Social:Pallava script

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Short description: Brahmic writing system
Pallava script
'Pallava' in Pallava script
Type
Abugida
LanguagesTamil, Sanskrit, Telugu, Kannada, Konkani, Marathi, Old Khmer, Old Malay, Burmese, Thai, Sinhala, Lao, Mon, Balinese, etc.
Time period
4th century CE to Present[1]
Parent systems
Child systems
Tamil, Grantha, Mon-Burmese, Khmer, Cham, Kawi
Sister systems
Vattezhuthu, Kolezhuthu
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Template:Brahmic

The Pallava script, or Pallava Grantha, named after the Pallava dynasty of Southern India (Tamilakam) and is attested to since the 4th century CE. The Pallava script evolved from Tamil-Brahmi.[2] It was used to originally write Tamil and Sanskrit texts  – the court languages of Pallavas, thus, it features glyphs to render the sounds of both languages. Both the Tamil script via the intermediate script/step called Chozha-Pallava-Script[3][4] and Grantha script have originated from the Pallava script.[5]

Pallava also spread to Southeast Asia and evolved into scripts such as Balinese,[6] Baybayin,[7] Javanese,[8] Kawi,[9] Khmer,[10] Lanna,[11] Lao,[12] Mon–Burmese,[13] New Tai Lue,[14] Sundanese,[15] and Thai.[16] This script is the sister of the Vatteluttu script which was also used to write Tamil and Malayalam in the past.[17]

Epigrapher Arlo Griffiths argues that the name of the script is misleading as not all of the relevant scripts referred to have a connection with the Pallava dynasty. He instead advocates that these scripts be called Late Southern Brāhmī scripts.[1]

History

During the rule of the Pallavas, the script accompanied priests, monks, scholars, and traders into Southeast Asia. Pallavas developed the Pallava script based on Tamil-Brahmi. The main characteristics of the newer script are aesthetically matched and fuller consonant glyphs, similarly visible in the writing systems of Chalukya,[18] Kadamba, and Vengi at the time of Ikshvakus. Brahmi's design was slightly different from the scripts of Cholas, Pandyas, and Cheras. Pallava script was the first significant development of Brahmi in India, combining rounded and rectangular strokes and adding typographical effects, and was suitable for civic and religious inscriptions.

It served as parent script for several modern-day-scripts, such as Chozha-Pallava-Script, which ultimately gave rise to Tamil script and also Grantha script. Once the Pallava dynasty was integrated via the conquest by Aditya I in 897 CE[19], which laid the foundation for the future Chola Empire  – the Chozha-Pallava was subsequently developed under that dynasty and replaced both the Pallava and Grantha scripts to write Tamil texts, whereas Grantha remained to be in usage for rendering Manipravalam texts.[20] It also supplanted the Vatteluttu, when the Pandya Nadu in c. 850 CE was conquered by the Cholas as well.[21] The Chozha-Pallava script resembled the same glyph developments like its counterpart Grantha script, but it didn't feature any foreign sounds from Sanskrit, thus, simplifying the script and ultimately becoming the modern-day Tamil script.[3][4]

Kadamba-Pallava script[22] evolved into early forms of Kannada and Telugu scripts. Glyphs become more rounded and incorporate loops because of writing upon leaves and paper.[22]

The script is not yet a part of Unicode but proposals have been made to include it. In 2018, Anshuman Pandey made a proposal.[23]

Characteristics

The form shown here is based on examples from the 7th century CE. Letters labeled * have uncertain sound value, as they have little occurrence in Southeast Asia.

Consonants

Each consonant has an inherent /a/, which will be sounded if no vowel sign is attached. If two consonants follow one another without intervening vowel, the second consonant is made into a subscript form, and attached below the first.

ka kha ga gha nga
x40px x40px x40px x40px x40px
ca cha ja jha* nya
x40px x40px x40px x40px x40px
ṭa ṭha* ḍa ḍha* ṇa
x40px x40px x40px x40px x40px
ta tha da dha na
x40px x40px x40px x40px x40px
pa pha ba bha ma
x40px x40px x40px x40px x40px
ya ra la va
x40px x40px x40px x40px
śa ṣa sa ha
x40px x40px x40px x40px

Independent Vowels

a ā i ī u e o ai* au*
x40px x40px x40px x40px x40px x40px x40px x40px x40px

Examples

  • Kadamba-Pallava script
    Kadamba-Pallava script
  • Pallava script at the 8th century Kailasanatha temple in Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu.
    Pallava script at the 8th century Kailasanatha temple in Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu.
  • The Ciaruteun inscription, a 5th-century Pallava stone inscription discovered in Indonesia
    The Ciaruteun inscription, a 5th-century Pallava stone inscription discovered in Indonesia
  • One of the oldest inscriptions discovered in Indonesia, the Yūpa inscriptions of King Mulavarman, king of Kutai Martadipura written in the 4th century AD
    One of the oldest inscriptions discovered in Indonesia, the Yūpa inscriptions of King Mulavarman, king of Kutai Martadipura written in the 4th century AD

Unicode

A proposal to encode the script in Unicode was submitted in 2018.[23]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Griffiths, Arlo (2014). "53-57". LOST KINGDOMS: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9781588395245. https://www.academia.edu/6301451. 
  2. ↑ Salomon, Richard (1998). Indian Epigraphy. p. 40. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 University of Madras Tamil Lexicon, page 148: "அலியெழுத்து [ aliyeḻuttu n ali-y-eḻuttu . < அலி¹ +. 1. The letter ஃ, as being regarded as neither a vowel nor a consonant; ஆய்தம். (வெண்பாப். முதன்மொ. 6, உரை.) 2. Consonants; மெய்யெ ழுத்து. (பிங்.)."]
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Griffiths, Arlo (2014). "Early Indic Inscriptions of Southeast Asia". https://www.academia.edu/6301451. 
  5. ↑ "Grantha alphabet". https://www.omniglot.com/writing/grantha.htm. 
  6. ↑ "Balinese alphabet". http://www.omniglot.com/writing/balinese.htm. 
  7. ↑ "Tagalog". https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tagalog.htm. 
  8. ↑ "Javanese alphabet". http://www.omniglot.com/writing/javanese.htm. 
  9. ↑ "Kawi alphabet". https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kawi.htm. 
  10. ↑ "Khmer". https://www.omniglot.com/writing/khmer.htm. 
  11. ↑ "Lanna alphabet". https://www.omniglot.com/writing/lanna.htm. 
  12. ↑ "Lao". https://www.omniglot.com/writing/lao.htm. 
  13. ↑ "Mon". https://www.omniglot.com/writing/mon.htm. 
  14. ↑ "New Tai Lue script". https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tailue.htm. 
  15. ↑ "Sundanese". https://www.omniglot.com/writing/sundanese.php. 
  16. ↑ "Thai". https://www.omniglot.com/writing/thai.htm. 
  17. ↑ Coulmas, Florian (1999). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems. Blackwell Publishing. p. 542. ISBN 9780631214816. https://books.google.com/books?id=y3KdxBqjg5cC. 
  18. ↑ "Western Calukya script". 690. http://www.skyknowledge.com/burnell-plate4.gif. 
  19. ↑ Gabriel Jouveau-Dubreuil, The Pallavas, Asian Educational Services, 1995 - Art, Indic - 86 pages, p. 83 
  20. ↑ Blackburn, Stuart (2006). Print, folklore, and nationalism in colonial South India. New York, Springer. p. 29. "After about AD 1500, translations from Sanskrit did appear, and unassimilated words began to flood literary Malayalam; eventually a hybrid idiom (manipravalam) mixing Sanskrit and tamil words, and Sanskrit words with tamil inflections, was devised" 
  21. ↑ Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta. (1958, second ed.) A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar. Madras, Oxford University Press. 167–68.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Pallava script". Skyknowledge.com. 2014-02-02. http://www.skyknowledge.com/pallava.htm. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Pandey, Anshuman. (2018). Preliminary proposal to encode Pallava in Unicode.

Bibliography

  • Sivaramamurti, C, Indian Epigraphy and South Indian Scripts. Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum. Chennai 1999



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