Social:Pumi language

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Short description: Qiangic language spoken in Yunnan, China
Pumi
Prinmi
Native toPeople's Republic of China
RegionSichuan, Yunnan
EthnicityPumi
Native speakers
(54,000 cited 1999)[1]
Hangui (rarely)
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
pmi – Northern Pumi
pmj – Southern Pumi
Glottologpumi1242[2]

The Pumi language (also known as Prinmi[citation needed]) is a Qiangic language used by the Pumi people, an ethnic group from Yunnan, China , as well as by the Tibetan people of Muli in Sichuan, China .[3][4] Most native speakers live in Lanping, Ninglang, Lijiang, Weixi and Muli.

The autonym of the Pumi is pʰʐə̃55 mi55 in Western Prinmi, pʰɹĩ55 mi55 in Central Prinmi, and pʰʐõ55 mə53 in Northern Prinmi with variants such as pʰɹə̃55 mə55 and tʂʰə̃55 mi53.[4][5]

In Muli Bonist priests read religious texts in Tibetan, which needs to be interpreted into Prinmi.[citation needed] An attempt to teach Pumi children to write their language using the Tibetan script has been seen in Ninglang.[6] A pinyin-based Roman script has been proposed, but is not commonly used.[7]

Dialects

Earlier works suggest there are two branches of Pumi (southern and northern), and they are not mutually intelligible. Ding (2014) proposes three major groups: Western Prinmi (spoken in Lanping), Central Prinmi (spoken in southwestern Ninglang, Lijiang, Yulong and Yongsheng) and Northern Prinmi (spoken in northern Ninglang and Sichuan).[8]

Lu (2001)

Dialects of Pumi include the following (Lu 2001).[4]

Southern (22,000 speakers)
  • Qinghua 箐花村, Lanping County, Yunnan
  • Ludian 鲁甸县, Yunnan
  • Xinyingpan 新营盘乡, Ninglang County, Yunnan
Northern (55,000 speakers)
  • Taoba 桃巴村, Muli County, Sichuan
  • Tuoqi 拖七村, Ninglang County, Yunnan
  • Zuosuo 左所区, Yanyuan County, Sichuan
  • Sanyanlong 三岩龙乡, Jiulong County, Sichuan

Sim (2017)

Sims (2017)[9] lists the following dialects of Pumi.

  • Northern
    • Sanyanlong 三岩龙 [Jiulong County] (B. Huang & Dai 1992)[10]
    • Taoba 桃巴 [Muli County] (Sun 1991)[11]
    • Shuiluo 水洛 [Muli County] (Jacques 2011)[12]
  • Central
    • Wadu 瓦都[13] [Ninglang County] (Daudey 2014)[14]
    • Niuwozi 牛窝子[15] [Ninglang County] (Ding 2001, etc.)[16]
  • Southern
    • Dayang [Lanping County] (Matisoff 1997)[17]
    • Qinghua 箐花 [Lanping County] (Sun 1991; B. Huang & Dai 1992)[11][10]

Sims (2017)[9] reconstructs high tones and low tones for Proto-Prinmi.

Documentation

Transcribed, translated and annotated audio documents in the Pumi language are available from the Pangloss Collection.[18] They concern Northern dialects of Pumi.

Phonology

Pumi Consonants
Labial Dental Retroflex Palatal Velar
Nasal voiceless [m̥] [n̥] [ŋ̥]
voiced [m] [n] ŋ
Plosive voiceless [p] [t] [ʈ] [k]
aspirated [pʰ] [tʰ] [ʈʰ] [kʰ]
voiced [b] [d] [ɖ] [ɡ]
Affricate voiceless [ts] [ʈʂ] [tɕ]
aspirated [tsʰ] [ʈʂʰ] [tɕʰ]
voiced [dz] [ɖʐ] [dʑ]
Fricative voiceless [s] [ʂ] [ɕ] [x]
voiced [z] [ʐ] [ʑ] [ɣ]
Lateral voiceless [ɬ]
voiced [l]
Approximant voiceless [ɹ̥]
voiced [w] [ɹ] [j]
Oral Vowels of Pumi
Front Central Back
Close [i/iᵊ] [ɨ] [ʉ] [u]
Close-Mid [e] [ɤ] [o]
Mid [ə]
Open-Mid [ɛ] [ɜ]
Near-Open [ɐ]
Open [a] [ɑ]
Nasal Vowels of Pumi
Front Central Back
Close [ĩ]
Close-Mid [õ]
Mid [ə̃]
Open-Mid [ɛ̃]
Near-Open [ɐ̃]

Orthography

The pinyin-based Roman script for Pumi has been proposed, but yet to be promoted.

Initials:
Letter IPA Letter IPA Letter IPA Letter IPA Letter IPA
b [p] p [pʰ] bb [b] m [m] hm [m̥]
d [t] t [tʰ] dd [d] n [n] hn [n̥]
g [k] k [kʰ] gg [ɡ] h [x] hh [ɣ]
j [tɕ] q [tɕʰ] jj [dʑ] x [ɕ] xx [ʑ]
z [ts] c [tsʰ] zz [dz] s [s] ss [z]
zh [ʈʂ] ch [ʈʂʰ] zzh [ɖʐ] sh [ʂ] ssh [ʐ]
zr [ʈ], [ʈʂ/kʴ] cr [ʈʰ], [ʈʂʰ/kʴʰ] zzr [ɖ], [ɖʐ/ɡʴ] l [l] lh [ɬ]
br pʴ pr pʴʰ bbr bʴ r [ɹ] hr [ɹ̥]
ng [ŋ] hng [ŋ̥] w [w] y [j]
Rimes:
Letter IPA Letter IPA Letter IPA Letter IPA
i [i/iᵊ] u [u] ui [ɥi/wi] e [ə]
[jɛ/e] iu [ju] uee [ɥe/we]
ii [ɨ/ə] uu [uə/ʉ] ue [ɥɛ/wɛ/wə] üa [ɥɐ]
in [ĩ/ə̃] ien [(j)ɛ̃/ĩ] uen [ɥɛ̃/wɛ̃/wĩ] uin [ɥĩ]
o [o/ɤ] io [(j)ɐw/ɨɤ] on [õ] ion [jõ]
a [ɑ] ia [jɐ/jɜ] ua [wɑ/wɜ] uan [wɐ̃/wɜ̃]
aa [a] uaa [wa] an [ɐ̃]
ea [ɜ/ɛ] ai [ɜj] uai [wɜj]

Tones:

  • Monosyllabic words
    • f – falling tone
    • v – high tone
    • none – rising tone
  • Polysyllable words
    • f – nonspreading of the high tone
    • v – spreading of the high tone to the next syllable
    • r – rising tone
    • none – default low tone

Grammar

A reference grammar of the Wadu dialect of Pumi is available online.[19] A grammar of Central Pumi is also available.[20]

Example

Pumi English
Tèr gwéjè dzwán thèr phxèungphxàr sì.
Timitae llìnggwe zreungzrun stìng. 		He has broken several hammers.
This man is crying and shouting all the time.

References

  1. ↑ Northern Pumi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
    Southern Pumi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Pumi". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/pumi1242. 
  3. ↑ Ding, Picus S. (2003). "Prinmi: A Sketch of Niuwozi". in Thurgood, Graham (in en). The Sino-Tibetan Languages. London: Routledge Press. pp. 588–601. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Lu 2001
  5. ↑ Ding 2014, chapter 1
  6. ↑ "Shínián, xiāngcūn "hánguī" zǒujìn xiànxué "pǔmǐbān"" (in zh). 2011-10-07. http://www.dzwww.com/2011/dqmjzgh/zxbd/201110/t20111007_6674362.htm. 
  7. ↑ Ding, Picus Sizhi (2007). "Challenges in Language Modernization in China: The Case of Prinmi". in David, Maya (in en). Working Together for Endangered Languages: Research Challenges and Social Impacts (Proceedings of FEL XI). Bath, England: Foundation for Endangered Languages. pp. 120–126. http://web.hku.hk/~picus/LanguageModernization.pdf. 
  8. ↑ Ding 2014, chapter 1
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Sims, Nathaniel (2017). "The Suprasegmental Phonology of Proto-Rma (Qiang) in Comparative Perspective" (in en). Presented at the 50th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, Beijing, China. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Huang, Bufan 黄布凡, ed (1992) (in zh). Zàng-Miǎn yǔzú yǔyán cíhuì. Beijing: Zhongyang minzu xueyuan chubanshe. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Sun, Hongkai 孙宏开 (1991) (in zh). Zàng-Miǎnyǔ yǔyīn hé cíhuì. Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe. 
  12. ↑ Jacques 2011b
  13. ↑ "Nínglàng Yízú Zìzhìxiàn Yǒngníng Xiāng Yǒngníng Cūnwěihuì Zhōngwǎ Zìráncūn" (in zh). http://www.ynszxc.net/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=230994. 
  14. ↑ Daudey 2014
  15. ↑ "Nínglàng Yízú Zìzhìxiàn Xīnyíngpán Xiāng Xīnyíngpán Cūnwěihuì Niúwōzǐ Zìráncūn" (in zh). http://www.ynszxc.net/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=223332. 
  16. ↑ Ding, Picus Shizhi (2001). "The Pitch-Accent System of Niuwozi Prinmi" (in en). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 24 (2): 57–83. http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/ding2001pitch.pdf. 
  17. ↑ Matisoff, James A. (1997). "Dàyáng Pumi Phonology and Adumbrations of Comparative Qiangic" (in en). The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal 27: 171–213. http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/matisoff1997dayang.pdf. 
  18. ↑ "Pumi corpus". http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/pangloss/corpus/list_rsc_en.php?lg=Pumi. 
  19. ↑ Daudey 2014
  20. ↑ Ding 2014

Bibliography

  • Ding, Sizhi (1998). Fundamentals of Prinmi (Pumi): A Tibeto-Burman Language of Northwestern Yunnan, China (Ph.D. thesis). Australian National University. doi:10.25911/5D77885FBC7F9. hdl:1885/109290.
  • Daudey, Henriëtte (2014). A Grammar of Wadu Pumi (Ph.D. thesis). La Trobe University. hdl:1959.9/517239.
  • Ding, Picus (2014) (in en). A Grammar of Prinmi: Based on the Central Dialect of Northwest Yunnan, China. Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region 14. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004279773. https://brill.com/view/title/24856. 
  • Jacques, Guillaume (2011a). "A Panchronic Study of Aspirated Fricatives with New Evidence from Pumi" (in en). Lingua 121 (9): 1518–1538. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2011.04.003. https://www.academia.edu/968778. 
  • Jacques, Guillaume (2011b). "Tonal Alternations in the Pumi Verbal System" (in en). Language and Linguistics 12 (2): 359–392. http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/Files/LL/Docments/Journals/12.2/j2011_2_03_9209.pdf. 
  • Lu, Shaozun 陆绍尊 (2001) (in zh). Pŭmĭyŭ fāngyán yánjiū. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe. 




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