Social:Jino language
| Jino | |
|---|---|
| Jinuo, Buyuan Jino, Youle Jino, 基諾語補遠方言 [1] | |
| Jinuo | |
| Pronunciation | Template:IPA-bodia or Template:IPA-bodia[2] |
| Region | Sipsongpanna, Dai autonomous prefecture of southern Yunnan (People's Republic of China) |
| Ethnicity | Jino |
Native speakers | 21,000 (2007)[3] |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:jiu – Youle Jinuojiy – Buyuan Jinuo |
| Glottolog | youl1235[4] |
The Jino language (Jinuo 基諾語;[5] autonyms: tɕy˦no˦, ki˦ɲo˦) constitutes a pair of Loloish language varieties spoken by the Jino people of Yunnan, China .
Varieties
In total, there are about 28,320 Jinuo people living in China.[6] A total of 70–80% of Jinuo people can speak either of the Jino varieties fluently.[7] The Jino language constitutes the two subdialects of Youle Jino and Buyuan Jinuo,[8] and they are not mutually intelligible.
Buyuan Jino is spoken by 21,000 people;[9] most of the speakers are monolingual, which means they only speak Buyuan Jino.[5] There is no official written form. Most Jino people also speak one of the Tai languages or Chinese. The ISO 639-3 code for the Jino varieties are "jiu" for Youle Jino and "jiy" for Buyuan Jino.[9] The Glottocodes for the Jino varieties are "youl1235" for Youle Jino[10] and "buyu1238" for Buyuan Jino.[11]
Classification
The exact classification of Jino within the Loloish branch of Sino-Tibetan language family remains uncertain. Jino is classified as a Southern Loloish (Hanoish) language by Ziwo Lama (2012),[2] but as a Central Loloish language by Bradley (2007).[12] Jino is also classified as a Southern Loloish language in Satterthwaite-Phillips' (2011) computational phylogenetic analysis of the Lolo-Burmese languages.[13]
History
The use of Jino is rapidly declining: in the 1980s, 70–80% of the Jino people used Jino; in 2000, less than 50% of the population could speak Jino.[14]
The Jino people were recognized by the state council on 6 June 1979 as the last recognized minority nationality in China.[14]
Historically, the Jino people were organized as a matriarchal culture, and “Jino” means “descending from the uncle,” and it refers to the importance of mother’s brother in matriarchal societies.[15]
From a language aspect, Jino is similar to other languages under the branch of the Tibeto-Burman languages, because the Jino people moved from the northwest of Yunnan province to the territories they are at now, but the timing and routes of this migration remain uncertain,[1]
Geographic distribution
Jino is spoken in Jinuo Township (Jinuo Mountain), located in Jinghong City of the Sipsongpanna Dai autonomous prefecture of Yunnan province, China.[14]
Tonemes
There are five tonemes in Buyuan Jino. Gai believes that the function of tonemes are distinguishing lexical meanings and grammatical meanings.[16]
- /˥/ (high level tone, 55): it tends to phonetically shorten vowels
- /˦/ (mid level tone, 44): lower than 55, though still high
- /˧˩/ (low falling tone, 31)
- /˧˥/ (rising tone, 35)
- /˥˧/ (high falling tone, 53)
/˥˧/ (53) tone is considered difficult to distinguish when listening to a native speaker.[8]
Writing system
Jino does not have an official writing system, but it developed several systems of signs to cover communication in different situations.[1] The Jino used engraved wooden or bamboo boards to record debts between villages.
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Arcones, Pedro Ceinos (2013) (in en). China's Last But One Matriarchy: The Jino of Yunnan. Kunming: Papers of the White Dragon. https://books.google.com/books?id=jsNTAwAAQBAJ&q=jino+language&pg=PA18.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lama (2012)
- ↑ Youle Jinuo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Buyuan Jinuo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) - ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Youle Jinuo". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/youl1235.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Buyuan Jinuo" (in en). http://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4330.
- ↑ "People Group Profiles" (in en). https://asiaharvest.org/people-group-profiles/#china.
- ↑ Moseley, Christopher (2012). "Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" (in en). http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Hayashi, Norihiko (2013). "A Sketch of Buyuan Jino Tones and Their Development" (in en). Annals of Foreign Studies 83: 19–34. http://id.nii.ac.jp/1085/00001317/.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Jinuo, Buyuan". Ethnologue. https://www.ethnologue.com/language/jiy.
- ↑ "Jino" (in en). http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/jino1236.
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald, ed (2016). "Jino" (in en). Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/buyu1238.
- ↑ Bradley, David (2007). "East and Southeast Asia". in Moseley, Christopher (in en). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. London: Routledge. pp. 349–424.
- ↑ Satterthwaite-Phillips, Damian (2011). Phylogenetic Inference of the Tibeto-Burman Languages or on the Usefulness of Lexicostatistics (and "Megalo"-Comparison) for the Subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman (Ph.D. thesis). Stanford University.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Yuming, Li; Wei, Li (2013) (in en). The Language Situation in China. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-1-61451-253-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=2Xln94QUnnkC&q=jinuo+language&pg=PA193.
- ↑ Minahan, James B. (2014) (in en). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-018-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=oZCOAwAAQBAJ&q=jino+language&pg=PA122.
- ↑ Gai, Xingzhi 盖兴之 (1986) (in zh). Jīnuòyǔ jiǎnzhì. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
References
- Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012). Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages: A Study From the Perspectives of Shared Innovation and Phylogenetic Estimation (Ph.D. thesis). University of Texas at Arlington. hdl:10106/11161.
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