Physics:Isotopes of sodium

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Short description: Nuclides with atomic number of 11 but with different mass numbers
Main isotopes of Chemistry:sodium (11Na)
Iso­tope Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
22Na trace 2.602 y β+ 22Ne
23Na 100% stable
24Na trace 14.96 h β− 24Mg
Standard atomic weight Ar, standard(Na)
  • 22.98976928(2)[1]
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There are 20 isotopes of sodium (11Na), ranging from 17Na to 39Na (except for the still-unknown 36Na and 38Na),[2] and two isomers (22mNa and 24mNa). 23Na is the only stable (and the only primordial) isotope. It is considered a monoisotopic element and it has a standard atomic weight of 22.98976928(2). Sodium has two radioactive cosmogenic isotopes (22Na, with a half-life of 2.6019(6) years;[nb 1] and 24Na, with a half-life of 14.9560(15) h). With the exception of those two isotopes, all other isotopes have half-lives under a minute, most under a second. The shortest-lived is the unbound 18Na, with a half-life of 1.3(4)×10−21 seconds (although the half-life of the similarly unbound 17Na is not measured).

Acute neutron radiation exposure (e.g., from a nuclear criticality accident) converts some of the stable 23Na (in the form of Na+ ion) in human blood plasma to 24Na. By measuring the concentration of this isotope, the neutron radiation dosage to the victim can be computed.

22Na is a positron-emitting isotope with a remarkably long half-life. It is used to create test-objects and point-sources for positron emission tomography.

List of isotopes

Nuclide
[n 1] 		Z N Isotopic mass (u)
[n 2][n 3] 		Half-life
[n 4] 		Decay
mode
[n 5] 		Daughter
isotope
[n 6] 		Spin and
parity
[n 7][n 4] 		Physics:Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Excitation energy Normal proportion Range of variation
17Na 11 6 17.037270(60) p 16Ne (1/2+)
18Na 11 7 18.02688(10) 1.3(4) zs p=?[n 8] 17Ne 1−#
19Na 11 8 19.013880(11) > 1 as p 18Ne (5/2+)
20Na 11 9 20.0073543(12) 447.9(2.3) ms β+ (75.0(4)%) 20Ne 2+
β+α (25.0(4)%) 16O
21Na 11 10 20.99765446(5) 22.4550(54) s β+ 21Ne 3/2+
22Na 11 11 21.99443742(18) 2.6019(6) y[nb 1] β+ (90.57(8)%) 22Ne 3+ Trace[n 9]
ε (9.43(6)%) 22Ne
22m1Na 583.05(10) keV 243(2) ns IT 22Na 1+
22m2Na 657.00(14) keV 19.6(7) ps IT 22Na 0+
23Na 11 12 22.9897692820(19) Stable 3/2+ 1
24Na 11 13 23.990963012(18) 14.9560(15) h β− 24Mg 4+ Trace[n 9]
24mNa 472.2074(8) keV 20.18(10) ms IT (99.95%) 24Na 1+
β− (0.05%) 24Mg
25Na 11 14 24.9899540(13) 59.1(6) s β− 25Mg 5/2+
26Na 11 15 25.992635(4) 1.07128(25) s β− 26Mg 3+
26mNa 82.4(4) keV 4.35(16) μs IT 26Na 1+
27Na 11 16 26.994076(4) 301(6) ms β− (99.902(24)%) 27Mg 5/2+
β−n (0.098(24)%) 26Mg
28Na 11 17 27.998939(11) 33.1(1.3) ms β− (99.42(12)%) 28Mg 1+
β−n (0.58(12)%) 27Mg
29Na 11 18 29.002877(8) 43.2(4) ms β− (78%) 29Mg 3/2+
β−n (22(3)%) 28Mg
β−2n ?[n 10] 27Mg ?
30Na 11 19 30.009098(5) 45.9(7) ms β− (70.2(2.2)%) 30Mg 2+
β−n (28.6(2.2)%) 29Mg
β−2n (1.24(19)%) 28Mg
β−α (5.5(2)%×10−5) 26Ne
31Na 11 20 31.013147(15) 16.8(3) ms β− (> 63.2(3.5)%) 31Mg 3/2+
β−n (36.0(3.5)%) 30Mg
β−2n (0.73(9)%) 29Mg
β−3n (< 0.05%) 28Mg
32Na 11 21 32.020010(40) 12.9(3) ms β− (66.4(6.2)%) 32Mg (3−)
β−n (26(6)%) 31Mg
β−2n (7.6(1.5)%) 30Mg
33Na 11 22 33.02553(48) 8.2(4) ms β−n (47(6)%) 32Mg (3/2+)
β− (40.0(6.7)%) 33Mg
β−2n (13(3)%) 31Mg
34Na 11 23 34.03401(64) 5.5(1.0) ms β−2n (~50%) 32Mg 1+
β− (~35%) 34Mg
β−n (~15%) 33Mg
35Na 11 24 35.04061(72)# 1.5(5) ms β− 35Mg 3/2+#
β−n ?[n 10] 34Mg ?
β−2n ?[n 10] 33Mg ?
37Na 11 26 37.05704(74)# 1# ms [> 1.5 μs] β− ?[n 10] 37Mg ? 3/2+#
β−n ?[n 10] 36Mg ?
β−2n ?[n 10] 35Mg ?
39Na[2] 11 28 39.07512(80)# 1# ms [> 400 ns] β− ?[n 10] 39Mg ? 3/2+#
β−n ?[n 10] 38Mg ?
β−2n ?[n 10] 37Mg ?
  1. ↑ mNa – Excited nuclear isomer.
  2. ↑ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
  3. ↑ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
  5. ↑ Modes of decay:
    IT: Isomeric transition
    n: Neutron emission
    p: Proton emission
  6. ↑ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
  7. ↑ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
  8. ↑ Decay mode shown has been observed, but its intensity is not known experimentally.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Cosmogenic nuclide
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 Decay mode shown is energetically allowed, but has not been experimentally observed to occur in this nuclide.

Sodium-22

Sodium-22 is a radioactive isotope of sodium, undergoing positron emission to 22Ne with a half-life of 2.6019(6) years. 22Na is being investigated as an efficient generator of "cold positrons" (antimatter) to produce muons for catalyzing fusion of deuterium.[citation needed] It is also commonly used as a positron source in positron annihilation spectroscopy.[3]

Sodium-23

Sodium-23 is an isotope of sodium with an atomic mass of 22.98976928. It is the only stable isotope of sodium, and because of its abundance, it has been used for nuclear magnetic resonance in various research fields, including materials science and battery research.[4] Sodium-23 relaxation has applications in studying cation-biomolecule interactions, intracellular and extracellular sodium, ion transport in batteries, and quantum information processing.[5]

Sodium-24

Sodium-24 is radioactive and can be created from common sodium-23 by neutron activation. With a half-life of 14.9560(15) h, 24Na decays to 24Mg by emission of an electron and two gamma rays.[6][7]

Exposure of the human body to intense neutron radiation creates 24Na in the blood plasma. Measurements of its quantity can be done to determine the absorbed radiation dose of a patient.[7] This can be used to determine the type of medical treatment required.

When sodium is used as coolant in fast breeder reactors, 24Na is created, which makes the coolant radioactive. When the 24Na decays, it causes a buildup of magnesium in the coolant. Since the half-life is short, the 24Na portion of the coolant ceases to be radioactive within a few days after removal from the reactor. Leakage of the hot sodium from the primary loop may cause radioactive fires,[8] as it can ignite in contact with air (and explodes in contact with water). For this reason the primary cooling loop is within a containment vessel.

Sodium has been proposed as a casing for a salted bomb, as it would convert to 24Na and produce intense gamma-ray emissions for a few days.[9][10]

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Note that NUBASE2020 uses the tropical year to convert between years and other units of time, not the Gregorian year. The relationship between years and other time units in NUBASE2020 is as follows: 1 y = 365.2422 d = 31 556 926 s

References

  1. ↑ Meija, Juris; Coplen, Tyler B.; Berglund, Michael; Brand, Willi A.; De Bièvre, Paul; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Irrgeher, Johanna et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Ahn, D.S. (2022-11-14). "Discovery of 39Na". Physical Review Letters 129 (21): 212502. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.212502. PMID 36461972. Bibcode: 2022PhRvL.129u2502A. 
  3. ↑ Saro, Matúš; Kršjak, Vladimír; Petriska, Martin; Slugeň, Vladimír (2019-07-29). "Sodium-22 source contribution determination in positron annihilation measurements using GEANT4". AIP Conference Proceedings 2131 (1): 020039. doi:10.1063/1.5119492. ISSN 0094-243X. Bibcode: 2019AIPC.2131b0039S. https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.5119492. 
  4. ↑ Gotoh, Kazuma (8 February 2021). "23Na Solid-State NMR Analyses for Na-Ion Batteries and Materials". Batteries & Supercaps 4 (8): 1267–127. doi:10.1002/batt.202000295. https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/batt.202000295. 
  5. ↑ Song, Yifan; Yin, Yu; Chen, Qinlong; Marchetti, Alessandro; Kong, Xueqian (2023). "23Na relaxometry: An overview of theory and applications". Magnetic Resonance Letters 3 (2): 150–174. doi:10.1016/j.mrl.2023.04.001. 
  6. ↑ "sodium-24". Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/sodium-24. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ekendahl, Daniela; Rubovič, Peter; Žlebčík, Pavel; Hupka, Ivan; Huml, Ondřej; Bečková, Věra; Malá, Helena (7 November 2019). "Neutron dose assessment using samples of human blood and hair". Radiation Protection Dosimetry 186 (2–3): 202–205. doi:10.1093/rpd/ncz202. PMID 31702764. 
  8. ↑ Unusual occurrences during LMFR operation, Proceedings of a Technical Committee meeting held in Vienna, 9–13 November 1998, IAEA. Pages 84, 122.
  9. ↑ "Science: fy for Doomsday". Time (magazine). November 24, 1961. http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828877,00.html. 
  10. ↑ Clark, W. H. (1961). "Chemical and Thermonuclear Explosives". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 17 (9): 356–360. doi:10.1080/00963402.1961.11454268. Bibcode: 1961BuAtS..17i.356C. 

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