Engineering:Comparison of orbital launchers families
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This page contains a list of orbital launchers' families. To see the long complete list of launch systems, see Comparison of orbital launch systems.
Description
- Family: Name of the family/model of launcher
- Country: Origin country of launcher
- Manufac.: Main manufacturer
- Payload: Maximum mass of payload, for 3 altitudes
- LEO, low Earth orbit
- GTO, geostationary transfer orbit
- TLI, trans-Lunar injection
- Cost: Price for a launch at this time, in millions of US$
- Launches reaching...
- Total: flights which lift-off, or where the vehicle is destroyed during the terminal count
note: only includes orbital launches (flights launched with the intention of reaching orbit). Suborbital tests launches are not included in this listing. - Space (regardless of outcome)
- Any orbit (regardless of outcome)
- Target orbit (without damage to the payload)
- Total: flights which lift-off, or where the vehicle is destroyed during the terminal count
- Status: Actual status of launcher (retired, development, active)
- Date of flight
- First: Year of first flight of first family's member
- Last: Year of Last flight (for vehicles retired from service)
- Refs: citations
Same cores are grouped together (like Ariane 1, 2 & 3, but not V).
List of launchers families
- Legend
- ActiveIn developmentRetiredHas flown but new version in dev.
| Family | Country | Manufac. | Payload (kg) | Cost (US$, millions) |
Launches reaching… | Status | Date of flight | Refs | Notes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEO | GTO | TLI | Total | Space | Any orbit | Target orbit | First | Last | |||||||
| Angara 1.2 |  Russia
|
Khrunichev | 3,800 | -- | -- | 25 | 1 | 1 | -- | -- | Active | 2014 | -- | [1][2][3] | As of 2017, only launch was suborbital[4] |
| Angara A5 | Russia
|
Khrunichev | 14,600 to 35,000 |
3,600 to 12,500 |
-- | -- | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Active | 2014 | -- | [1][5] | |
| Antares |  USA
|
Orbital ATK | 6,500 | -- | -- | 80 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | Active | 2013 | -- | [6][7][8] | Cygnus launcher |
| Ariane 1-2-3 |  Europe
|
Aérospatiale | -- | 2,650 | -- | -- | 28 | Retired | 1979 | 1989 | [9][10] | ||||
| Ariane 4 | Europe
|
Aérospatiale | 7,000 | 4,720 | -- | -- | 116 | -- | -- | Retired | 1988 | 2003 | [10] | Var: 40, 42P. 42L, 44P, 44L, 44LP | |
| Ariane 5 | Europe
|
Airbus | 21,000 | 10,735[11] | -- | 220 | 76 | 74 | 74 | 72 | Active | 1996 | -- | [12][13] | Var: G,G+,GS, ECA, ES. |
| Ariane 6 | Europe
|
Airbus Safran | -- | 10,500 | -- | 115 | -- | -- | -- | -- | Devel. | 2020 | -- | Var: Ariane 62 & Ariane 64. | |
| ASLV |  India
|
ISRO | 150 | -- | -- | -- | 4 | -- | -- | Retired | 1987 | 1994 | [14] | ||
| Athena I & II | USA
|
Lockheed ATK | 2,065 | -- | 295 | -- | 7 | -- | -- | Retired | 1995 | 2001 | [15] | Launch Lunar Prospector.[16] | |
| Atlas A-B-C-D-E-F-G Atlas I |
USA
|
Lockheed | 5,900 | 2,340 | -- | -- | 514 | -- | -- | Retired | 1957 | 1997 | [17][18][19][20] | Launch Mercury. Atlas or Centaur upper stage. | |
| Atlas II | USA
|
Lockheed | 8,618 | 3,833 | -- | -- | 63 | 63 | 63 | Retired | 1991 | 2004 | [21][22][23] | ||
| Atlas III | USA
|
Lockheed | 10,759 | 4,609 | -- | -- | 6 | 6 | 6 | Retired | 2003 | 2005 | [24][25] | variants: IIIA, IIIB | |
| Atlas V | USA
|
ULA | 18,850 | 8,900 | 2,807 | 109-153 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 73 | Active | 2002 | [26][27] | Launched Juno & New Horizons | |
| BFR | USA
|
SpaceX | 100,000+ | -- | 100,000+[lower-alpha 1] | -- | 0 | -- | -- | -- | Devel. | 2020 | -- | [28][29][30][31] | Fully reusable. Expected as early as 2020, with suborbital spaceship tests beginning in the first half of 2019. |
| Black Arrow |  UK
|
RAE Westland | 132 | -- | -- | -- | 4 | 3 | Retired | 1969 | 1971 | [32] | |||
| Delta | USA
|
Douglas | 3,848 | 1,312 | -- | -- | 186 | -- | -- | Retired | 1960 | 1989 | [33][34] | Launched Pioneer & Explorer probes. Variants : A, B, C, D, E, G, J, L, M, N, 300, 900, 1X00, 4X00, 2X00, 3X00, 5X00 | |
| Delta II | USA
|
ULA | 6,000 | 2,171 | 1,508 | 51 | 153 | 152 | 152 | 151 | Retired | 1989 | 2018 | [33][35][36] | Launched Mars probes MGS to Phoenix Variants : 6000, 7000 and Heavy. |
| Delta III | USA
|
Boeing | 8,290 | 3,810 | -- | -- | 3 | 2 | 2 | Retired | 1998 | 2000 | [37][38] | ||
| Delta IV | USA
|
ULA | 23,040 | 13,130 | 9,000 | -- | 35 | 35 | 35 | 34 | Active | 2002 | -- | [39] | Variants : M, M+ and Heavy. |
| Diamant |  France
|
SEREB | -- | -- | -- | 12 | 9 | Retired | 1965 | 1975 | |||||
| R-36M
Dnepr |
 Ukraine Russia
|
Yuzhmash | 3,600 | -- | 750 | 14 | 17 | Retired | 1999 | 2015 | [40][41] [42] |
||||
| Electron |  NZ USA
|
Rocket Lab | 225 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Active | 2017 | -- | [43] | |||
| Energia |  Soviet Union
|
NPO Energia | 100,000 | 240 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Retired | 1987 | 1988 | [44][citation needed] | 1 partial failure with Polyus spacecraft, 1 successful flight with Buran shuttle. | ||
| Epsilon |  Japan
|
IHI Corporation | 1,200 | -- | -- | -- | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Active | 2013 | -- | [45][46] | |
| Falcon 1 | USA
|
SpaceX | 420[47] | -- | -- | 7.9[47] | 5[48] | 4[47] | 2[47] | 2[48] | Retired[47] | 2006 | 2009 | ||
| Falcon 9 v1.0, v1.1, FT, B5 |
USA
|
SpaceX | 22,800 | 8,300 | -- | 61.2 | 57 | 56 | 56 | 56 | Active | 2010 | -- | [49][50] | upgrade to version 1.1 in 2013; upgrade to version FT in 2015 Launcher of Dragon capsule * notes: One flight put primary but not secondary payload into correct orbit,[51] one rocket and payload were destroyed before launch in preparation for static fire[52] and thus is not counted. Falcon 9 Block 5 first launched 11th May 2018 with Bangabandhu 1, the first fully sized Bangladesh satellite. |
| Falcon Heavy | USA
|
SpaceX | 63,800 | 26,700 | -- | 90-150 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -- | Active | 2018 | -- | [53][54][55] | First test launch 2018-02-06 |
| GSLV Mk.I | India
|
ISRO | 5,000 | 2,500 | -- | -- | 6 | 4 | 2 | 2 | Retired | 2001 | 2010 | [56][57][58] | |
| GSLV Mk.II | India
|
ISRO | 5,000 | 2,700 | -- | -- | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | Active | 2010 | -- | [56][59][58] | |
| GSLV Mk.III (LVM3) | India
|
ISRO | 10,000 | 4,000 | -- | -- | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | Active | 2014 | -- | [60][61] | First Developmental Flight with active cryogenic upper stage successful |
| H-I | Japan
|
Mitsubishi | 3,200 | -- | -- | 9 | 9 | Retired | 1986 | 1992 | [62] | license-built version of the Thor-ELT | |||
| H-II, IIA & IIB | Japan
|
Mitsubishi | 19,000 | 8,000 | -- | -- | 28 | 26 | Active | 1994 | -- | [63] | Var:. A202,A2022,A2024,A204,B | ||
| Haas |  Romania
|
ARCA | 400 | -- | -- | 0 | -- | -- | -- | Devel. | 2018 | -- | [64][65] | Launch from balloon | |
| J-I | Japan
|
IHI Corporation Nissan Motors | 880 | -- | -- | -- | 1 | Retired | 1996 | 1996 | Partial demo flight only | ||||
| R-12 & R-14 | Soviet Union
|
Yuzhnoye Polyot | 1,500 | -- | -- | 12 | 610 | -- | -- | 559 | Retired | 1967 | 2010 | [13][66][67] | Var: 1, 2, 3, 3M |
| Kaituozhe |  China
|
CALT | -- | -- | -- | 3 | 0 | Active | 2002 | Var: 1, 2 | |||||
| Lambda 4S | Japan
|
Nissan ISAS | -- | -- | -- | 5 | 1 | Retired | 1966 | 1970 | |||||
| Long March 1 | China
|
CALT | 740 | 440 | -- | -- | 6 | -- | -- | Retired | 1970 | 2002 | [68][69][70] | Var: 1, 1D | |
| DF-5 | China
|
CALT | 12,000 | 5,500 | 3,300 | -- | 167 | 158 | -- | -- | Active | 1971 | -- | [71] | Var: 2A,2C,2D,2E,3,3A,3B,3C,4,4B Launcher of Shenzhou |
| Long March 5 | China
|
CALT | 25,000 | 14,000 | 8,000 | -- | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Active | 2016 | -- | [72][73] | Var: 5, 5B |
| Long March 6 | China
|
CALT | 1,500 | -- | -- | -- | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Active | 2015 | -- | [74] | |
| Long March 7 | China
|
CALT | 20,000 | -- | -- | -- | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Active | 2016 | -- | [75] | |
| Minotaur I | USA
|
Orbital ATK | 580 | -- | -- | -- | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | Active | 2000 | -- | [76][77] | Derived from the Minuteman II |
| Minotaur IV & V | USA
|
Orbital ATK | 1,735 | 640 | 447 | 50 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | Active | 2010 | -- | [76][78] | Also 2 suborbital launches (HTV-2a). Variants: IV, IV Lite, IV HAPS, V. Derived from Peacekeeper missile |
| Mu 1-3-4 | Japan
|
Nissan Motor IHI | 770 | -- | -- | -- | 27 | -- | -- | Retired | 1966 | 1995 | [79] | Var: 1, 3D, 4S, 3C, 3H, 3S, 3SII | |
| Mu 5 | Japan
|
Nissan Motor IHI | 1,800 | -- | -- | -- | 7 | 6 | Retired | 1997 | 2006 | Var: M-V, M-V KM | |||
| N1 | Soviet Union
|
NPO Energia | 90,000 | -- | 23,500 | -- | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Retired | 1969 | 1972 | [80] | Designed for Soviet Manned Lunar Mission |
| N-I & II | Japan
|
Mitsubishi | 2,000 | 730 | -- | -- | 15 | -- | -- | Retired | 1975 | 1987 | [81] | Derived from the American Delta rocket | |
| Naro |  South Korea
|
Khrunichev KARI | 100 | -- | -- | -- | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Retired | 2009 | 2013 | [82] | First stage uses the Russian RD-151 engine |
| Pegasus | USA
|
Orbital ATK | 450 | -- | -- | -- | 43 | 42 | 41 | 38 | Active | 1990 | -- | [83] | |
| UR-500 Proton | Soviet Union Russia
|
Khrunichev | 23,000 | 6,920 | 5,680 | -- | 399 | 353 | -- | Active | 1965 | -- | [84][85] | Var: K, M. Medium in development. | |
| PSLV | India
|
ISRO | 3,800 | 1,300 | -- | -- | 40 | 40 | 39 | 38 | Active | 1993 | [86][87] | Var: CA, XL, HP, 3S Launched moon probe Chandrayaan I, Mars probe Mangalyaan I | |
| UR-100N Rokot Strela | Russia
|
Eurockot Khrunichev | 2,100 | -- | -- | -- | 25 | 23 | 23 | Active | 1994 | -- | [88][89][90][91] | 23 launches of Rokot; 2 launches of Strela | |
| Safir |  Iran
|
ISA | 50 | -- | -- | -- | 7 | 5 | 4 | 4 | Active | 2007 | -- | [92] | |
| Saturn I & IB | USA
|
Chrysler Douglas | 18,600 | -- | -- | 19 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | Retired | 1961 | 1975 | [93][94] | Saturn 1 family also included 6 suborbital test launches |
| Saturn V | USA
|
Boeing North American Douglas | 118,000 | -- | 47,000 | 185 | 13 | 13 | 13 | Retired | 1967 | 1973 | [93][95][96] | Var: Apollo, Skylab | |
| Scout | USA
|
US Air Force NASA | 210 | -- | -- | -- | 125 | 104 | -- | -- | Retired | 1960 | 1994 | [97] | Var: X1, X2, A, D, G |
| Shavit |  Israel
|
IAI | 225 | -- | -- | 15 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 8 | Active | 1988 | -- | [98] | Var: Shavit, -1, -2 |
| R-29 | Russia
|
Makeyev | 430 | -- | -- | -- | 8 | -- | -- | Retired | 1995 | 2006 | [99] | Var: Volna, Shtil, 2.1, 2R, 3 | |
| R-7 Semyorka Soyuz | Soviet Union Russia
|
RSC Energia TsSKB-Progress | 8,200 | 2,400 | 1,200 | -- | 1,854 | -- | -- | Active | 1957 | -- | [100] [101] | Var: Sputnik, Luna, Vostok-L, Vostok-K, Voskhod, Molniya, Molniya-L, Molniya-M, Polyot, Soyuz, Soyuz-L, Soyuz-M, Soyuz-U, Soyuz-FG, Soyuz-2, Soyuz-2-1v | |
| Simorgh | Iran
|
ISA | 350 | -- | -- | -- | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Active | 2016 | -- | [102] | |
| SLS | USA
|
Orbital ATK Boeing United Launch Alliance Aerojet Rocketdyne | 70,000 to 130,000 |
-- | -- | -- | 0 | -- | -- | -- | Devel. | 2020 | -- | [103][104] | Expected 2020 |
| SLV | India
|
ISRO | 40 | -- | -- | -- | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | Retired | 1979 | 1983 | [105] | Launched Rohini satellite series |
| SS-520 | Japan
|
IHI Aerospace | 4 | -- | -- | -- | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2017 | -- | [106] | Two successful suborbital flights, one failed and one successful attempt to reach orbit. A test how small orbital rockets can be. The rocket has a mass of only 2.6 tonnes. | |
| STS Space Shuttle |
USA
|
Alliant Martin Marietta Rockwell | 24,400 | 3,810 | -- | 450 | 135 | 134 | 134 | 133 | Retired | 1981 | 2011 | [107] | Orbiter mass: 68585 kg. |
| RT-2PM | Russia
|
MITT | 532 | -- | -- | -- | 7 | 6 | Active | 1993 | -- | [108] | |||
| Taurus / Minotaur-C | USA
|
Orbital Sciences | 1,450 | -- | -- | -- | 9 | 9 | 6 | 6 | Active | 1989 | -- | [109] | Var:2110, 3110, 3210 |
| Thor | USA
|
Douglas | 1,270 | -- | 38 | -- | 357 | -- | -- | Retired | 1957 | 1980 | [34] | Launched Pioneer & Explorer probes | |
| LGM-25C | USA
|
Martin Marietta | 21,900 | 5,773 | 8,600 | 350 | 369 | -- | -- | Retired | 1959 | 2005 | [110][111] | Var: I, II, IIIA, IIIB, IIIC, IIID, IIIE, 34D, IVA, IVB Gemini launcher | |
| R-36
Tsyklon |
Soviet Union Ukraine
|
Yuzhmash | 4,100 | -- | -- | -- | 259 | -- | -- | Retired | 1967 | 2009 | [112] | Var: 1, 2, 3. | |
| Unified Launch Vehicle | India
|
ISRO | 15,000 | 6,200 | -- | -- | 0 | -- | -- | -- | Devel. | -- | -- | [113] | Var: 6S12, 2S60, 2S138, 2S200 |
| Unha-3 |  North Korea
|
KCST | 200 | -- | -- | -- | 4 | 3 | 2 | ? | Active | 2006 | -- | [114][115] | Variants: Paektusan based on Taepodong-1 missile; Unha based on Taepodong-2 missile. |
| Vanguard | USA
|
Martin | 23 | -- | -- | -- | 12 | -- | 3 | Retired | 1957 | 1959 | [116] | ||
| Vega | Europe
|
Avio | 2,300 | -- | -- | 23 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | Active | 2012 | -- | [117] | Vega-C and Vega-E in development. |
| VLM |  Brazil
|
CTA | 380 | -- | -- | -- | Devel. | 2019 | -- | [118] | |||||
| Vulcan | USA
|
ULA | -- | -- | 99 | 0 | -- | -- | Devel. | 2019 | [119][120] | ||||
| Zenit | Soviet Union Ukraine Russia
|
Yuzhnoye | 13,740 | 6,160 | 4,098 | -- | 82 | 71 | 69 | Active | 1985 | -- | [121] | Var: 2, 2M (2SB, 2SLB), 3SL, 3SLB, 3SLBF | |
See also
- Comparison of orbital launch systems
- Comparison of orbital rocket engines
- Comparison of space station cargo vehicles
- List of orbital launch systems
Notes
- ↑ With in-orbit refueling
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Angara launchers family on manufacturer website". Khrunichev.ru. http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=44&lang=en. Retrieved 2014-01-22.
- ↑ The market for launching small satellite in Russia...
- ↑ "Angara, Russia’s brand-new launch vehicle, is successfully launched from Plesetsk". Khrunichev. http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&nid=949&lang=en. Retrieved 2014-09-21.
- ↑ Peter B. de Selding, "Russia's Angara 1.2 Rocket Succeeds in Inaugural Flight, Khrunichev Says", Space News, Jul. 9, 2014 (accessed 22 Sept 2014)
- ↑ http://www.russianspaceweb.com/angara5_flight1.html Angara-5 takes to the sky
- ↑ "Antares (Taurus-2)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/antares_osc.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "Antares - Fact Sheet". Orbital Sciences. 2017. https://www.orbitalatk.com/flight-systems/space-launch-vehicles/antares/docs/Antares_Factsheet.pdf. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
- ↑ "Antares Medium-class Launch Vehicle: Fact Sheet" (PDF). Orbital Sciences Corporation. 2013. Archived from the original on June 3, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130603115601/http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/Publications/Antares_fact.pdf. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
- ↑ esa. "ESA". http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Launchers_Home/SEMN2E67ESD_0.html. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Ariane-1, -2, -3, -4". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/ariane.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "Intelsat Pair lifted into Orbit in Record-Setting Ariane 5 Launch". Spaceflight 101. 24 August 2016. http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va232-launch-success/.
- ↑ "Ariane-5". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/ariane5.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 "FAA Semi- Annual Launch Report". http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/10998.pdf. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "ASLV page, Astronautix". http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/aslv.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "Athena-2". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 8 November 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131108140050/http://astronautix.com/lvs/athena2.htm. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
- ↑ "Lunar Prospector". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130522231928/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/lunector.htm. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
- ↑ "Atlas-G Centaur-D1AR". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/atlas-g_centaur-d1ar.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "Atlas Family". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_fam/atlas.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "Atlas I". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/atlasi.htm. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
- ↑ "Atlas-1 (Atlas-I)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/atlas-1.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ Spaceflight Now, Atlas IIAS (accessed 24 Sept 2014)
- ↑ "Atlas-2AS (Atlas-IIAS)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/atlas-2as.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ Tariq Malik "Final Atlas 2 Rocket Orbits Classified U.S. Satellite", Space News, August 31, 2004 (Accessed 24 Sept 2014)
- ↑ Space Launch Report: Atlas III Data Sheet (accessed 24 Sept. 2014)
- ↑ "Atlas IIIA". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/atlsiiia.htm.
- ↑ "Atlas V Product Page". United Launch Alliance. http://www.ulalaunch.com/products_atlasv.aspx. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
- ↑ "LRO/LCROSS Press Kit". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/360020main_LRO_LCROSS_presskit2.pdf. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
- ↑ SpaceX (29 September 2017). "Making Life Multiplanetary". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tdUX3ypDVwI. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ Foust, Jeff (2017-09-29). "Musk unveils revised version of giant interplanetary launch system". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/musk-unveils-revised-version-of-giant-interplanetary-launch-system/. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
- ↑ Ralph, Eric. "SpaceX will launch its Mars spaceship into orbit as early as 2020". Teslarati.com. https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-bfr-mars-spaceship-launch-orbit-2020/. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
- ↑ https://www.spacex.com/mars
- ↑ Hill, C. N. (2001). "Black Arrow". A Vertical Empire: The History of the UK Rocket and Space Programme, 1950-1971 (2006 ed.). London: Imperial College Press. pp. 155–188. ISBN 1-86094-268-7.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Thor Family". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_fam/thor.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Thor Family". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_fam/thor.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ Full perfs of Delta Family, SkyRocket.de
- ↑ "Delta-7925H (Delta-II)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/delta-7925h.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "Delta 3 on Encyclopedia Astronautica, Astronautix". Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131112150745/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/delta3.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "Delta III Data Sheet". http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/delta3.html. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
- ↑ Delta IV Heavy Delta IV
- ↑ "Dnepr SLS User’s Guide". ISC Kosmotras. http://snebulos.mit.edu/projects/reference/launch_vehicles/DNEPR/Dnepr_User_Guide.pdf. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
- ↑ "Dnepr". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/dnepr.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ Clark, Stephen (30 December 2016). "Iridium satellites closed up for launch on Falcon 9 rocket". Spaceflight Now. http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/12/30/iridium-satellites-closed-up-for-launch-on-falcon-9-rocket/. "Russian officials have said they plan to discontinue Dnepr launches."
- ↑ "Electron". Rocket Lab. https://rocketlabusa.com/electron/. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ↑ Russian Space Web, Energia page. Accessed 21 September 2010
- ↑ JAXA pages: Epsilon Design E , and Result E
- ↑ JAXA, Epsilon E press package
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 47.4 "Encyclopedia Astronautica Falcon 1". Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131216100429/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/falcon1.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 Clark, Stephen (July 14, 2009). "Commercial launch of SpaceX Falcon 1 rocket a success". Spaceflight Now. http://www.spaceflightnow.com/falcon/005/.
- ↑ "SpaceX Product Page". SpaceX. Archived from the original on 7 October 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131007205105/http://www.spacex.com/about/capabilities. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
- ↑ "Falcon-9 Family". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_fam/falcon-9.htm.
- ↑ de Selding, Peter. "Satellite Left Stranded by SpaceX Rocket Falls From Space". http://www.space.com/18049-spacex-rocket-stranded-satellite-falls-space.html. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
- ↑ "SpaceX on Twitter". https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/771357538738577408.
- ↑ Clark, Stephen (2011-04-05). "SpaceX enters the realm of heavy-lift rocketry". Spaceflight Now. http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1104/05falconheavy/. Retrieved 2012-08-12.
- ↑ "Space Exploration Technologies Corporation - Falcon Heavy". SpaceX. 2013. http://www.spacex.com/falcon_heavy.php. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
- ↑ Sheetz, Michael. "Elon Musk says the new SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket crushes its competition on cost". CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/12/elon-musk-spacex-falcon-heavy-costs-150-million-at-most.html. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 "GSLV Mk.1 (2)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/gslv_mk1_2.htm. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
- ↑ ISRO GSLV
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 "GSLV". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/gslv.htm. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
- ↑ ISRO GSLV
- ↑ "First Experimental Flight of GSLV Mk-III Successful". Indian Space Research Organisation. http://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/lvm-3-care-mission. Retrieved 2017-06-11.
- ↑ "GSLV Mk.III". Indian Space Research Organisation. 2009-12-07. http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/gslv-mk-iii. Retrieved 2017-06-11.
- ↑ "H-1". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 2017-11-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20171108000000/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/h1.htm.
- ↑ "H-IIB Launch Vehicle". Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. Archived from the original on 2014-04-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20140409203117/http://www.mhi.co.jp/en/products/detail/h2b.html.
- ↑ "Haas Orbital Rocket Launcher". Aeronautics and Cosmonautics Romanian Association. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120722021228/https://www.arcaspace.com/images/Haas_Orbital_Rocket_Launcher.pdf. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
- ↑ "ARCA Unveils the World’s first Single-Stage-to-Orbit Rocket". 2017-03-31. http://www.universetoday.com/134812/arca-unveils-worlds-first-single-stage-orbit-rocket/. Retrieved 2017-03-31.
- ↑ "Kosmos 3M page on Encyclopedia Astronautica". Archived from the original on 28 January 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120128151457/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/kos1k65m.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "Kosmos / Kosmos-2". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/kosmos-2.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "CZ-1D page on Encyclopedia Astronautica". Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232235/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/cz1d.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "CZ-1". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/cz-1.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "List of retired launchers, Encyclopedia Astronautica". Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160316225917/http://astronautix.com/fam/retired.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "DF-5 Family". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_fam/df-5.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "Long March 5 Will Have World's Second Largest Carrying Capacity". Space Daily. 2009-03-04. http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Long_March_5_Will_Have_World_Second_Largest_Carrying_Capacity_999.html. Retrieved 2012-09-04.
- ↑ Space.com staff (30 July 2012). "China Tests Powerful Rocket Engine for New Booster". Space.com. http://www.space.com/16814-china-engine-test-long-march-5-rocket.html. "The more capable Long March 5 rocket is expected to help the country achieve its goal of constructing a space station in orbit by the year 2020, as well as play a key role in China's future space exploration aims beyond low-Earth orbit. The rocket's maiden launch is expected to occur in '"
- ↑ "CZ-6 (Chang Zheng-6)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/cz-6.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ Perrett, Bradley (2010-03-15). "Longer Marches". Aviation Week.
- ↑ 76.0 76.1 Orbital Sciences, Minotaur History
- ↑ Orbital Sciences, Minotaur-1 Overview (accessed 25 September 2014)]
- ↑ Orbital Sciences, Minotaur IV-V-VI Overview (accessed 25 September 2014)]
- ↑ "M-class". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/m-class.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "Complex N1-L3 Components". S.P. Korolev RSC "Energia". http://www.energia.ru/en/history/systems/vehicles/vehicle_n1-l3_c.html. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
- ↑ "N-2". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 8 November 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131108110724/http://astronautix.com/lvs/n2.htm. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
- ↑ Bergin, Chris (30 January 2013). "South Korea launch STSAT-2C via KSLV-1". NASASpaceflight.com. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2013/01/south-korea-stsat-2c-via-kslv-1/. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
- ↑ "Pegasus User’s Guide". Orbital Sciences Corporation. http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/Publications/Pegasus_UG.pdf. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
- ↑ "Proton Launch System Mission Planner’s Guide. Section 2. LV Performance". International Launch Services. http://www.ilslaunch.com/sites/default/files/pdf/PMPG%20Section%202.pdf.
- ↑ "Soyuz 7K-L1". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 2010-05-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20100516030357/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/soyz7kl1.htm. Circumlunar probe launched by Proton-K/D.
- ↑ Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
- ↑ "PSLV - ISRO". http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/pslv. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "Rockot User's Guide, Chapter 3: General Performance Capabilities (5.0)". Eurockot Launch Services. http://www.eurockot.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Ch3UsersGuideIss5Rev0.pdf. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
- ↑ "Rokot (Rockot)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/rokot.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "Strela". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/strela.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ Russian Strela Launches Kondor Satellite (retrieved 24 Sept 2014)
- ↑ "Safir". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/safir.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ 93.0 93.1 NASA, Saturn launch vehicles (PDF)
- ↑ "Saturn-1 & Saturn-1B". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/saturn-1.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "Saturn-5". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/saturn-5.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "ch6". https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4221/ch6.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "Scout Family". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_fam/scout.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "Shavit page on Encyclopedia Astronautica". Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140214030610/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/shavit1.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "Vysota / Volna / Shtil". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/shtil_volna.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "R-7 Family". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_fam/r-7.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "РКЦ Прогресс РН «Союз-2»". http://en.samspace.ru/products/launch_vehicles/rn_soyuz_2/. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "Simorgh (Safir-2)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/simorgh.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ SLS fact sheet, PDF, Nasa website
- ↑ Clark, Stephen. "NASA expects first Space Launch System flight to slip into 2020". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2017/11/20/nasa-expects-first-space-launch-system-flight-to-slip-into-2020/. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
- ↑ Claude Lafleur, SLV / Indian Launch Vehicle, Spacecraft Encyclopedia (accessed Sept 25 2014)
- ↑ "SS-520". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/ss-520.htm.
- ↑ "NASA – Space Shuttle and International Space Station". Nasa.gov. http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/about/information/shuttle_faq.html. Retrieved August 7, 2010.
- ↑ "Start". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/start.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "Taurus / Minotaur-C". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/taurus.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "Titan Family". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_fam/titan.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "Titan-4". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/titan-4.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "Tsiklon". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/tsiklon.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ http://www.indiandefensenews.in/2014/10/isros-unified-launch-vehicle-ulv.html
- ↑ "North Korea Successfully Launches Satellite: Reports", SPACE.com, December 12, 2012 (accessed 24 Sept. 2014)
- ↑ http://spaceflight101.com/status-of-north-korean-satellite-unknown-after-prolonged-radio-silence-reports-of-tumbling/
- ↑ "Vanguard Page on Encyclopedia Astronautica. Vanguard 3 satellite was 23 kg". Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131030092115/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/vanguard.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ Kyle, Ed. "New Launchers - ESA Vega". http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/vega.html. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "VLS". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/vls.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ Bruno, Tory. "Lots of requests to update the Capabilities info-G with the #VulcanRocket. (ie; future systems). Here you go.pic.twitter.com/QGK835yStI". https://twitter.com/torybruno/status/595628488410963970. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "United Launch Alliance to lay off up to 875 by end of 2017: CEO". 14 April 2016. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-ula-layoffs/united-launch-alliance-to-lay-off-up-to-875-by-end-of-2017-ceo-idUSKCN0XB2HQ. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ↑ "Zenit Family". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_fam/zenit.htm. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
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