontrolled re-entry following Chinese space station launch". https://spacenews.com/huge-rocket-looks-set-for-uncontrolled-reentry-following-chinese-space-station-launch/. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 Jones, Andrew (26 July 2022). "Massive Long March 5B booster predicted to re-enter on July 31". https://spacenews.com/massive-long-march-5b-booster-predicted-to-reenter-on-july-31/. 
  42. ↑ Beil, Adrian (30 October 2022). "China to launch Mengtian science module to Tiangong space station". https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/10/china-launch-mengtian/. 
  43. ↑ Tingley, Brett (4 November 2022). "Whew! 23-ton Chinese rocket debris falls to Earth over Pacific Ocean". https://www.space.com/china-long-march-5b-rocket-falls-into-pacific-ocean. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "Long March 5B: Debris from Chinese rocket falls back to Earth". BBC News. 29 July 2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-62333546. 
  45. ↑ Barr, Kyle (11 July 2022). "Deaths From Falling Rocket Debris Are Highly Unlikely—but That's Changing". https://gizmodo.com/falling-rocket-parts-more-likely-to-cause-deaths-1849165671. 
  46. ↑ "中国："长征五号"碎片造成危害的概率极低" (in zh). Deutsche Welle. 5 July 2021. https://www.dw.com/zh/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%95%BF%E5%BE%81%E4%BA%94%E5%8F%B7%E7%A2%8E%E7%89%87%E9%80%A0%E6%88%90%E5%8D%B1%E5%AE%B3%E7%9A%84%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%9E%81%E4%BD%8E/a-57464784. 
  47. ↑ Grush, Loren (28 July 2022). "It's time for another round of anxiety over a Chinese rocket booster falling back to Earth". https://www.theverge.com/2022/7/28/23280497/china-long-march-5b-uncontrolled-rocket-reentry. 
  48. ↑ "中国驳回对其运载火箭残骸的安全警告" (in zh). Deutsche Welle. 6 May 2021. https://www.dw.com/zh/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%A9%B3%E5%9B%9E%E5%AF%B9%E5%85%B6%E8%BF%90%E8%BD%BD%E7%81%AB%E7%AE%AD%E6%AE%8B%E9%AA%B8%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E8%AD%A6%E5%91%8A/a-57450895. 
  49. ↑ David, Leonard (28 October 2022). "Chinese launch next week will set the stage for another big space-junk crash". https://www.space.com/china-long-march-rocket-fall-mengtian-launch. 
  50. ↑ Wattles, Jackie (4 November 2022). "China's rocket booster falls from space, crash lands in the Pacific Ocean". https://edition.cnn.com/2022/11/04/world/china-rocket-booster-long-march-reentry-scn/index.html. 
  51. ↑ Pietrobon, Steven (30 January 2019). "Chinese Launch Manifest". http://www.sworld.com.au/steven/space/china-man.txt. 
  52. ↑ Jones, Andrew (23 July 2020). "Tianwen-1 launches for Mars, marking dawn of Chinese interplanetary exploration". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/tianwen-1-launches-for-mars-marking-dawn-of-chinese-interplanetary-exploration/. 
  53. ↑ Clark, Stephen (23 November 2020). "Live coverage: Chinese sample return spacecraft completes docking in lunar orbit". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/11/23/chang-e-5-launch-mission-status-center/. 
  54. ↑ Jones, Andrew (29 April 2021). "China launches Tianhe space station core module into orbit". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/china-launches-tianhe-space-station-core-module-into-orbit/. 
  55. ↑ China Spaceflight [@CNSpaceflight] (18 April 2022). "key takeaways from the press conference: 7 launches in total from Wenchang [... 07/24 CZ5B Wentian [...]"]. https://twitter.com/CNSpaceflight/status/1515851790499008513. 
  56. ↑ "飞行任务时间表出炉！" (in zh). Shaoxing. 17 April 2022. http://www.shaoxing.com.cn/p/2930037.html. 
  57. ↑ China Spaceflight [@CNSpaceflight] (31 October 2022). "Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site has announced the success of launch. [..."]. https://twitter.com/CNSpaceflight/status/1586989605986844673. 
  58. ↑ "China launches large classified optical satellite towards geostationary orbit" (in en). 15 December 2023. https://spacenews.com/china-launches-large-classified-optical-satellite-towards-geostationary-orbit/. 
  59. ↑ Jones, Andrew (10 January 2024). "China's Chang'e-6 probe arrives at spaceport for first-ever lunar far side sample mission". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/chinas-change-6-probe-arrives-at-spaceport-for-first-ever-lunar-far-side-sample-mission/. 
  60. ↑ Jones, Andrew (28 February 2023). "China to expand its space station, international astronaut selection underway". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/china-to-expand-its-space-station-international-astronaut-selection-underway/. 
  61. ↑ "Flagship Chinese Space Telescope to Unravel Cosmic Mysteries". Chinese Academy of Sciences. 7 May 2022. https://english.cas.cn/newsroom/cas_media/202205/t20220507_305162.shtml. 
  62. ↑ Jones, Andrew (19 September 2022). "UAE rover to fly on China's Chang'e-7 lunar south pole mission". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/uae-rover-to-fly-on-chinas-change-7-lunar-south-pole-mission/. 
  63. ↑ China N' Asia Spaceflight [@CNSpaceflight] (24 November 2022). "Update:
    2024 Queqiao-2 data relay
    2025 Chang'e-6 lunar sample return from far side
    2026 Chang'e-7 lunar landing in south pole
    2028 Chang'e-8 basic model of lunar research station"    . https://twitter.com/CNSpaceflight/status/1595758500977971201.     
  64. ↑ Jones, Andrew (2022-06-20). "China aims to bring Mars samples to Earth 2 years before NASA, ESA mission" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/china-aims-to-bring-mars-samples-to-earth-2-years-before-nasa-esa-mission/. 
  65. ↑ CNSA Watcher [@CNSAWatcher] (23 December 2023). "Tianwen-4, launching Sept 2029, will journey to Jupiter using Venus & Earth gravity assists. Targeting Jupiter capture by Dec 2035 & a Uranus flyby in March 2045, the mission includes 2 probes, one exploring Jupiter's system and another flying by Uranus.". https://twitter.com/CNSAWatcher/status/1738469749179171088. 

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