Social:Japhug language
Japhug | |
---|---|
IPA: [kɯrɯ skɤt] | |
Pronunciation | IPA: [tɕɤpʰɯ] |
Native to | China |
Region | Sichuan |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | (included in Template:ISO 639 [jya]) |
Glottolog | japh1234 [1] |
Japhug is a Gyalrong language spoken in Barkam County, Rngaba, Sichuan, China , in the three townships of Gdong-brgyad (Chinese: 龙尔甲; pinyin: Lóng'rjiǎ, Japhug IPA: [ʁdɯrɟɤt]), Gsar-rdzong (Chinese: 沙尔宗; pinyin: Shā'rzōng, Japhug IPA: [sarndzu]) and Da-tshang (Chinese: 大藏; pinyin: Dàzàng, Japhug IPA: [tatsʰi]).
The endonym of the Japhug language is IPA: [kɯrɯ skɤt]. The name Japhug (IPA: [tɕɤpʰɯ]; Tibetan: ja phug; Chinese: 茶堡; pinyin: Chábǎo) refers in Japhug to the area comprising Gsar-rdzong and Da-tshang, while that of Gdong-brgyad is also known as IPA: [sɤŋu] (Jacques 2004), but speakers of Situ Gyalrong use this name to refer to the whole Japhug-speaking area.
Phonology
Japhug is the only toneless Gyalrong language. It has 49 consonants and seven vowels.
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Alveopalatal | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Occlusive | nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||||
prenasalized | ᵐb | ⁿd | ⁿdz | ᶯɖʐ | ᶮdʑ | ᶮɟ | ᵑɡ | ᶰɢ | |
voiced | b | d | dz | dʐ | dʑ | ɟ | ɡ | ||
voiceless | p | t | ts | tʂ | tɕ | c | k | q | |
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | tsʰ | tʂʰ | tɕʰ | cʰ | kʰ | qʰ | |
Continuant | voiced | w | l | z | r | ʑ | j | ɣ | ʁ |
voiceless | ɬ | s | ʂ | ɕ | x | χ |
The phoneme /w/ has the allophones [β] and [f].
The phoneme /ʁ/ is realized as an epiglottal fricative in the coda or preceding another consonant.
The prenasalized consonants are analyzed as units for two reasons. First, there is a phoneme /ɴɢ/, as in /ɴɢoɕna/ "large spider", but neither /ɴ/ nor /ɢ/ exist as independent phonemes. Second, there are clusters of fricatives and prenasalized voiced stops, as in /ʑmbri/ "willow", but never clusters of fricatives and prenasalized voiceless stops.
Japhug distinguishes between palatal plosives and velar plosive + j sequences, as in /co/ "valley" vs. /kjo/ "drag". These both contrast with alveolo-palatal affricates.
There are at least 339 consonant clusters in Japhug (Jacques 2008:29), more than in Old Tibetan or in most Indo-European languages. Some of these clusters are typologically unusual: in addition to the previously mentioned clusters of fricatives and prenasalized stops, there are clusters where the first element as a semivowel, as in /jla/ "hybrid of a yak and a cow".
Vowels
Japhug has eight vowel phonemes: a, o, u, ɤ, ɯ, y, e and i. The vowel y is attested in only one native word (/qaɟy/ "fish") and its derivatives, but appears in Chinese loanwords.
Grammar
Jacques (2008) is a short grammar and Jacques and Chen (2010) a text collection with interlinear glosses. Other studies on morphosyntax include Jacques (2010) on Direct–inverse marking, Jacques (2012a) on valency (passive, antipassive, anticausative, lability etc.), Jacques (2012b) on incorporation and Jacques (2013) on associated motion.
References
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Japhug". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/japh1234.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2004). Phonologie et morphologie du Japhug (rGyalrong) (PDF) (Doctoral thesis) (in français). Université Paris VII. Cite has empty unknown parameter:
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(help) - Jacques, Guillaume (2007). "La réduplication partielle en japhug, révélatrice des structures syllabiques" (in fr). Faits de Langues 29: 9–21. doi:10.1163/19589514-029-01-900000003.
- Jacques, Guillaume 向柏霖; Chen, Zhen 陈珍 (2007). "Chábǎohuà de bù jíwù qiánzhuì jí xiāngguān wèntí" (in zh). Language and Linguistics / Yǔyán jì yǔyánxué 8 (4): 883–912. http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/Files/LL/Docments/Journals/8.4/j2007_4_03_9696.pdf.
- Jacques, Guillaume 向柏霖 (2008) (in zh). Jiāróngyǔ yánjiū. Beijing Shi: Minzu chubanshe.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2010). "The inverse in Japhug Rgyalrong". Language and Linguistics 11 (1): 127–157. https://www.academia.edu/968767.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2012). "From Denominal Derivation to Incorporation". Lingua 122 (11): 1027–1231. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2012.05.010. https://www.academia.edu/1627216.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2012). "Argument demotion in Japhug Rgyalrong". in Authier, Gilles (in en). Ergativity, Valency and Voice. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 199–225. https://www.academia.edu/1789058.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2013). "Ideophones in Japhug (Rgyalrong)". Anthropological Linguistics 55 (3): 256–287. doi:10.1353/anl.2013.0014. https://www.academia.edu/5951569.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2013). "Applicative and tropative derivations in Japhug Rgyalrong". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 36 (2): 1–13. https://www.academia.edu/4159603.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2013). "Harmonization and disharmonization of affix ordering and basic word order". Linguistic Typology 17 (2): 187–215. doi:10.1515/lity-2013-0009. https://www.academia.edu/2008163.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2014). "Denominal affixes as sources of antipassive markers in Japhug Rgyalrong". Lingua 138: 1–22. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2013.09.011. https://www.academia.edu/4483958.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2014). "Clause linking in Japhug". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 37 (2): 264–328. doi:10.1075/ltba.37.2.05jac. https://www.academia.edu/10019754.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2015). "The spontaneous-autobenefactive prefix in Japhug Rgyalrong". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 38 (2): 271–291. doi:10.1075/ltba.38.2.08jac. https://www.academia.edu/10068402.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2015). "The origin of the causative prefix in Rgyalrong languages and its implication for proto-Sino-Tibetan reconstruction". Folia Linguistica Historica 36 (1): 165–198. doi:10.1515/flih-2015-0002. https://www.academia.edu/15656056.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2016). "Subjects, objects and relativization in Japhug". Journal of Chinese Linguistics 44 (1): 1–28. doi:10.1353/jcl.2016.0005. https://www.academia.edu/12027917.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2016). "From ergative to index of comparison: multiple reanalyses and polyfunctionality". Diachronica 33 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1075/dia.33.1.01jac. https://www.academia.edu/17613483.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2021). A Grammar of Japhug. Berlin: Language Science Press. doi:10.5281/zenodo.4548232. ISBN 9783961103058. https://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/295.
- Jacques, Guillaume; Chen, Zhen (2010) (in fr). Une version Rgyalrong de l'épopée de Gesar. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology.
- Lin, Youjing 林幼菁; Luo, Erwu 罗尔武 (2003). "Chábǎo Jiāróngyǔ Dàzànghuà de qūxiàng qiánzhuì yǔ dòngcí cígàn de biànhuà" (in zh). Mínzú yǔwén 2003 (4): 19–29.