Engineering:Space Shuttle Discovery

From HandWiki
Revision as of 11:34, 4 February 2024 by Raymond Straus (talk | contribs) (over-write)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Short description: NASA orbiter (1984 to 2011)


Discovery
STS-133 Space Shuttle Discovery after undocking 3 (cropped).jpg
Discovery in orbit in 2011, during STS-133, the orbiter's final flight
TypeSpaceplane
ClassSpace Shuttle orbiter
ManufacturerRockwell International
Technical details
Dry mass78,000 kilograms (172,000 lb)
Flight history
First flightSTS-41-D
August 30 – September 5, 1984
Last flightSTS-133
February 24 – March 9, 2011
Flights39
FateRetired
Space Shuttle Discovery at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center
Discovery rollout ceremony in October 1983
Discovery and SCA 905 at Vandenberg Air Force Base, November 6, 1983

Space Shuttle Discovery (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-103) is a retired American spacecraft. The spaceplane was one of the orbiters from NASA's Space Shuttle program and the third of five fully operational orbiters to be built.[1] Its first mission, STS-41-D, flew from August 30 to September 5, 1984. Over 27 years of service it launched and landed 39 times, aggregating more spaceflights than any other spacecraft to date. The Space Shuttle launch vehicle had three main components: the Space Shuttle orbiter, a single-use central fuel tank, and two reusable solid rocket boosters. Nearly 25,000 heat-resistant tiles cover the orbiter to protect it from high temperatures on re-entry.[2]

Discovery became the third operational orbiter to enter service, preceded by Columbia and Challenger.[3] It embarked on its final mission, STS-133, on February 24, 2011, and touched down for the last time at Kennedy Space Center on March 9,[4] having spent a cumulative total of nearly a full year in space. Discovery performed both research and International Space Station (ISS) assembly missions, and also carried the Hubble Space Telescope into orbit among other satellites.

Discovery was the first operational shuttle to be retired, followed by Endeavour and then Atlantis. The shuttle is now on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.

History

The name Discovery was chosen to carry on a tradition based on ships of exploration,[1] primarily HMS Discovery,[5] one of the ships commanded by Captain James Cook during his third and final major voyage from 1776 to 1779, and Henry Hudson's Discovery,[1] which was used in 1610–1611 to explore Hudson Bay and search for a Northwest Passage. Other ships bearing the name have included HMS Discovery[6] of the 1875–1876 British Arctic Expedition to the North Pole, and RRS Discovery, which carried the 1901–1904 Discovery Expedition to Antarctica, led by Captain Scott.[7]

Space Shuttle Discovery launched the Hubble Space Telescope and conducted the second and third Hubble service missions. It also launched the Ulysses probe and three TDRS satellites. Twice Discovery was chosen as the "Return To Flight" Orbiter, first in 1988 after the loss of Challenger in 1986, and then again for the twin "Return To Flight" missions in July 2005 and July 2006 after the Columbia disaster in 2003. Project Mercury astronaut John Glenn, who was 77 at the time, flew with Discovery on STS-95 in 1998, making him the oldest person to go into space at that time in history.[8]

Had plans to launch United States Department of Defense payloads from Vandenberg Air Force Base gone ahead, Discovery would have become the dedicated US Air Force shuttle.[9] Its first West Coast mission, STS-62-A, was scheduled for 1986, but canceled in the aftermath of the Challenger disaster.

Discovery was retired after completing its final mission, STS-133 on March 9, 2011. The spacecraft is now on display in Virginia at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, an annex of the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum.[10]

Construction milestones

Date Milestone[7]
1979 January 29 Contract Award to Rockwell International's Space Transportation Systems Division in Downey, California
1979 August 27 Start long lead fabrication of Crew Module
1980 June 20 Start fabrication lower fuselage
1980 November 10 Start structural assembly of aft-fuselage
1980 December 8 Start initial system installation aft fuselage
1981 March 2 Start fabrication/assembly of payload bay doors
1981 October 26 Start initial system installation, crew module, Downey
1982 January 4 Start initial system installation upper forward fuselage
1982 March 16 Midfuselage on dock, Palmdale, California
1982 March 30 Elevons on dock, Palmdale
1982 April 30 Wings arrive at Palmdale from Grumman
1982 April 30 Lower forward fuselage on dock, Palmdale
1982 July 16 Upper forward fuselage on dock, Palmdale
1982 August 5 Vertical stabilizer on dock, Palmdale
1982 September 3 Start of Final Assembly
1982 October 15 Body flap on dock, Palmdale
1983 January 11 Aft fuselage on dock, Palmdale
1983 February 25 Complete final assembly and closeout installation, Palmdale
1983 February 28 Start initial subsystems test, power-on, Palmdale
1983 May 13 Complete initial subsystems testing
1983 July 26 Complete subsystems testing
1983 August 12 Completed Final Acceptance
1983 October 16 Rollout from Palmdale
1983 November 5 Overland transport from Palmdale to Edwards Air Force Base
1983 November 9 Delivery to Kennedy Space Center
1984 June 2 Flight Readiness Firing
1984 August 30 First Flight (STS-41-D)

Features and upgrades

On the maiden voyage of Discovery: Judith Resnik, Henry Hartsfield, Michael L. Coats, Steven A. Hawley, Charles D. Walker, and Richard M. Mullane
Discovery after booster separation
Discovery is approaching the International Space Station during STS-121. The payload in the shuttle's cargo compartment would be attached to the ISS later in the mission. The spaceship's unique 'teardrop' feature, consisting of several black tiles near the cockpit, is clearly visible.
Discovery approaching the ISS on STS-121, its 'teardrop' feature clearly visible
Discovery sends the Hubble Space Telescope into orbit on April 25, 1990

During its construction, Discovery was fitted with several black tiles near the middle starboard window where there should have been white tiles. It is unknown if this was the result of a harmless manufacturing mishap or done intentionally to give a distinctive look to the shuttle. This feature has been called 'teardrop' and allowed Discovery to be told apart from the rest of the fleet without looking at its name, although often unnoticed by the uninitiated.[11]

The spacecraft weighed roughly 3,600 kg (7,900 lb) less than Columbia when it was brought into service due to optimalizations determined during the construction and testing of Enterprise, Columbia and Challenger.[8] Discovery weighs 6 pounds (2.7 kg) heavier than Atlantis and 363 pounds (165 kg) heavier than Endeavour after further weight-saving adjustments were made.[12]

Part of the Discovery weight optimizations included the greater use of quilted AFRSI blankets rather than the white LRSI tiles on the fuselage, and the use of graphite epoxy instead of aluminum for the payload bay doors and some of the wing spars and beams.[13]

Upon its delivery to the Kennedy Space Center in 1983, Discovery was modified alongside Challenger to accommodate the liquid-fueled Centaur-G booster, which had been planned for use beginning in 1986 but was cancelled in the wake of the Challenger disaster.[14]

Beginning in late 1995, the orbiter underwent a nine-month Orbiter Maintenance Down Period (OMDP) in Palmdale, California. This included outfitting the vehicle with a 5th set of cryogenic tanks and an external airlock to support missions to the International Space Station. As with all the orbiters, it could be attached to the top of specialized aircraft and did so in June 1996 when it returned to the Kennedy Space Center, and later in April 2012 when sent to the Udvar-Hazy Center, riding piggy-back on a modified Boeing 747.[8]

After STS-105, Discovery became the first of the orbiter fleet to undergo Orbiter Major Modification (OMM) period at the Kennedy Space Center. Work began in September 2002 to prepare the vehicle for Return to Flight. The work included scheduled upgrades and additional safety modifications.[8]

Decommissioning and display

SCA N905NA carrying Discovery on the last flyover of the National Mall at around 10:15 am EDT, during its 11:05 am landing at Dulles airport on April 17, 2012[15]
Enterprise and Discovery exchanged and Discovery on display at the National Air and Space Museum, Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center

Discovery was decommissioned on March 9, 2011.[16][17]

NASA offered Discovery to the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum for public display and preservation, after a month-long decontamination process,[18] as part of the national collection.[19][20][21] Discovery replaced Enterprise in the Smithsonian's display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Virginia.[22][23][24] Discovery was transported to Washington Dulles International Airport on April 17, 2012, and was transferred to the Udvar-Hazy on April 19 where a welcome ceremony was held. Afterwards, at around 5:30 pm, Discovery was rolled to its "final wheels stop" in the Udvar Hazy Center.[25][26]

Flights

The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), one of the many satellites deployed from Discovery

By its last mission, Discovery had flown 149 million miles (238 million km) in 39 missions, completed 5,830 orbits, and spent 365 days in orbit over 27 years.[27] Discovery flew more flights than any other Orbiter Shuttle, including four in 1985 alone. Discovery flew both "return to flight" missions after the Challenger and Columbia disasters: STS-26 in 1988, STS-114 in 2005, and STS-121 in 2006. Discovery flew the ante-penultimate mission of the Space Shuttle program, STS-133, having launched on February 24, 2011. Endeavour flew STS-134 and Atlantis performed STS-135, NASA's last Space Shuttle mission. On February 24, 2011, Space Shuttle Discovery launched from Kennedy Space Center's Launch Complex 39-A to begin its final orbital flight.[28]

Flights listing

# Date Designation Notes Length of journey
1 1984-08-30 STS-41-D First Discovery mission: Judith Resnik became second American woman in Space. Three communications satellites were put into orbit, including LEASAT F2. 6 days, 00 hours,
56 minutes, 04 seconds
2 1984-11-08 STS-51-A Launched two and rescued two communications satellites including LEASAT F1. 7 days, 23 hours,
44 minutes, 56 seconds
3 1985-01-24 STS-51-C Launched DOD Magnum ELINT satellite. 3 days, 01 hours,
33 minutes, 23 seconds-
4 1985-04-12 STS-51-D Launched two communications satellites including LEASAT F3. Carried first incumbent United States member of Congress into space, Senator Jake Garn (R–Utah) 6 days, 23 hours,
55 minutes, 23 seconds
5 1985-06-17 STS-51-G Launched two communications satellites, Sultan Salman al-Saud becomes first Saudi Arabian in space. 7 days, 01 hours,
38 minutes, 52 seconds
6 1985-08-27 STS-51-I Launched two communications satellites including LEASAT F4. Recovered, repaired, and redeployed LEASAT F3. 7 days, 02 hours,
17 minutes, 42 seconds
7 1988-09-29 STS-26 Return to flight after Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, launched TDRS-3. 4 days, 01 hours,
00 minutes, 11 seconds
8 1989-03-13 STS-29 Launched TDRS-4. 4 days, 23 hours,
38 minutes, 52 seconds
9 1989-11-22 STS-33 Launched DOD Magnum ELINT satellite. 5 days, 00 hours,
06 minutes, 49 seconds
10 1990-04-24 STS-31 Launch of Hubble Space Telescope (HST). 5 days, 01 hours,
16 minutes, 06 seconds
11 1990-10-06 STS-41 Launch of Ulysses. 4 days, 02 hours,
10 minutes, 04 seconds
12 1991-04-28 STS-39 Launched DOD Air Force Program-675 (AFP-675) satellite. 8 days, 07 hours,
22 minutes, 23 seconds
13 1991-09-12 STS-48 Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). 5 days, 08 hours,
27 minutes, 38 seconds
14 1992-01-22 STS-42 International Microgravity Laboratory-1 (IML-1). 8 days, 01 hours,
14 minutes, 44 seconds
15 1992-12-02 STS-53 Department of Defense payload. 7 days, 07 hours,
19 minutes, 47 seconds
16 1993-04-08 STS-56 Atmospheric Laboratory (ATLAS-2). 9 days, 06 hours,
08 minutes, 24 seconds
17 1993-09-12 STS-51 Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS). 9 days, 20 hours,
11 minutes, 11 seconds
18 1994-02-03 STS-60 First Shuttle-Mir mission; Wake Shield Facility (WSF). First Russian launched in an American spacecraft (Sergei Krikalev). 8 days, 07 hours,
09 minutes, 22 seconds
19 1994-09-09 STS-64 LIDAR In-Space Technology Experiment (LITE). 10 days, 22 hours,
49 minutes, 57 seconds
20 1995-02-03 STS-63 Rendezvous with Mir space station. First female shuttle pilot Eileen Collins.[12] 8 days, 06 hours,
29 minutes, 36 seconds
21 1995-07-13 STS-70 Launched TDRS-7. 8 days, 22 hours,
20 minutes, 05 seconds
22 1997-02-11 STS-82 Servicing Hubble Space Telescope (HST) (HSM-2). 9 days, 23 hours,
38 minutes, 09 seconds
23 1997-08-07 STS-85 Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes (CRISTA). 11 days, 20 hours,
28 minutes, 07 seconds
24 1998-06-02 STS-91 Final Shuttle/Mir Docking Mission. 9 days, 19 hours,
55 minutes, 01 seconds
25 1998-10-29 STS-95 SPACEHAB, second flight of John Glenn, who was 77 years of age at that time, the oldest man in space and third incumbent member of Congress to enter space. Pedro Duque became the first Spaniard in space. 8 days, 21 hours,
44 minutes, 56 seconds
26 1999-05-27 STS-96 First Space Shuttle mission to dock with the International Space Station[12] 9 days, 19 hours,
13 minutes, 57 seconds
27 1999-12-19 STS-103 Servicing Hubble Space Telescope (HST) (HSM-3A). 7 days, 23 hours,
11 minutes, 34 seconds
28 2000-10-11 STS-92 International Space Station Assembly Flight (carried and assembled the Z1 truss); 100th Shuttle mission. 12 days, 21 hours,
43 minutes, 47 seconds
29 2001-03-08 STS-102 International Space Station crew rotation flight (Expedition 1 and Expedition 2) 12 days, 19 hours,
51 minutes, 57 seconds
30 2001-08-10 STS-105 International Space Station crew and supplies delivery (Expedition 2 and Expedition 3) 11 days 21 hours,
13 minutes, 52 seconds
31 2005-07-26 STS-114 First "Return To Flight" mission since Space Shuttle Columbia disaster; International Space Station (ISS) supplies delivery, new safety procedures testing and evaluation, Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) Raffaello. 13 days, 21 hours,
33 minutes, 00 seconds
32 2006-07-04 STS-121 Second "Return To Flight" mission since the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, owing to concerns surrounding foam debris from the external tank during STS-114; International Space Station (ISS) supplies delivery, test new safety and repair techniques. 12 days, 18 hours,
37 minutes, 54 seconds
33 2006-12-09 STS-116 ISS crew rotation and assembly (carries and assembles the P5 truss segment); Last flight to launch on pad 39-B;
First night launch since Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. 		12 days, 20 hours,
44 minutes, 16 seconds
34 2007-10-23 STS-120 ISS crew rotation and assembly (carries and assembles the Harmony module). 15 days, 02 hours,
23 minutes, 55 seconds
35 2008-05-31 STS-124 ISS crew rotation and assembly (carries and assembles the Kibō JEM PM module). 13 days, 18 hours,
13 minutes, 07 seconds
36 2009-03-15 STS-119 International Space Station crew rotation and assembly of a fourth
starboard truss segment (ITS S6) and a fourth set of solar arrays and batteries. Also replaced a failed unit for a system that converts urine to drinking water. 		12 days, 19 hours,
29 minutes, 33 seconds
37 2009-08-28 STS-128 International Space Station crew rotation and ISS resupply using the Leonardo Multi-Purpose Logistics Module. Also carried the C.O.L.B.E.R.T treadmill named after Stephen Colbert 13 days 20 hours, 54 minutes, 40 seconds
38 2010-04-05 STS-131 ISS resupply using the Leonardo Multi-Purpose Logistics Module. The mission also marked the first time that four women were in space and the first time that two Japanese astronauts were together on a space station.[29] Longest mission for this Orbiter. 15 days 2 hours, 47 minutes 11 seconds‡
39 2011-02-24 STS-133 The mission launched at 4:53 pm EST on February 24, was carrying the Permanent Multipurpose Module (PMM) Leonardo, the ELC-4 and Robonaut 2 to the ISS.[30] Final flight of Discovery. 12 days 19 hours,
4 minutes, 50 seconds

‡ Longest shuttle mission for Discovery
– shortest shuttle mission for Discovery

Mission and tribute insignias

NASA Orbiter Tribute for Space Shuttle Discovery
Mission insignia for Discovery flights
Sts-41-d-patch.png
Sts-51-a-patch.png
Sts-51-c-patch.png
Sts-51-d-patch.png
Sts-51-g-patch.png
Sts-51-i-patch.png
Sts-26-patch.png
Sts-29-patch.png
STS-41-D STS-51-A STS-51-C STS-51-D STS-51-G STS-51-I STS 26 STS 29
Sts-33-patch.png
Sts31 flight insignia.png
Sts-41-patch.png
STS-39 patch.svg
Sts-48-patch.png
Sts-42-patch.png
STS-53 patch.svg
Sts-56-patch.png
STS 33 STS 31 STS 41 STS 39 STS 48 STS 42 STS 53 STS 56
STS-51 patch.svg
Sts-60-patch.png
Sts-64-patch.png
Sts-63-patch.png
Sts-70-patch.png
Sts-82-patch.png
Sts-85-patch.png
Sts-91-patch.svg
STS 51 STS 60 STS 64 STS 63 STS 70 STS 82 STS 85 STS 91
STS-95 Patch.svg
Sts-96-patch.svg
STS-103 Patch.svg
Sts-92-patch.svg
STS-102 Patch.svg
Sts-105-patch.svg
STS-114 patch.svg
STS-121 patch.svg
STS 95 STS 96 STS 103 STS 92 STS 102 STS 105 STS 114 STS 121
STS-116 emblem.svg
Sts-120-patch.svg
STS-124 patch.svg
STS-119 Patch.svg
STS-128 Patch.svg
STS-131 patch.svg
STS-133 patch.svg
STS 116 STS 120 STS 124 STS 119 STS 128 STS 131 STS 133

Flow directors

The Flow Director was responsible for the overall preparation of the shuttle for launch and processing it after landing, and remained permanently assigned to head the spacecraft's ground crew while the astronaut flight crews changed for every mission. Each shuttle's Flow Director was supported by a Vehicle Manager for the same spacecraft. Space Shuttle Discovery's Flow Directors were:

  • Until 01/1991: John J. "Tip" Talone Jr. (afterwards Flow Director for Endeavour)[31]
  • 01/1991 – 09/1992: John C. "Chris" Fairey[31]
  • 09/1992 – 10/1996: David A. King[32]
  • 10/1996 – 05/2000: W. Scott Cilento[33]
  • 12/2000 – 03/2011: Stephanie S. Stilson[34]

Gallery

STS-41-D launch August 30, 1984.jpg 07042007 SpaceShuttle Discovery.jpg Space Shuttle Discovery under a full moon, 03-11-09.jpg Discovery sits atop a Boeing 747 as it touched down.jpg Space Shuttle Discovery lands for the first time, completing STS-41-D.jpg
The launch of STS-41-D, Discovery's first mission STS-121 launched on July 4, 2006 – the only Shuttle to launch on Independence Day STS-119 on the night of March 11, 2009 Discovery sits atop a modified Boeing 747 as it touches down Discovery lands after its first flight, STS-41-D
ISS-11 Discovery heat shield photograph.jpg Discovery mission completed q.jpg Modified Boeing 747 carrying Discovery.jpg Space Shuttle Discovery Landing after STS-124.jpg Concluding the STS-133 mission, Space Shuttle Discovery touches down at the Shuttle Landing Facility - cropped.jpg
Discovery performing the Rendezvous pitch maneuver prior to docking with the International Space Station The Space Shuttle Discovery soon after landing Modified Boeing 747 carrying Discovery STS-124 comes to a close as Discovery lands at the Kennedy Space Center Discovery's final touchdown on Kennedy Space Center's runway, concluding the STS-133 mission and Discovery's 27-year career

See also

References

 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 NASA (2007). "Space Shuttle Overview: Discovery (OV-103)". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/shuttleoperations/orbiters/discovery-info.html. 
  2. ↑ "10 Cool Facts About NASA's Space Shuttle Discovery | Space Shuttle Retirement". Space.com. April 18, 2012. http://www.space.com/15327-space-shuttle-discovery-10-cool-facts.html. 
  3. ↑ "Discovery's last mission flight to space begun". February 24, 2011. http://www.scibuff.com/2011/02/24/discoverys-last-trip-to-space-begins/. 
  4. ↑ "Discovery's Final Touchdown A Success". redOrbit.com. http://www.redorbit.com/news/space/2009363/discoverys_final_touchdown_a_success/. 
  5. ↑ "Discovery (OV-103)". http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/discovery.html. 
  6. ↑ "How Did the Space Shuttle Discovery Get Its Name?". February 22, 2011. http://www.space.com/10908-space-shuttle-discovery-names-origin.html. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Discovery (OV-103)". NASA/KSC. http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/discovery.html. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "Space Shuttle Overview: Discovery (OV-103)". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/shuttleoperations/orbiters/discovery-info.html. 
  9. ↑ "Part II. Discovery (OV-103)". Space Transportation System Haer No. TX-116. NASA.gov. http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/2.pdf. 
  10. ↑ "Space Shuttle Discovery Joins the National Collection". April 12, 2011. http://www.nasm.si.edu/events/pressroom/releaseDetail.cfm?releaseID=256. 
  11. ↑ "Tire marks and teardrop tiles: Smithsonian curator on shuttle Discovery at 30 years | collectSPACE". http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-082914a-shuttle-discovery-30th-anniversary.html. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "Space Shuttle Discovery Facts". Florida Today. April 10, 2011. http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20110408/NEWS0208/110408015/Space-Shuttle-Discovery-facts. 
  13. ↑ "STS-41D Press Kit". NASA. August 1984. p. 13. http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/shuttle_pk/pk/Flight_012_STS-41D_Press_Kit.pdf. "Graphite epoxy has replaced some internal aluminum spars and beams in the wings and in the payload bay doors." 
  14. ↑ Lardas, Mark (2012). Space Shuttle Launch System: 1972–2004. Osprey Publishing. p. 37. 
  15. ↑ Pearlman, Robert Z. (April 17, 2012). "Space Shuttle Discovery lands, for the last time, in Washington, D.C.". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2012/0417/Space-Shuttle-Discovery-lands-for-the-last-time-in-Washington-D.C. Retrieved April 17, 2012. "The air- and spacecraft duo landed at Washington Dulles International Airport at 11:05 am EDT (1505 GMT).". 
  16. ↑ "Consolidated Launch Manifest". NASA. 2007. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/iss_manifest.html. 
  17. ↑ Bergin, Chris (2006). "NASA sets new launch date targets through to STS-124". NASASpaceflight.com. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2007/04/nasa-sets-new-launch-date-targets-through-to-sts-124/. 
  18. ↑ Chow, Denise (March 9, 2011). "Space Shuttle Discovery Lands on Earth After Final Voyage". SPACE.com. http://www.space.com/11080-space-shuttle-discovery-final-landing.html. 
  19. ↑ Pearlman, Robert (2008). "NASA seeks shuttle suitors: Museums may need to cover the costs for retired orbiters". collectspace.com. http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-121708a.html. 
  20. ↑ "NASA Solicits Ideas for Displaying Retired Space Shuttles and Main Engines" (Press release). NASA. December 17, 2009. Archived from the original on April 6, 2013. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
  21. ↑ Berger, Eric (December 7, 2009). "Discovery is Smithsonian's". Houston Chronicle. http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/nation/6756689.html. 
  22. ↑ Pearlman, Robert Z. (March 17, 2010). "NASA Primes Retired Test Shuttle Enterprise For One Last Flight". Space.com. http://www.space.com/8049-nasa-primes-retired-test-shuttle-enterprise-flight.html. 
  23. ↑ "news – "NASA readies retired test shuttle Enterprise for one last flight"". collectSPACE. March 15, 2010. http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-031510a.html. 
  24. ↑ "NYC, L.A., Kennedy Space Center, Smithsonian to get the 4 retired space shuttles". USA Today. April 12, 2011. http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2011/04/kennedy-space-center-air-and-space-museum-likely-to-get-2-of-the-4-retiring-shuttle-vehicles/1. 
  25. ↑ "Welcome, Discovery!". Smithsonian Air and Space Museum. http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/discovery.cfm. 
  26. ↑ Associated Press/NBC Washington (January 24, 2012). "Udvar-Hazy Center Getting a 2nd Space Shuttle". NBC Washington. http://www.nbcwashington.com/the-scene/events/Space-Shuttle-Discovery-headed-to-the-Smithsonian-137975898.html. 
  27. ↑ Dunn, Marcia (March 9, 2011). "Space shuttle Discovery lands, ends flying career". Salt Lake Tribune. Associated Press. http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/world/51395407-68/discovery-space-nasa-shuttle.html.csp. 
  28. ↑ Travis, Matthew (February 24, 2011). "STS-133 space shuttle Discovery launches for the final time". The Spacearium, SpaceflightNews.net via YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2eovKxCccMc. 
  29. ↑ Four Women, Two Japanese in Space at Same Time Asian American Press, April 8, 2010
  30. ↑ "Shuttle Discovery takes off on its final flight". CNN. February 24, 2011. http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/02/24/nasa.shuttle/index.html?npt=NP1. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Malone, Lisa (January 8, 1991). "KSC Names Two Space Shuttle Flow Directors". http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/status/r5-91.ksc. 
  32. ↑ "NASA – KSC Names David King as Shuttle Discovery's Flow Director". http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/1992/65-92_prt.htm. 
  33. ↑ "KSC Release No. 120-96". http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/release/1996/120-96.htm. 
  34. ↑ KSC, Kay Grinter (June 6, 2013). "Kennedy Biographies". http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/about/biographies/stilson.html. 

External links




Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Engineering:Space_Shuttle_Discovery&oldid=3235914"