Social:Chakma script

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Short description: Writing system used for Chakma language
Chakma
Changmha Ajhapat
π‘„Œπ‘„‹π‘„΄π‘„Ÿπ‘„³π‘„¦ 𑄃𑄧𑄏𑄛𑄖𑄴
The word 'Changmha Ajhapat' in Chakma script
Type
Abugida
LanguagesChakma language, Pali[1]
Time period
c. 600 CE – present
Parent systems
Proto-Sinaitic alphabet
Sister systems
DirectionLeft-to-right
ISO 15924Cakm, 349
Unicode alias
Chakma
U+11100–U+1114F[6]
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Template:Chakma Sidebar Template:Brahmic The Chakma Script (Chakma: π‘„Œπ‘„‹π‘„΄π‘„Ÿπ‘„³π‘„¦ 𑄃𑄧𑄏𑄛𑄖𑄴), also called Ajhā Pāṭh, is an abugida used for the Chakma language, and recently for the Pali language.[1]

History

The script, along with the Chakma language, has been introduced to non-government schools in Bangladesh, and as well as schools in Mizoram.[7]

Structure

Chakma Letters

Chakma is of the Brahmic type: the consonant letters contain an inherent vowel. Unusually for Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, the inherent vowel in Chakma is a long 'ā' (a) as opposed to short 'a' (Ι”). Consonant clusters are written with conjunct characters, and a visible vowel killer shows the deletion of the inherent vowel when there is no conjunct.

Independent vowels

Four independent vowels exist:

Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter

Other vowels in initial position are formed by adding the vowel sign to Template:Script/Chakma ā, as in Template:Script/Chakma ī, Template:Script/Chakma ū, Template:Script/Chakma ai, Template:Script/Chakma oi. Some modern writers are generalizing this spelling in Template:Script/Chakma i, Template:Script/Chakma u, and Template:Script/Chakma e.

Dependent vowels

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One of the interesting features of Chakma writing is that candrabindu π‘„€ (cānaphudā) can be used together with anusvara 𑄁 (ekaphudā) and visarga π‘„‚ (dviphudā):

Template:Script/Chakma aαΈ₯αΉƒ = Template:Script/Chakma ā + Template:Script/Chakma

Template:Script/Chakma aαΉƒαΉƒ = Template:Script/Chakma ā + Template:Script/Chakma

Template:Script/Chakma uαΉƒαΉƒ = Template:Script/Chakma u + Template:Script/Chakma

Template:Script/Chakma muαΉƒ = Template:Script/Chakma mā + Template:Script/Chakma

Consonants

Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter

Vowel-killer

Like other Brahmic scripts, Chakma makes use of the maayyaa (killer) to invoke conjoined consonants. In the past, practice was much more common than it is today. Like the Myanmar script, Chakma is encoded with two vowel-killing characters in order to conform to modern user expectations. As shown above, most letters have their vowels killed with the use of the explicit maayyaa:

𑄇𑄴 k = 𑄇 kā + π‘„΄ MAAYYAA

Conjucts

In 2001 an orthographic reform was recommended in the book Cāṅmā pattham pāt which would limit the standard repertoire of conjuncts to those composed with the five letters π‘„  yā, π‘„’ rā, π‘„£ lā, π‘„€ wā, and π‘„š nā. The four here are the most widely accepted repertoire of conjuncts. No separate conjunct forms of subjoined full-form -yā or -rā appear to exist. The fifth of these conjuncts, the -na conjunct, is exemplary of the orthographic shift which has taken place in the Chakma language.

Consonant π‘„³π‘„ 

- yyā

π‘„³π‘„’

- rā

π‘„³π‘„£

- lā

π‘„³π‘„€

- wā

π‘„³π‘„š

- nā

𑄇 k 𑄇𑄳𑄠 𑄇𑄳𑄒 𑄇𑄳𑄣 𑄇𑄳𑄀 π‘„‡π‘„³π‘„š
π‘„ˆ kh π‘„ˆπ‘„³π‘„  π‘„ˆπ‘„³π‘„’ π‘„ˆπ‘„³π‘„£ π‘„ˆπ‘„³π‘„€ π‘„ˆπ‘„³π‘„š
𑄉 g 𑄉𑄳𑄠 𑄉𑄳𑄒 𑄉𑄳𑄣 𑄉𑄳𑄀 π‘„‰π‘„³π‘„š
π‘„Š gh π‘„Šπ‘„³π‘„  π‘„Šπ‘„³π‘„’ π‘„Šπ‘„³π‘„£ π‘„Šπ‘„³π‘„€ π‘„Šπ‘„³π‘„š
π‘„‹ αΉ… π‘„‹π‘„³π‘„  π‘„‹π‘„³π‘„’ π‘„‹π‘„³π‘„£ π‘„‹π‘„³π‘„€ π‘„‹π‘„³π‘„š
π‘„Œ c π‘„Œπ‘„³π‘„  π‘„Œπ‘„³π‘„’ π‘„Œπ‘„³π‘„£ π‘„Œπ‘„³π‘„€ π‘„Œπ‘„³π‘„š
𑄍 ch 𑄍𑄳𑄠 𑄍𑄳𑄒 𑄍𑄳𑄣 𑄍𑄳𑄀 π‘„π‘„³π‘„š
π‘„Ž j π‘„Žπ‘„³π‘„  π‘„Žπ‘„³π‘„’ π‘„Žπ‘„³π‘„£ π‘„Žπ‘„³π‘„€ π‘„Žπ‘„³π‘„š
𑄏 jh 𑄏𑄳𑄠 𑄏𑄳𑄒 𑄏𑄳𑄣 𑄏𑄳𑄀 π‘„π‘„³π‘„š
𑄐 Γ± 𑄐𑄳𑄠 𑄐𑄳𑄒 𑄐𑄳𑄣 𑄐𑄳𑄀 π‘„π‘„³π‘„š
π‘„‘ αΉ­ π‘„‘π‘„³π‘„  π‘„‘π‘„³π‘„’ π‘„‘π‘„³π‘„£ π‘„‘π‘„³π‘„€ π‘„‘π‘„³π‘„š
π‘„’ αΉ­h π‘„’π‘„³π‘„  π‘„’π‘„³π‘„’ π‘„’π‘„³π‘„£ π‘„’π‘„³π‘„€ π‘„’π‘„³π‘„š
π‘„“ ḍ π‘„“π‘„³π‘„  π‘„“π‘„³π‘„’ π‘„“π‘„³π‘„£ π‘„“π‘„³π‘„€ π‘„“π‘„³π‘„š
π‘„” ḍh π‘„”π‘„³π‘„  π‘„”π‘„³π‘„’ π‘„”π‘„³π‘„£ π‘„”π‘„³π‘„€ π‘„”π‘„³π‘„š
π‘„• αΉ‡ π‘„•π‘„³π‘„  π‘„•π‘„³π‘„’ π‘„•π‘„³π‘„£ π‘„•π‘„³π‘„€ π‘„•π‘„³π‘„š
π‘„– t π‘„–π‘„³π‘„  π‘„–π‘„³π‘„’ π‘„–π‘„³π‘„£ π‘„–π‘„³π‘„€ π‘„–π‘„³π‘„š
π‘„— th π‘„—π‘„³π‘„  π‘„—π‘„³π‘„’ π‘„—π‘„³π‘„£ π‘„—π‘„³π‘„€ π‘„—π‘„³π‘„š
π‘„˜ d π‘„˜π‘„³π‘„  π‘„˜π‘„³π‘„’ π‘„˜π‘„³π‘„£ π‘„˜π‘„³π‘„€ π‘„˜π‘„³π‘„š
π‘„™ dh π‘„™π‘„³π‘„  π‘„™π‘„³π‘„’ π‘„™π‘„³π‘„£ π‘„™π‘„³π‘„€ π‘„™π‘„³π‘„š
π‘„š n π‘„šπ‘„³π‘„  π‘„šπ‘„³π‘„’ π‘„šπ‘„³π‘„£ π‘„šπ‘„³π‘„€ π‘„šπ‘„³π‘„š
π‘„› p π‘„›π‘„³π‘„  π‘„›π‘„³π‘„’ π‘„›π‘„³π‘„£ π‘„›π‘„³π‘„€ π‘„›π‘„³π‘„š
π‘„œ ph π‘„œπ‘„³π‘„  π‘„œπ‘„³π‘„’ π‘„œπ‘„³π‘„£ π‘„œπ‘„³π‘„€ π‘„œπ‘„³π‘„š
𑄝 b 𑄝𑄳𑄠 𑄝𑄳𑄒 𑄝𑄳𑄣 𑄝𑄳𑄀 π‘„π‘„³π‘„š
π‘„ž bh π‘„žπ‘„³π‘„  π‘„žπ‘„³π‘„’ π‘„žπ‘„³π‘„£ π‘„žπ‘„³π‘„€ π‘„žπ‘„³π‘„š
π‘„Ÿ m π‘„Ÿπ‘„³π‘„  π‘„Ÿπ‘„³π‘„’ π‘„Ÿπ‘„³π‘„£ π‘„Ÿπ‘„³π‘„€ π‘„Ÿπ‘„³π‘„š
π‘„  yy π‘„ π‘„³π‘„  π‘„ π‘„³π‘„’ π‘„ π‘„³π‘„£ π‘„ π‘„³π‘„€ π‘„ π‘„³π‘„š
π‘„‘ y π‘„‘π‘„³π‘„  π‘„‘π‘„³π‘„’ π‘„‘π‘„³π‘„£ π‘„‘π‘„³π‘„€ π‘„‘π‘„³π‘„š
π‘„’ r π‘„’π‘„³π‘„  π‘„’π‘„³π‘„’ π‘„’π‘„³π‘„£ π‘„’π‘„³π‘„€ π‘„’π‘„³π‘„š
π‘„€ w π‘„€π‘„³π‘„  π‘„€π‘„³π‘„’ π‘„€π‘„³π‘„£ π‘„€π‘„³π‘„€ π‘„€π‘„³π‘„š
π‘„₯ s π‘„₯π‘„³π‘„  π‘„₯π‘„³π‘„’ π‘„₯π‘„³π‘„£ π‘„₯π‘„³π‘„€ π‘„₯π‘„³π‘„š
𑄦 h 𑄦𑄳𑄠 𑄦𑄳𑄒 𑄦𑄳𑄣 𑄦𑄳𑄀 π‘„¦π‘„³π‘„š

While some writers would indeed write kakna (in ligating style) as π‘„‡π‘„‡π‘„³π‘„š or (in subjoining style) as π‘„‡π‘„‡π‘„³π‘„š, most now would probably expect it to be written as π‘„‡π‘„‡π‘„΄π‘„š. The ligating style of glyphs is now considered old-fashioned. Thus, taking the letter π‘„Ÿ mā as the second element, while the glyph shapes π‘„‡π‘„³π‘„Ÿ kmā, π‘„–π‘„³π‘„Ÿ tmā, π‘„šπ‘„³π‘„Ÿ nmā, 𑄝𑄳𑄝 bbā, π‘„Ÿπ‘„³π‘„Ÿ mmā, π‘„£π‘„³π‘„£ llā, π‘„₯π‘„³π‘„Ÿ smā, and π‘„¦π‘„³π‘„Ÿ hmā are attested, most users now prefer the glyph shapes π‘„‡π‘„³π‘„Ÿ kmā, π‘„–π‘„³π‘„Ÿ tmā, π‘„šπ‘„³π‘„Ÿ nmā, 𑄝𑄳𑄝 bbā, π‘„Ÿπ‘„³π‘„Ÿ mmā, π‘„£π‘„³π‘„£ llā, π‘„₯π‘„³π‘„Ÿ smā, and π‘„¦π‘„³π‘„Ÿ hmā. Again, this distinction is stylistic and not orthographic.

The 2004 book PhadagaαΉ… shows examples of the five conjuncts above together alongside conjuncts formed with 𑄝 bā, π‘„Ÿ mā, and 𑄦 hā. These are all formed by simple subjoining.

Consonant 𑄳𑄝

- bā

π‘„³π‘„Ÿ

- mā

𑄳𑄦

- hā

𑄇 k 𑄇𑄳𑄝 π‘„‡π‘„³π‘„Ÿ 𑄇𑄳𑄦
π‘„ˆ kh π‘„ˆπ‘„³π‘„ π‘„ˆπ‘„³π‘„Ÿ π‘„ˆπ‘„³π‘„¦
𑄉 g 𑄉𑄳𑄝 π‘„‰π‘„³π‘„Ÿ 𑄉𑄳𑄦
π‘„Š gh π‘„Šπ‘„³π‘„ π‘„Šπ‘„³π‘„Ÿ π‘„Šπ‘„³π‘„¦
π‘„‹ αΉ… 𑄋𑄳𑄝 π‘„‹π‘„³π‘„Ÿ 𑄋𑄳𑄦
π‘„Œ c π‘„Œπ‘„³π‘„ π‘„Œπ‘„³π‘„Ÿ π‘„Œπ‘„³π‘„¦
𑄍 ch 𑄍𑄳𑄝 π‘„π‘„³π‘„Ÿ 𑄍𑄳𑄦
π‘„Ž j π‘„Žπ‘„³π‘„ π‘„Žπ‘„³π‘„Ÿ π‘„Žπ‘„³π‘„¦
𑄏 jh 𑄏𑄳𑄝 π‘„π‘„³π‘„Ÿ 𑄏𑄳𑄦
𑄐 Γ± 𑄐𑄳𑄝 π‘„π‘„³π‘„Ÿ 𑄐𑄳𑄦
π‘„‘ αΉ­ 𑄑𑄳𑄝 π‘„‘π‘„³π‘„Ÿ 𑄑𑄳𑄦
π‘„’ αΉ­h 𑄒𑄳𑄝 π‘„’π‘„³π‘„Ÿ 𑄒𑄳𑄦
π‘„“ ḍ 𑄓𑄳𑄝 π‘„“π‘„³π‘„Ÿ 𑄓𑄳𑄦
π‘„” ḍh 𑄔𑄳𑄝 π‘„”π‘„³π‘„Ÿ 𑄔𑄳𑄦
π‘„• αΉ‡ 𑄕𑄳𑄝 π‘„•π‘„³π‘„Ÿ 𑄕𑄳𑄦
π‘„– t 𑄖𑄳𑄝 π‘„–π‘„³π‘„Ÿ 𑄖𑄳𑄦
π‘„— th 𑄗𑄳𑄝 π‘„—π‘„³π‘„Ÿ 𑄗𑄳𑄦
π‘„˜ d π‘„˜π‘„³π‘„ π‘„˜π‘„³π‘„Ÿ π‘„˜π‘„³π‘„¦
π‘„™ dh 𑄙𑄳𑄝 π‘„™π‘„³π‘„Ÿ 𑄙𑄳𑄦
π‘„š n π‘„šπ‘„³π‘„ π‘„šπ‘„³π‘„Ÿ π‘„šπ‘„³π‘„¦
π‘„› p 𑄛𑄳𑄝 π‘„›π‘„³π‘„Ÿ 𑄛𑄳𑄦
π‘„œ ph π‘„œπ‘„³π‘„ π‘„œπ‘„³π‘„Ÿ π‘„œπ‘„³π‘„¦
𑄝 b 𑄝𑄳𑄝 π‘„π‘„³π‘„Ÿ 𑄝𑄳𑄦
π‘„ž bh π‘„žπ‘„³π‘„ π‘„žπ‘„³π‘„Ÿ π‘„žπ‘„³π‘„¦
π‘„Ÿ m π‘„Ÿπ‘„³π‘„ π‘„Ÿπ‘„³π‘„Ÿ π‘„Ÿπ‘„³π‘„¦
π‘„  yy 𑄠𑄳𑄝 π‘„ π‘„³π‘„Ÿ 𑄠𑄳𑄦
π‘„‘ y 𑄑𑄳𑄝 π‘„‘π‘„³π‘„Ÿ 𑄑𑄳𑄦
π‘„’ r 𑄒𑄳𑄝 π‘„’π‘„³π‘„Ÿ 𑄒𑄳𑄦
π‘„€ w 𑄳𑄀𑄝 π‘„€π‘„³π‘„Ÿ 𑄳𑄀𑄦
π‘„₯ s π‘„₯𑄳𑄝 π‘„₯π‘„³π‘„Ÿ π‘„₯𑄳𑄦
𑄦 h 𑄦𑄳𑄝 π‘„¦π‘„³π‘„Ÿ 𑄦𑄳𑄦

In the 1982 book Cāṅmār āg pudhi a much wider range of conjunct pairs is shown, some of them with fairly complicated glyphs:

Note: Spaces left blank do not have a combination
Consonant 𑄳𑄇

- k

𑄳𑄉

- g

π‘„³π‘„Œ

- c

𑄳𑄍

- ch

π‘„³π‘„Ž

- j

𑄳𑄏

- jh

π‘„³π‘„‘

- αΉ­

π‘„³π‘„–

- t

π‘„³π‘„—

- th

π‘„³π‘„˜

- d

π‘„³π‘„™

- dh

π‘„³π‘„›

- p

𑄳𑄝

- b

π‘„³π‘„Ÿ

- m

𑄳𑄦

- l

𑄇 k 𑄇𑄳𑄇 π‘„‡π‘„³π‘„Œ 𑄇𑄳𑄑 𑄇𑄳𑄖 π‘„‡π‘„³π‘„Ÿ
π‘„‹ αΉ… 𑄋𑄳𑄇 𑄋𑄳𑄉
π‘„Œ c π‘„Œπ‘„³π‘„Œ π‘„Œπ‘„³π‘„
π‘„Ž j π‘„Žπ‘„³π‘„Ž
𑄐 Γ± π‘„π‘„³π‘„Œ π‘„π‘„³π‘„Ž 𑄐𑄳𑄏
π‘„‘ αΉ­ π‘„‘π‘„³π‘„‘
π‘„– t π‘„–π‘„³π‘„– π‘„–π‘„³π‘„— π‘„–π‘„³π‘„Ÿ
π‘„˜ d π‘„˜π‘„³π‘„˜ π‘„˜π‘„³π‘„™
π‘„š n π‘„šπ‘„³π‘„– π‘„šπ‘„³π‘„— π‘„šπ‘„³π‘„Ÿ
π‘„› p π‘„›π‘„³π‘„›
𑄝 b 𑄝𑄳𑄝
π‘„Ÿ m π‘„Ÿπ‘„³π‘„Ÿ
π‘„£ l 𑄦𑄳𑄇 𑄦𑄳𑄉 𑄦𑄳𑄍 𑄦𑄳𑄑 𑄦𑄳𑄛 𑄣𑄳𑄦
π‘„₯ s π‘„₯𑄳𑄇 π‘„₯π‘„³π‘„‘ π‘„₯π‘„³π‘„› π‘„₯π‘„³π‘„Ÿ
𑄦 h π‘„¦π‘„³π‘„Ÿ

Letter names and punctuation

Chakma letters have a descriptive name followed by a traditional Brahmic consonant. These are given in annotations to the character names. Alongside a single (𑅁) and double (π‘…‚) danda punctuation, Chakma has a unique question mark (π‘…ƒ), and a section sign, Phulacihna. There is some variation in the glyphs for the Phulacihna (π‘…€), some looking like flowers or leaves.

Numerals

The Chakma script contains its own set of numerals, although Bengali numerals are also used.

Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter

Unicode

Main article: Chakma (Unicode block)

Chakma script was added to the Unicode Standard in January 2012 with the release of version 6.1.[8]

The Unicode block for Chakma script is U+11100–U+1114F. Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points:

Template:Unicode chart Chakma

Educational Institutions

The Chakma language is taught in numerous government and private schools across India (in Tripura, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh) and Bangladesh. In 2004, the Government of Tripura's Directorate of Kokborok & Other Minority Languages officially introduced Chakma in primary schools using the Bengali script. Since 2013, it has been taught using the Chakma script. Currently,[when?] 87 schools offer Chakma language instruction.[9]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Scheuren, Zachary (2019-04-22). "Proposal to encode CHAKMA LETTER VAA for Pali". https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19143-chakma-letter-vaa.pdf. 
  2. ↑ Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography. Literacy Studies. 17. 2019. p. 28. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05977-4. ISBN 978-3-030-05976-7. 
  3. ↑ Talukdar, S. P. (2010). Genesis of Indigenous Chakma Buddhists and Their Pulverization Worldwide. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 9788178357584. https://books.google.com/books?id=RGHfVGV5A5wC&q=chakma+script+burmese%2Cp214&pg=PA214. 
  4. ↑ Brauns, Claus-Dieter; LΓΆffler, Lorenz G. (11 November 2013). Mru: Hill People on the Border of Bangladesh. BirkhΓ€user. ISBN 9783034856942. https://books.google.com/books?id=jWP0BwAAQBAJ&q=chakma+script+burmese&pg=PA28. 
  5. ↑ Everson, Michael; Hosken, Martin (2009-07-28). "Proposal for encoding the Chakma script in the UCS". http://unicode.org/L2/L2009/09187r-n3645r-chakma.pdf. 
  6. ↑ "Chakma block chart". The Unicode Consortium. https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U11100.pdf. 
  7. ↑ Brandt, Carmen (2014). "Script as a potential demarcator and stabilizer of languages in South Asia". in Cardoso, Hugo C.. Language Endangerment and Preservation in South Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 86. ISBN 9780985621148. 
  8. ↑ "Unicode 6.1.0". 2012-01-31. https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.1.0/. 
  9. ↑ "Chakma Language". https://kokborokoml.tripura.gov.in/chakma. 

Template:Language orthographies



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