Social:Tuoba language
| Tuoba | |
|---|---|
| T'opa | |
| Tabγač, Taγbač | |
| Native to | Tuoba |
| Region | Northern China and Mongolia |
| Ethnicity | Tuoba |
| Era | 5th century |
| Serbi script[1] | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | None |
Tuoba (Tabγač or Tabghach; also Taγbač or Taghbach; Chinese: 拓跋) is an extinct language spoken by the Tuoba people in northern China around the 5th century AD during the Northern Wei dynasty. It has variously been considered to be of (Para-)Mongolic or Turkic affiliations.[2][3][4]
Classification
Alexander Vovin (2007) identifies the Tuoba language as a Mongolic language.[2]
On the other hand, Juha Janhunen proposed that the Tuoba might have spoken an Oghur Turkic language.[3] However, Yanhunen's position is ambiguous; he cautiously suggested that the Xianbei and Tabgach languages are Para-Mongolic. [5][6] According to Peter Boodberg, the Tuoba language was essentially Turkic with Mongolic admixture.[4] Chen Sanping noted that the Tuoba language "had both" Turkic and Mongolic elements.[7][8]
Liu Xueyao stated that Tuoba may have had their own language, which should not be assumed to be identical with any other known languages.[9]
Andrew Shimunek (2017) classifies Tuoba (Taghbach) as a "Serbi" (i.e., para-Mongolic) language. Shimunek's Serbi branch also consists of the Tuyuhun and Khitan languages.[1]
An-King Lim (2016, 2023) classifies Tuoba (Tabghatch) as Turkic language.[10][11]
Morphology
Some functional suffixes are:[1]
- *-A(y) ~ *ʁa(y) ‘verbal noun suffix’
- *-Al ~ *-l ‘deverbal noun suffix’
- **čɪ ~ **či ‘suffix denoting occupations’ <cognates with Turkic suffix "-či"
- **-mɔr/-mʊr (萬) ‘deverbal noun suffix’ <cognates with Turkic suffix "-mur"[12]
- **-n ‘plural suffix’
Lexicon
Selected basic Taghbach words from Shimunek (2017) are listed below. Forms reconstructed using the comparative method are marked with one asterisk (*), while forms reconstructed according to the Chinese fanqie spellings and/or rhymes of the traditional Chinese philological tradition are marked with two asterisks (**) (originally marked as ✩ by Shimunek 2017).[1]
| Taghbach (reconstructed form) | Taghbach (original Chinese transcription) | English meaning | Original Chinese gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| *agyɪl ~ *agɪl | 屋引 | house | 房 |
| *čʰɪrnɔ | 叱奴 | wolf | 狼 |
| **dɪʁa | 地何 | writing, book, document | 書 |
| **ɦatśir̃ | 阿真 | food | 飲食 |
| *ɦorbǝl | 嗢盆 | warmth | 溫 |
| *ɪrgɪn | 俟懃 | above, superior | 尚 |
| **kʰɪl- | 乞 | to speak | - |
| **kʰɪr- | 契 | to kill someone | 殺人 |
| **kʰɪrʁayčɪn | 契害真 | assassins | 殺人者 |
| *ñaqañ | 若干 | dog | 狗 |
| *pary-al | 拔列 | bridge | 梁 |
| **pʰatala | 破多羅 | rice water | 潘 |
| *qɔw/*qəw | 侯 | pig, boar | 亥 |
| **tʰaʁ | 托 | dirt, soil, earth | 土 |
| *tʰʊʁnar | 土難 | mountain | 山 |
| **tʰʊʁay | 吐奚 | ancient | 古 |
| *uwl/*ʊwl | 宥連 | cloud | 雲 |
| *yirtʊqañ/*yirtʊqan | 壹斗眷 | bright | 明 |
| *žirpəŋ | 是賁 | raised earth, embankment | 封 |
| **žiʁlʊ | 是樓 | high, tall | 高 |
References
Citations
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Shimunek, Andrew (2017). Languages of Ancient Southern Mongolia and North China: a Historical-Comparative Study of the Serbi or Xianbei Branch of the Serbi-Mongolic Language Family, with an Analysis of Northeastern Frontier Chinese and Old Tibetan Phonology. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-10855-3. OCLC 993110372.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Vovin, Alexander. "Once Again on the Tabghach Language". Mongolian Studues XXIX (2007). https://www.academia.edu/43280464.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Juha Janhunen, (1996), Manchuria: An Ethnic History, p. 190
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Holcombe, Charles (2001). The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C. - A.D. 907. pp. 132.
- ↑ Janhunen, Juha (2003). Janhunen, Juha. ed. The Mongolic Languages. London & New York: Routledge. p. 406. "Assuming that the Xianbei and Tabghach were, indeed, linguistically Mongolic (Para-Mongolic)."
- ↑ Juha, Janhunen (2003) (in English). The Mongolic languages. London: Routledge. pp. 391-400. ISBN 0-7007-1133-3. https://docs.yandex.ru/docs/view?tm=1768402262&tld=ru&lang=en&name=0214-Mongolic_languages(moghol_dili)(juha_janhunen).pdf&text=yuha%20janhunen%20mongolic%20languages%20version%20dae&url=https%3A%2F%2Fturuz.com%2Fstorage%2FLanguage%2F2011%2F0214-Mongolic_languages(moghol_dili)(juha_janhunen).pdf&lr=10312&mime=pdf&l10n=ru&sign=7cf39f94e15fe401608411afd2764d94&keyno=0&nosw=1&serpParams=tm%3D1768402262%26tld%3Dru%26lang%3Den%26name%3D0214-Mongolic_languages(moghol_dili)(juha_janhunen).pdf%26text%3Dyuha%2Bjanhunen%2Bmongolic%2Blanguages%2Bversion%2Bdae%26url%3Dhttps%253A%2F%2Fturuz.com%2Fstorage%2FLanguage%2F2011%2F0214-Mongolic_languages%2528moghol_dili%2529%2528juha_janhunen%2529.pdf%26lr%3D10312%26mime%3Dpdf%26l10n%3Dru%26sign%3D7cf39f94e15fe401608411afd2764d94%26keyno%3D0%26nosw%3D1.
- ↑ Chen, Sanping (2005). "Turkic or Proto-Mongolian? A Note on the Tuoba Language". Central Asiatic Journal 49 (2): 161–174. ISSN 0008-9192. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928391.
- ↑ Holcombe 2001, p. 248
- ↑ Liu Xueyao p. 83-86
- ↑ An-King Lim (2016). "On Sino-Turkic, a First Glance (北俗初探)". Journal of Language Contact. https://brill.com/view/journals/jlc/9/3/article-p436_2.xml?rskey=ZEM6Ar&result=1.
- ↑ An-King Lim (2023). "On the 5 th -century Tabghatch Sinification A pivotal event in Sinitic historical phonology 拓跋氏漢化及切韻"
- ↑ "mUr". https://www.nisanyansozluk.com/ek/+mUr.
Bibliography
- Liu, Xueyao (2005). 歷代胡族王朝之民族政策. 知書房出版集團. ISBN 9789867151018. https://books.google.com/books?id=Sy_bvJCtRrkC.
- Liu, Xueyao (2012). 鮮卑列國：大興安嶺傳奇. 三聯書店(香港)有限公司. ISBN 9789628904327. https://books.google.com/books?id=FadeDwAAQBAJ.
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