Physics:Isotopes of cadmium

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Main isotopes of Chemistry:cadmium (48Cd)
Iso­tope Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
106Cd 1.25% stable
107Cd syn 6.5 h ε 107Ag
108Cd 0.89% stable
109Cd syn 462.6 d ε 109Ag
110Cd 12.47% stable
111Cd 12.80% stable
112Cd 24.11% stable
113Cd 12.23% 7.7×1015 y β− 113In
113mCd syn 14.1 y β− 113In
IT 113Cd
114Cd 28.75% stable
115Cd syn 53.46 h β− 115In
116Cd 7.51% 3.1×1019 y β−β− 116Sn
Standard atomic weight Ar, standard(Cd)
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Naturally occurring cadmium (
48Cd) is composed of 8 isotopes. For two of them, natural radioactivity has been observed, and three others are predicted to possibly decay though this has not been observed; it may be presumed the half-lives are extremely long. The two natural radioactive isotopes are 113
Cd (beta decay, half-life 8.04×1015 years) and 116
Cd (double beta decay, half-life 2.69×1019 years). The other three are 106
Cd, 108
Cd (double electron capture), and 114
Cd (double beta decay); only lower limits on their decays have been set. Only three isotopes—110
Cd, 111
Cd, and 112
Cd—are theoretically stable. Among the isotopes absent in natural cadmium, the most long-lived are 109
Cd with a half-life of 461.3 days, and 115
Cd with a half-life of 53.46 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 7 hours and the majority of these are less than 5 minutes. This element also has 12 known meta states, with the most stable being 113m
Cd (Template:T-half 13.9 years), 115m
Cd (Template:T-half 44.6 days) and 117m
Cd (Template:T-half 3.44 hours).

The known isotopes of cadmium range from 95
Cd to 132
Cd. The primary decay mode before the stable isotope 112
Cd is electron capture to isotopes of silver, and after, beta emission to isotopes of indium.

A 2021 study has shown at high ionic strengths, cadmium isotope fractionation mainly depends on its complexation with carboxylic sites. At low ionic strengths, nonspecific cadmium binding induced by electrostatic attractions plays a dominant role and promotes cadmium isotope fractionation during complexation.[2]

List of isotopes

Nuclide
[n 1] 		Z N Isotopic mass (u)
[n 2][n 3] 		Half-life
[n 4] 		Decay
mode
[n 5] 		Daughter
isotope
[n 6][n 7] 		Spin and
parity
[n 8][n 9] 		Physics:Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Excitation energy[n 9] Normal proportion Range of variation
94
Cd 		48 46 93.95659(54)# 2016 80# ms
[> 760 ns] 		0+
95
Cd 		48 47 94.94948(61)# 2012 32(3) ms β+ (95.4%) 95
Ag 		9/2+#
β+, p (4.6%) 94
Pd
96
Cd 		48 48 95.94034(44)# 2008 1.003(47) s β+ (98.4%) 96
Ag 		0+
β+, p (1.6%) 95
Pd
96m1
Cd 		6000(1400) keV 2019 511(26) ms β+ (84.6%) 96
Ag 		16+
β+, p (15.4%) 95
Pd
96m2
Cd 		5605(5) keV 2011 198(18) ns IT 96
Cd 		(12−,13−)
97
Cd 		48 49 96.93480(45) 1978 1.16(5) s β+ (92.6%) 97
Ag 		(9/2+)
β+, p (7.4%) 96
Pd
97m1
Cd 		1245.1(2) keV 2019 730(70) μs IT 97
Cd 		(1/2−)
97m2
Cd 		2620(580) keV 2011 3.86(6) s β+ (74.9%) 97
Ag 		(25/2+)
β+, p (25.1%) 96
Pd
98
Cd 		48 50 97.927389(56) 1978 9.29(10) s β+ (>99.97%) 98
Ag 		0+
β+, p (<0.029%) 97
Pd
98m1
Cd 		2428.3(4) keV 1997 154(16) ns IT 98
Cd 		(8+)
98m2
Cd 		6635(2) keV 2004 224(5) ns IT 98
Cd 		(12+)
99
Cd 		48 51 98.9249258(17) 1978 17(1) s β+ (99.79%) 99
Ag 		5/2+#
β+, p (0.21%) 98
Pd
β+, α (<10−4%) 95
Rh
100
Cd 		48 52 99.9203488(18) 1970 49.1(5) s β+ 100
Ag 		0+
101
Cd 		48 53 100.9185862(16) 1969 1.36(5) min β+ 101
Ag 		5/2+
102
Cd 		48 54 101.9144818(18) 1969 5.5(5) min β+ 102
Ag 		0+
103
Cd 		48 55 102.9134169(19) 1960 7.3(1) min β+ 103
Ag 		5/2+
104
Cd 		48 56 103.9098562(18) 1955 57.7(10) min β+ 104
Ag 		0+
105
Cd 		48 57 104.9094639(15) 1950 55.5(4) min β+ 105
Ag 		5/2+
105m
Cd 		2517.6(5) keV 1978 4.5(5) μs IT 105
Cd 		(21/2+)
106
Cd 		48 58 105.9064598(12) 1934 Observationally stable[n 10] 0+ 0.01245(22)
107
Cd 		48 59 106.9066120(18) 1946 6.50(2) h β+ 107
Ag 		5/2+
108
Cd 		48 60 107.9041836(12) 1934 Observationally stable[n 11] 0+ 0.00888(11)
109
Cd 		48 61 108.9049867(16) 1950 461.3(5) d EC 109
Ag 		5/2+
109m1
Cd 		59.60(7) keV 1964 11.8(16) μs IT 109
Cd 		1/2+
109m2
Cd 		463.10(11) keV 1966 10.6(4) μs IT 109
Cd 		11/2−
110
Cd 		48 62 109.90300747(41) 1924 Stable 0+ 0.12470(61)
111
Cd[n 12] 		48 63 110.90418378(38) 1924 Stable 1/2+ 0.12795(12)
111m
Cd 		396.214(21) keV 1951 48.50(9) min IT 111
Cd 		11/2−
112
Cd[n 12] 		48 64 111.90276390(27) 1924 Stable 0+ 0.24109(7)
113
Cd[n 12][n 13] 		48 65 112.90440811(26) 1924 8.04(5)×1015 y β− 113
In 		1/2+ 0.12227(7)
113m
Cd[n 12] 		263.54(3) keV 1959 13.89(11) y β− (99.90%) 113
In 		11/2−
IT (0.0964%) 113
Cd
114
Cd[n 12] 		48 66 113.90336500(30) 1924 Observationally stable[n 14] 0+ 0.28754(81)
115
Cd[n 12] 		48 67 114.90543743(70) 1939 53.46(5) h β− 115m
In 		1/2+
115m
Cd[n 12] 		181.0(5) keV 1947 44.56(24) d β− 115
In 		11/2−
116
Cd[n 12][n 13] 		48 68 115.90476323(17) 1924 2.69(9)×1019 y β−β− 116
Sn 		0+ 0.07512(54)
117
Cd 		48 69 116.9072260(11) 1939 2.503(5) h β− 117
In 		1/2+
117m
Cd 		136.4(2) keV 1966 3.441(9) h β− 117
In 		11/2−
118
Cd 		48 70 117.906922(21) 1961 50.3(2) min β− 118
In 		0+
119
Cd 		48 71 118.909847(40) 1961 2.69(2) min β− 119
In 		1/2+
119m
Cd 		146.54(11) keV 1974 2.20(2) min β− 119
In 		11/2−
120
Cd 		48 72 119.9098681(40) 1971 50.80(21) s β− 120
In 		0+
121
Cd 		48 73 120.9129637(21) 1965 13.5(3) s β− 121
In 		3/2+
121m
Cd 		214.86(15) keV 1974 8.3(8) s β− 121
In 		11/2−
122
Cd 		48 74 121.9134591(25) 1973 5.98(10) s[3] β− 122
In 		0+
123
Cd 		48 75 122.9168925(29) 1983 2.10(2) s β− 123
In 		3/2+
123m
Cd 		143(4) keV 1986 1.82(3) s β− (?%) 123
In 		11/2−
IT (?%) 123
Cd
124
Cd 		48 76 123.9176598(28) 1974 1.25(2) s β− 124
In 		0+
125
Cd 		48 77 124.9212576(31) 1986 680(40) ms β− 125
In 		3/2+
125m1
Cd 		186(4) keV 1989 480(30) ms β− 125
In 		11/2−
125m2
Cd 		1648(4) keV 2012 19(3) μs IT 125
Cd 		(19/2+)
126
Cd 		48 78 125.9224303(25) 1978 512(5) ms β− 126
In 		0+
127
Cd 		48 79 126.9262033(67) 1986 480(100) ms β− 127
In 		3/2+
127m1
Cd 		285(8) keV 2013 360(40) ms β− 127
In 		11/2−
127m2
Cd 		1845(8) keV 2010 17.5(3) μs IT 127
Cd 		(19/2+)
128
Cd 		48 80 127.9278168(69) 1986 246(2) ms β− 128
In 		0+
128m1
Cd 		1870.5(3) keV 2009 270(7) ns IT 128
Cd 		(5−)
128m2
Cd 		2714.6(4) keV 2009 3.56(6) μs IT 128
Cd 		(10+)
128m3
Cd 		4286.6(15) keV 2017 6.3(8) ms IT 128
Cd 		(15−)
129
Cd 		48 81 128.9322356(57) 1986 147(3) ms β− (?%) 129
In 		11/2−
β−, n (?%) 128
In
129m1
Cd 		343(8) keV 2013 157(8) ms β− (?%) 129
In 		3/2+
β−, n (?%) 128
In
129m2
Cd 		2283(8) keV 2014 3.6(2) ms IT 129
Cd 		(21/2+)
130
Cd 		48 82 129.934388(24) 1986 126.8(18) ms β− (96.5%) 130
In 		0+
β−, n (3.5%) 129
In
130m
Cd 		2129.6(10) keV 2007 240(16) ns IT 130
Cd 		(8+)
131
Cd 		48 83 130.940728(21) 2000 98(2) ms β− (96.5%) 131
In 		7/2−#
β−, n (3.5%) 130
In
132
Cd 		48 84 131.945823(64) 2000 84(5) ms β−, n (60%) 131
In 		0+
β− (40%) 132
In
133
Cd 		48 85 132.95261(22)# 2010 61(6) ms β− (?%) 133
In 		7/2−#
β−, n (?%) 132
In
134
Cd 		48 86 133.95764(32)# 2015 65(15) ms β− 134
In 		0+
  1. ↑ mCd – Excited nuclear isomer.
  2. ↑ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
  3. ↑ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
  4. ↑ Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
  5. ↑ Modes of decay:
    EC: Electron capture
    IT: Isomeric transition
    n: Neutron emission
    p: Proton emission
  6. ↑ Bold italics symbol as daughter – Daughter product is nearly stable.
  7. ↑ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
  8. ↑ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
  10. ↑ Believed to decay by β+β+ to 106
    Pd     with a half-life over 1.1×1021 years
  11. ↑ Believed to decay by β+β+ to 108
    Pd     with a half-life over 4.1×1017 years
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 Fission product
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Primordial radionuclide
  14. ↑ Believed to undergo β−β− decay to 114
    Sn     with a half-life over 9.2×1016 years

Cadmium-113m

Medium-lived
fission products
Prop:
Unit: 		t½
(a) 		Yield
(%) 		Q *
(keV) 		βγ *
155Eu 4.76 0.0803 252 βγ
85Kr 10.76 0.2180 687 βγ
113mCd 14.1 0.0008 316 β
90Sr 28.9 4.505 2826 β
137Cs 30.23 6.337 1176 βγ
121mSn 43.9 0.00005 390 βγ
151Sm 88.8 0.5314 77 β

Cadmium-113m is a cadmium radioisotope and nuclear isomer with a half-life of 13.9 years. In a normal thermal reactor, it has a very low fission product yield, plus its large neutron capture cross section means that most of even the small amount produced is destroyed in the course of the nuclear fuel's burnup; thus, this isotope is not a significant contributor to nuclear waste.

Fast fission or fission of some heavier actinides[which?] will produce 113m
Cd at higher yields.

See also

Daughter products other than cadmium

References

  1. ↑ Meija, Juris; Coplen, Tyler B.; Berglund, Michael; Brand, Willi A.; De Bièvre, Paul; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Irrgeher, Johanna et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. 
  2. ↑ Ratié, Gildas; Chrastný, Vladislav; Guinoiseau, Damien; Marsac, Rémi; Vaňková, Zuzana; Komárek, Michael (2021-06-01). "Cadmium Isotope Fractionation during Complexation with Humic Acid". Environmental Science & Technology 55 (11): 7430–7444. doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c00646. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 33970606. Bibcode: 2021EnST...55.7430R. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c00646. 
  3. ↑ Nesterenko, D. A.; Ruotsalainen, J.; Stryjczyk, M.; Kankainen, A.; Al Ayoubi, L.; Beliuskina, O.; Delahaye, P.; Eronen, T. et al. (1 November 2023). "High-precision measurements of low-lying isomeric states in In 120 – 124 with the JYFLTRAP double Penning trap". Physical Review C 108 (5). doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.108.054301. 

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