Philosophy:Religious views on truth
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Religious views on truth vary both between and within religions. The most universal concept of religion that holds true in every case is the inseparable nature of truth and religious belief. Religious truth, therefore, is never relative, always absolute.[1][2]
According to an online edition of Webster's Dictionary, the word Truth is most often used to mean being in accord with fact or reality, or fidelity to an original or standard.[3]
Abrahamic religions
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Christianity
Christian philosopher William Lane Craig notes that the Bible typically uses the words true or truth in non-philosophical senses to indicate such qualities as fidelity, moral rectitude, and reality. However, it does sometimes use the word in the philosophical sense of veracity.[4]
Some Christians believe that other authorities are sources of doctrinal truth. Catholics believe that the Pope is infallible when pronouncing on certain, rather specific, matters of church doctrine.[5] On the day he was crucified, Jesus said, "For this I was born and for this I came into the world, to testify to the truth. Everyone who belongs to the truth listens to my voice." John 18:37. Pilate, did not know Jesus and infamously said, "What is truth?" John 18:38. Thus, the modern Christian must resolve contradictions and determine what became obsolete and reconciled by Jesus's ministry. Knowing God is "love" and "spirit" (words used by Jesus), are contrary to many brutal images of the Old Testament LORD, but are essential to discernment and instruction.
In Christian Science, (not recognised as a Christian organization by the bulk of mainstream churches) Truth is God.[6]
The Magisterium of the Church
The magisterium of the Catholic Church is the church's authority or office to establish teachings.[7][8] That authority is vested uniquely in the Pope and the bishops, under the premise that they are in communion with the correct and true teachings of the faith which is shown in the Catechism of the Catholic Church.[9] Sacred scripture and sacred tradition "make up a single sacred deposit of the Word of God, which is entrusted to the Church",[10] and the magisterium is not independent of this, since "all that it proposes for belief as being divinely revealed is derived from this single deposit of faith."[11]
Biblical inerrancy
Biblical inerrancy, as formulated in the "Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy", is the doctrine that the Protestant Bible "is without error or fault in all its teaching";[12] or, at least, that "Scripture in the original manuscripts does not affirm anything that is contrary to fact".[13] Various interpretations have been applied, depending on the tradition.[14][15] According to some interpretations of the doctrine, all of the Bible is without error, i.e., is to be taken as true, no matter what the issue. Other interpretations hold that the Bible is always true on important matters of faith, while other interpretations hold that the Bible is true but must be specifically interpreted in the context of the language, culture and time that relevant passages were written.[16]
Judaism
Islam
Honesty and truthfulness are very important concepts in Islamic law. Muslims are commanded to be honest in their dealings with others and also to oneself. Honesty involves not lying or cheating others, giving others their fair due even when it is not asked, giving objective opinions even when they count against you, and not obtaining property or money by fraud. Muslims must also fulfill their promises.[17]
Another important concept is the belief that truth lies in Islam itself, as being the one true religion, and the ultimate answer to all moral questions. Muslims believe that there is no falseness or contradictions in Islam because "falseness or contradiction in one matter of the religion proves the falsity of the religion as a whole, since we would then doubt the integrity of its texts."[18]
Indian religions
Sikhism
Mul Mantra
The First Part of the Guru Granth Sahib states one universal creator God, his name is truth. This demonstrates that God is equal and one. In the Mul Mantra the Guru explains that God is the truth and he wants you to keep him in your minds at all times. The guru says God is beyond our understanding of knowledge.[19][20]
Buddhism
The Four Noble Truths
The Four Noble Truths are the most fundamental Buddhist teachings and appear countless times throughout the most ancient Buddhist texts, the Pali Canon. They arose from Buddha's enlightenment and are regarded in Buddhism as deep spiritual insight, not as philosophical theory, with Buddha noting in the Samyutta Nikaya: "These Four Noble Truths, monks, are actual, unerring, not otherwise. Therefore, they are called noble truths."[21]
The Four Noble Truths are as follows:
- dukkha (suffering, incapable of satisfying, painful) is an innate characteristic of existence in the realm of samsara;[web 1][22][23]
- samudaya (origin, arising) of this dukkha, which arises or "comes together" with taṇhā ("craving, desire or attachment");[web 2][24][25]
- nirodha (cessation, ending) of this dukkha can be attained by the renouncement or letting go of this taṇhā;[26][27][28][29]
- marga (path, Noble Eightfold Path) is the path leading to renouncement of tanha and cessation of dukkha.[30][31][32]
Two Truths Doctrine
Jainism
Notes
- ↑ Wilkins, Dominic (2025), "Religions, Political Ecologies, and Nature-Society Geographies" (in en), Handbook of the Geographies of Religion, Springer, Cham, pp. 637–665, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-64811-3_38, ISBN 978-3-031-64811-3, https://link.springer.com/rwe/10.1007/978-3-031-64811-3_38, retrieved 2026-02-10
- ↑ "Sage Journals: Discover world-class research" (in en). doi:10.1177/0898264314524437. https://journals.sagepub.com/action/cookieAbsent.
- ↑ Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary, truth, 2005
- ↑ Craig, William Lane. "Are There Objective Truths about God?". http://www.reasonablefaith.org/are-there-objective-truths-about-god.
- ↑ See, e.g., Richard F. Costigan, The Consensus Of The Church And Papal Infallibility: A Study In The Background Of Vatican I (2005)
- ↑ Truth – Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
- ↑ Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary
- ↑ "Thomas Stork, "What Is the Magisterium?"". http://www.ignatiusinsight.com/features2007/tstorck_magisterium_may07.asp.
- ↑ "The task of interpreting the Word of God authentically has been entrusted solely to the magisterium of the Church, that is, to the Pope and to the college of bishops in communion with Him" (Catechism of the Catholic Church, 100)
- ↑ Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation Dei verbum, 10
- ↑ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 86
- ↑ Geisler, NL. and Roach, B., Defending Inerrancy: Affirming the Accuracy of Scripture for a New Generation, Baker Books, 2012.
- ↑ Grudem, Wayne A. (1994). Systematic theology: an introduction to biblical doctrine. Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-85110-652-6. OCLC 29952151. https://archive.org/details/systematictheolo00grud.
- ↑ See, e.g. Norman L. Geisler, Inerrancy (1980)
- ↑ Stephen T. Davis, The debate about the Bible: Inerrancy versus infallibility (1977)
- ↑ See, e.g. Marcus J. Borg, Reading the Bible Again For the First Time: Taking the Bible Seriously But Not Literally (2002) 7-8
- ↑ azra (2014-04-30). "Importance of Honesty in Islam" (in en-US). https://archive.siasat.com/news/importance-honesty-islam-574621/.
- ↑ IslamReligion.com), M. Abdulsalam (© 2006. "The Truth is One (part 2 of 2)" (in en). https://www.islamreligion.com/articles/7/truth-is-one-part-2/.
- ↑ Ramakrishnan, R. (2010). Many Paths, One Destination: Love, Peace, Compassion, Tolerance, and Understanding Through World Religions. Wheatmark. p. 220. ISBN 978-1-60494-148-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=_B7v5MBUO5QC.
- ↑ "Mul Mantra". Meaning. https://spiritvoyage.com/mantra/mul-mantra/. Retrieved August 10, 2022.
- ↑ The Collected Discourses of the Buddha: A new translation of the Samyutta Nikaya, Bhikkhu Bodhi, 2000
- ↑ Anderson 2004, pp. 295–297. Quote: "This, bhikkhus, is the noble truth that is suffering. Birth is suffering; old age is suffering; illness is suffering; death is suffering; sorrow and grief, physical and mental suffering, and disturbance are suffering. [...] In short, all life is suffering, according to the Buddha’s first sermon."
- ↑ Keown 2013, pp. 50–52.
- ↑ Anderson 2004, pp. 295–297. Quote: "The second truth is samudaya (arising or origin). To end suffering, the four noble truths tell us, one needs to know how and why suffering arises. The second noble truth explains that suffering arises because of craving, desire, and attachment."
- ↑ Keown 2013, pp. 53–55.
- ↑ Buswell & Lopez 2014, p. "nirodha".
- ↑ Anderson 2001, p. 96.
- ↑ Anderson 2004, pp. 295–297, Quote: "The third truth follows from the second: If the cause of suffering is desire and attachment to various things, then the way to end suffering is to eliminate craving, desire, and attachment. The third truth is called nirodha, which means “ending” or “cessation.” To stop suffering, one must stop desiring."
- ↑ Keown 2013, pp. 56–58.
- ↑ Anderson 2004, pp. 295–297, Quote: "This, bhikkhus, is the noble truth that is the way leading to the ending of suffering. This is the eightfold path of the noble ones: right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration.[..] The Buddha taught the fourth truth, maarga (Pali, magga), the path that has eight parts, as the means to end suffering."
- ↑ Keown 2013, pp. 58–60.
- ↑ Norman 2003, pp. 219, 222.
Sources
- Anderson, Carol (2001), Pain and Its Ending: The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon, Motilall Banarsidas
- Anderson, Carol (2004), Robert E. Buswell, ed., Encyclopedia of Buddhism, MacMillan Reference, Thomson Gale, ISBN 0-02-865718-7
- Buswell; Lopez (2014), Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism, Princeton University Press
- Keown, Damien (2013), Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-966383-5, https://books.google.com/books?id=_QXX0Uq29aoC
- Norman, K.R. (2003), "The Four Noble Truths", K.R. Norman Collected Papers II, http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Articles/The%20Four%20Noble%20Truths_Norman_PTS_2003.pdf, retrieved 3 May 2016
Web references
- ↑ Four Noble Truths: BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Quote: "The first truth, suffering (Pali: dukkha; Sanskrit: duhkha), is characteristic of existence in the realm of rebirth, called samsara (literally "wandering")."
- ↑ Four Noble Truths: BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Quote: "The second truth is the origin (Pali and Sanskrit: samudaya) or cause of suffering, which the Buddha associated with craving or attachment in his first sermon."
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