Unsolved:Extinction risk from global warming

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The extinction risk of global warming is the risk of species becoming extinct due to the effects of global warming. This may be Earth's sixth major extinction, often called the Anthropocene or Holocene extinction.[1]

Latest consensus on projections

The scientific consensus in the 2014 IPCC Fifth Assessment Report is that:

A large fraction of both terrestrial and freshwater species faces increased extinction risk under projected climate change during and beyond the 21st century, especially as climate change interacts with other stressors, such as habitat modification, over-exploitation, pollution, and invasive species. Extinction risk is increased under all RCP scenarios, with risk increasing with both magnitude and rate of climate change. Many species will be unable to track suitable climates under mid- and high-range rates of climate change during the 21st century. Lower rates of climate change will pose fewer problems.

Extinction risks reported

2004

In one study published in Nature in 2004, between 15 and 37% of 1103 endemic or near-endemic known plant and animal species will be "committed to extinction" by 2050.[2] More properly, changes in habitat by 2050 will put them outside the survival range for the inhabitants, thus committing the species to extinction.

Other researchers, such as Thuiller et al.,[3] Araújo et al.,[4] Person et al.,[5] Buckley and Roughgarden,[6] and Harte et al.[7] have raised concern regarding uncertainty in Thomas et al.'s projections; some of these studies believe it is an overestimate, others believe the risk could be greater. Thomas et al. replied in Nature [8] addressing criticisms and concluding "Although further investigation is needed into each of these areas, it is unlikely to result in substantially reduced estimates of extinction. Anthropogenic climate change seems set to generate very large numbers of species-level extinctions." On the other hand, Daniel Botkin et al. state "... global estimates of extinctions due to climate change (Thomas et al. 2004) may have greatly overestimated the probability of extinction..."[9]

Mechanistic studies are documenting extinctions due to recent climate change: McLaughlin et al. documented two populations of Bay checkerspot butterfly being threatened by precipitation change.[10] Parmesan states, "Few studies have been conducted at a scale that encompasses an entire species"[11] and McLaughlin et al. agreed "few mechanistic studies have linked extinctions to recent climate change."[10]

2008

In 2008, the white lemuroid possum was reported to be the first known mammal species to be driven extinct by man-made global warming. However, these reports were based on a misunderstanding. One population of these possums in the mountain forests of North Queensland is severely threatened by climate change as the animals cannot survive extended temperatures over 30 °C. However, another population 100 kilometres south remains in good health.[12]

2012

According to research published in the January 4, 2012 Proceedings of the Royal Society B current climate models may be flawed because they overlook two important factors: the differences in how quickly species relocate and competition among species. According to the researchers, led by Mark C. Urban, an ecologist at the University of Connecticut, diversity decreased when they took these factors into account, and that new communities of organisms, which do not exist today, emerged. As a result, the rate of extinctions may be higher than previously projected.[13]

2014

According to research published in the 30 May 2014 issue of Science, most known species have small ranges, and the numbers of small-ranged species are increasing quickly. They are geographically concentrated and are disproportionately likely to be threatened or already extinct. According to the research, current rates of extinction are three orders of magnitude higher than the background extinction rate, and future rates, which depend on many factors, are poised to increase. Although there has been rapid progress in developing protected areas, such efforts are not ecologically representative, nor do they optimally protect biodiversity. In the researchers' view, human activity tends to destroy critical habitats where species live, warms the planet, and tends to move species around the planet to places where they don't belong and where they can come into conflict with human needs (e.g. causing species to become pests).[14][15]

2016

In 2016 the Bramble Cay melomys, which lived on a Great Barrier Reef island, was reported to probably be the first mammal to become extinct because of sea level rises due to human-made climate change.[16]

Extinction risks of the Adelie penguin are being reported because of global warming. The Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) species is declining and data analysis done on the breeding colonies is used to estimate and project future habitat and population sustainability in relation to warming sea temperatures. By 2060, one-third of the observed Adelie penguin colony along the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) will be in decline. The Adelie penguins are a circumpolar species, used to the ranges of Antarctic climate, and experiencing population decline. Climate model projections predict sanctuary for the species past 2099. The observed population is similarly proportional to the species-wide population (one-third of the observed population is equal to 20% of the species-wide population).[17]

Sex ratios for sea turtles in the Caribbean are being affected because of global warming. Environmental data were collected from the annual rainfall and tide temperatures over the course of 200 years and showed an increase in air temperature (mean of 31.0 degree Celsius). These data were used to relate the decline of the sex ratios of sea turtles in the North East Caribbean and climate change. The species of sea turtles include Dermochelys coriacea, Chelonia myads, and Eretmochelys imbricata. Extinction is a risk for these species as the sex ratio is being afflicted causing a higher female to male ratio. Projections estimate the declining rate of male Chelonia myads as 2.4% hatchlings being male by 2030 and 0.4% by 2090.[18]

2019

According to the World Wildlife Fund, the jaguar is already "near threatened" and the loss of food supplies and habitat due to the fires make the situation more critical.[19]

The fires affect water chemistry (such as decreasing the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water), temperature, and erosion rates, which in turn affects fish and mammals that depend on fish, such as the giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis).[19]

2020

Main page: Earth:2019–20 Australian bushfire season

The unprecedented fires of the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season that have swept through 18 million acres (7 million hectares) have claimed 29 lives and have stressed Australia's wildlife.[20] Before the fires, only 500 tiny Kangaroo Island dunnarts (Sminthopsis aitkeni) lived on one island; after half the island was burned, it is possible only one has survived. Bramble Cay melomys (Melomys rubicola) became the first known casualty of human-caused climate change in 2015 due to rising sea levels and repeated storm surges; the greater stick-nest rat (Leporillus conditor) may be next.[21]

Emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) are not in danger of extinction, although they might be wiped out in Australia.[21] The loss of 8,000 koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) in NSW alone broke hearts around the world, but the animals are endangered but not functionally extinct.[22][23]

A February 2020 study published by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America found that one-third of all plant and animal species could be extinct by 2070 as a result of global warming.[24]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Ward, Peter D (2009). Under a Green Sky. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0061137921. https://archive.org/details/undergreenskyglo00ward. [page needed]
  2. ↑ "Extinction risk from climate change". Nature 427 (6970): 145–8. January 2004. doi:10.1038/nature02121. PMID 14712274. Bibcode: 2004Natur.427..145T. https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/extinction-risk-from-climate-change(8acc0641-8055-4542-a872-6a80d9ce6418).html. 
  3. ↑ "Biodiversity conservation: uncertainty in predictions of extinction risk". Nature 430 (6995): 1 p following 33; discussion following 33. July 2004. doi:10.1038/nature02716. PMID 15237465. 
  4. ↑ "Reducing uncertainty in projections of extinction risk from climate change". Global Ecology and Biogeography 14 (6): 529–538. 2005. doi:10.1111/j.1466-822X.2005.00182.x. 
  5. ↑ "Model-based uncertainty in species range prediction". Journal of Biogeography 33 (10): 1704–1711. 2006. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01460.x. 
  6. ↑ "Biodiversity conservation: effects of changes in climate and land use". Nature 430 (6995): 2 p following 33; discussion following 33. July 2004. doi:10.1038/nature02717. PMID 15233130. 
  7. ↑ "Biodiversity conservation: climate change and extinction risk". Nature 430 (6995): 3 p following 33; discussion following 33. July 2004. doi:10.1038/nature02718. PMID 15237466. 
  8. ↑ "Uncertainty in predictions of extinction risk/Effects of changes in climate and land use/Climate change and extinction risk (reply)". Nature 430 (6995): 34. 2004. doi:10.1038/nature02719. https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/biodiversity-conservation-uncertainty-in-predictions-of-extinction-riskeffects-of-changes-in-climate-and-land-useclimate-change-and-extinction-risk-reply(7cde3ada-1fc0-4283-8d8a-a124d24bc86e).html. 
  9. ↑ "Forecasting the Effects of Global Warming on Biodiversity". BioScience 57 (3): 227–236. 2007. doi:10.1641/B570306. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Climate change hastens population extinctions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 (9): 6070–4. April 2002. doi:10.1073/pnas.052131199. PMID 11972020. Bibcode: 2002PNAS...99.6070M. 
  11. ↑ Parmesan, Camille (2006). "Ecological and Evolutionary Responses to Recent Climate Change". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 37: 637–669. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110100. 
  12. ↑ Nowak, Rachel (31 March 2009). "Rumours of possum's death were greatly exaggerated". New Scientist. https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16875. 
  13. ↑ Parry, Wynne (6 January 2012). "Climate change models flawed, extinction rate likely higher than predicted". csmonitor.com. http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2012/0106/Climate-change-models-flawed-extinction-rate-likely-higher-than-predicted. 
  14. ↑ "The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection". Science 344 (6187): 1246752. May 2014. doi:10.1126/science.1246752. PMID 24876501. 
  15. ↑ "New report suggests Earth on the brink of a great extinction". PBS NewsHour. 1 June 2014. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/new-report-suggests-earth-brink-great-extinction/. 
  16. ↑ Smith, Lauren (2016-06-15). "Extinct: Bramble Cay melomys". http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2016/06/extinct-bramble-cay-melomys. 
  17. ↑ "Projected asymmetric response of Adélie penguins to Antarctic climate change". Scientific Reports 6: 28785. June 2016. doi:10.1038/srep28785. PMID 27352849. Bibcode: 2016NatSR...628785C. 
  18. ↑ "Sand temperatures for nesting sea turtles in the Caribbean: Implications for hatchling sex ratios in the face of climate change". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 474: 92–99. 2016. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2015.09.015. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa23842. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Hira Humayun (Aug 28, 2019). "What the Amazon's fires mean for its animals". https://edition.cnn.com/2019/08/28/americas/amazonian-wildlife-future-in-fires-intl/index.html. Retrieved Feb 8, 2020. 
  20. ↑ David Millikin (Jan 20, 2020). "Australia fires 'devastating habitats' of endangered species". https://phys.org/news/2020-01-australia-devastating-habitats-endangered-species.html. Retrieved Feb 8, 2020. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Ed Yong (Jan 14, 2020). "The Bleak Future of Australian Wildlife". https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2020/01/australias-fires-have-been-devastating-for-wildlife/604837/. Retrieved Feb 8, 2020. 
  22. ↑ "Are Australia's koalas going extinct? We asked an ecologist.". Jan 14, 2020. https://www.vox.com/videos/2020/1/14/21064675/australia-fire-koalas-extinct. Retrieved Feb 8, 2020. 
  23. ↑ Natasha Daly (Nov 25, 2019). "No, koalas aren't 'functionally extinct'—yet". https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2019/11/koalas-near-extinction-myth-australia-fires/. Retrieved Feb 8, 2020. 
  24. ↑ Rice, Doyle (February 14, 2020). "One-third of all plant and animal species could be extinct in 50 years, study warns". USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/02/14/climate-change-study-plant-animal-extinction/4760646002/. 

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