Astronomy:List of human spaceflights

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For a list of spaceflights with human crews organised by program, see List of human spaceflights by program. For a list of spaceports with achieved launches of humans to space, see Spaceport.
Apollo 7 heads into orbit with its crew of three, 1968

This is a list of all crewed spaceflights throughout history. Beginning in 1961 with the flight of Yuri Gagarin aboard Vostok 1, crewed spaceflight occurs when a human crew flies a spacecraft into outer space. Human spaceflight is distinguished from spaceflight generally, which entails both crewed and uncrewed spacecraft.

There are two definitions of spaceflight. The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), an international record-keeping body, defines the boundary between Earth's atmosphere and outer space at 100 kilometres (62 mi) above sea level. This boundary is known as the Kármán line. Additionally, the United States awards astronaut wings to qualified personnel who pilot a spaceflight above an altitude of 50 miles (80 km).

As of the launch of Axiom Mission 3 on 18 January 2024, there have been 380 human spaceflight launches. Two missions did not cross either the Kármán line or the U.S. definition of space and therefore do not qualify as spaceflights. These were the fatal STS-51-L (Challenger disaster), and the non-fatal aborted Soyuz mission T-10a. Two aborted missions did cross either the Kármán line or the U.S. definition of space. These were the non-fatal aborted Soyuz mission MS-10 which did not reach the Kármán line but did pass the 80 km (50 mi) line. The other was the non-fatal Soyuz mission, 18a which crossed the Kármán line. Four missions successfully achieved human spaceflight, yet ended as fatal failures as their crews died during the return. These were Soyuz 1, X-15 flight 191, Soyuz 11, and STS-107 (Columbia disaster). Twenty one flights in total reached an apogee beyond 50 miles (80 km), but failed to go beyond 62 miles (100 km), so therefore do not qualify as spaceflights under the FAI definition.

Summary

Since 1961, three countries (China, Russia, and the United States) and one former country (Soviet Union) have conducted human spaceflight using fourteen different spacecraft series, or: "programs", "projects".


Entity  Soviet Union (1961–1991) /
 Russia (1992–present)		  United States  China Subtotals
by decade
Agency Soviet space program
Roscosmos logo ru.svg Roscosmos		 30px NASA Scaled Composites (2004)
Virgin Galactic (2018–present) 		SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg SpaceX Blue Origin CMSA
Decades Program Dates[lower-alpha 1] No.[lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3] Program[lower-alpha 4] Dates No.[lower-alpha 5] Program Dates No.[lower-alpha 6] Program Dates No. Program Dates No. Program Dates No.
1961–1970 Vostok 1961–1963 6 Mercury 1961–1963 6 52
Voskhod 1964–1965 2 X-15 1962–1968 13
Soyuz 1967–1991 66 Gemini 1965–1966 10
Apollo 1968–1972 11
1971–1980 38
Skylab 1973–1974 3
Apollo–Soyuz 1975 1
1981–1990 Space
Shuttle 		1981–2011 135 63
1991–2000 Soyuz 1992–present 85 83
2001–2010 SpaceShipOne 2004 3 Shenzhou 2003–present 12 61
2011–2020 SpaceShipTwo 2018–present 10 Crew Dragon 2020–present 12 47
2021–2030 New Shepard 2021–present 6 36
Subtotals
by entity 		158 179 13 12 6 12 Total 380

Human spaceflights

The Salyut series, Skylab, Mir, ISS, and Tiangong series space stations, with which many of these flights docked in orbit, are not listed separately here. See the detailed lists (links below) for information.

  • Missions which were intended to reach space but which failed to do so are listed in italics.
  • Missions between 80 km (50 mi) and 100 km (62 mi) are marked with an asterisk
  • Fatal missions are marked with a dagger (†) symbol.

1961–1970

Vostok 1 — Mercury-Redstone 3 — Mercury-Redstone 4 — Vostok 2
Mercury-Atlas 6 — Mercury-Atlas 7 — X-15 Flight 62* — Vostok 3 — Vostok 4 — Mercury-Atlas 8
X-15 Flight 77* — Mercury-Atlas 9 — Vostok 5 — Vostok 6 — X-15 Flight 87* — X-15 Flight 90 — X-15 Flight 91
Voskhod 1
Voskhod 2 — Gemini 3 — Gemini 4 — X-15 Flight 138* — X-15 Flight 143* — Gemini 5 — X-15 Flight 150* — X-15 Flight 153* — Gemini 7 — Gemini 6A
Gemini 8 — Gemini 9A — Gemini 10 — Gemini 11 — X-15 Flight 174* — Gemini 12
Soyuz 1† — X-15 Flight 190* — X-15 Flight 191*†
X-15 Flight 197* — Apollo 7 — Soyuz 3 — Apollo 8
Soyuz 4 — Soyuz 5 — Apollo 9 — Apollo 10 — Apollo 11 — Soyuz 6 — Soyuz 7 — Soyuz 8 — Apollo 12
Apollo 13 — Soyuz 9

1971–1980

Apollo 14 — Soyuz 10 — Soyuz 11† — Apollo 15
Apollo 16 — Apollo 17
Skylab 2 — Skylab 3 — Soyuz 12 — Skylab 4 — Soyuz 13
Soyuz 14 — Soyuz 15 — Soyuz 16
Soyuz 17 — Soyuz 18a — Soyuz 18 — Soyuz 19 — Apollo-Soyuz
Soyuz 21 — Soyuz 22 — Soyuz 23
Soyuz 24 — Soyuz 25 — Soyuz 26
Soyuz 27 — Soyuz 28 — Soyuz 29 — Soyuz 30 — Soyuz 31
Soyuz 32 — Soyuz 33
Soyuz 35 — Soyuz 36 — Soyuz T-2 — Soyuz 37 — Soyuz 38 — Soyuz T-3

1981–1990

Soyuz T-4 — Soyuz 39 — STS-1 — Soyuz 40 — STS-2
STS-3 — Soyuz T-5 — Soyuz T-6 — STS-4 — Soyuz T-7 — STS-5
STS-6 — Soyuz T-8 — STS-7 — Soyuz T-9 — STS-8 — Soyuz T-10a — STS-9
STS-41-B — Soyuz T-10 — Soyuz T-11 — STS-41-C — Soyuz T-12 — STS-41-D — STS-41-G — STS-51-A
STS-51-C — STS-51-D — STS-51-B — Soyuz T-13 — STS-51-G — STS-51-F — STS-51-I — Soyuz T-14 — STS-51-J — STS-61-A — STS-61-B
STS-61-C — STS-51-L† — Soyuz T-15
Soyuz TM-2 — Soyuz TM-3 — Soyuz TM-4
Soyuz TM-5 — Soyuz TM-6 — STS-26 — Soyuz TM-7 — STS-27
STS-29 — STS-30 — STS-28 — Soyuz TM-8 — STS-34 — STS-33
STS-32 — Soyuz TM-9 — STS-36 — STS-31 — Soyuz TM-10 — STS-41 — STS-38 — STS-35 — Soyuz TM-11

1991–2000

STS-37 — STS-39 — Soyuz TM-12 — STS-40 — STS-43 — STS-48 — Soyuz TM-13 — STS-44
STS-42 — Soyuz TM-14 — STS-45 — STS-49 — STS-50 — Soyuz TM-15 — STS-46 — STS-47 — STS-52 — STS-53
STS-54 — Soyuz TM-16 — STS-56 — STS-55 — STS-57 — Soyuz TM-17 — STS-51 — STS-58 — STS-61
Soyuz TM-18 — STS-60 — STS-62 — STS-59 — Soyuz TM-19 — STS-65 — STS-64 — STS-68 — Soyuz TM-20 — STS-66
STS-63 — STS-67 — Soyuz TM-21 — STS-71 — STS-70 — Soyuz TM-22 — STS-69 — STS-73 — STS-74
STS-72 — Soyuz TM-23 — STS-75 — STS-76 — STS-77 — STS-78 — Soyuz TM-24 — STS-79 — STS-80
STS-81 — Soyuz TM-25 — STS-82 — STS-83 — STS-84 — STS-94 — Soyuz TM-26 — STS-85 — STS-86 — STS-87
STS-89 — Soyuz TM-27 — STS-90 — STS-91 — Soyuz TM-28 — STS-95 — STS-88
Soyuz TM-29 — STS-96 — STS-93 — STS-103
STS-99 — Soyuz TM-30 — STS-101 — STS-106 — STS-92 — Soyuz TM-31 — STS-97

2001–2010

STS-98 — STS-102 — STS-100 — Soyuz TM-32 — STS-104 — STS-105 — Soyuz TM-33 — STS-108
STS-109 — STS-110 — Soyuz TM-34 — STS-111 — STS-112 — Soyuz TMA-1 — STS-113
STS-107† — Soyuz TMA-2 — Shenzhou 5 — Soyuz TMA-3
Soyuz TMA-4 — SpaceShipOne Flight 15P — SpaceShipOne Flight 16P — SpaceShipOne Flight 17P — Soyuz TMA-5
Soyuz TMA-6 — STS-114 — Soyuz TMA-7 — Shenzhou 6
Soyuz TMA-8 — STS-121 — STS-115 — Soyuz TMA-9 — STS-116
Soyuz TMA-10 — STS-117 — STS-118 — Soyuz TMA-11 — STS-120
STS-122 — STS-123 — Soyuz TMA-12 — STS-124 — Shenzhou 7 — Soyuz TMA-13 — STS-126
STS-119 — Soyuz TMA-14 — STS-125 — Soyuz TMA-15 — STS-127 — STS-128 — Soyuz TMA-16 — STS-129 — Soyuz TMA-17
STS-130 — Soyuz TMA-18 — STS-131 — STS-132 — Soyuz TMA-19 — Soyuz TMA-01M — Soyuz TMA-20

2011–2020

STS-133 — Soyuz TMA-21 — STS-134 — Soyuz TMA-02M — STS-135 — Soyuz TMA-22 — Soyuz TMA-03M
Soyuz TMA-04M — Shenzhou 9 — Soyuz TMA-05M — Soyuz TMA-06M — Soyuz TMA-07M
Soyuz TMA-08M — Soyuz TMA-09M — Shenzhou 10 — Soyuz TMA-10M — Soyuz TMA-11M
Soyuz TMA-12M — Soyuz TMA-13M — Soyuz TMA-14M — Soyuz TMA-15M
Soyuz TMA-16M — Soyuz TMA-17M — Soyuz TMA-18M — Soyuz TMA-19M
Soyuz TMA-20M — Soyuz MS-01 — Shenzhou 11 — Soyuz MS-02 — Soyuz MS-03
Soyuz MS-04 — Soyuz MS-05 — Soyuz MS-06 — Soyuz MS-07
Soyuz MS-08 — Soyuz MS-09 — Soyuz MS-10 — Soyuz MS-11 — VSS Unity VP-03*
VSS Unity VF-01* — Soyuz MS-12 — Soyuz MS-13 — Soyuz MS-15
Soyuz MS-16 — Crew Dragon Demo-2 — Soyuz MS-17 — SpaceX Crew-1

2021–present

Soyuz MS-18 — SpaceX Crew-2 — Virgin Galactic Unity-21* — Shenzhou-12 — Virgin Galactic Unity-22* — Blue Origin NS-16 — SpaceX Inspiration4 — Soyuz MS-19 — Blue Origin NS-18 — Shenzhou-13 — SpaceX Crew-3 — Soyuz MS-20 — Blue Origin NS-19
Soyuz MS-21 — Blue Origin NS-20 — Axiom Mission 1 — SpaceX Crew-4 — Blue Origin NS-21 — Shenzhou-14 — Blue Origin NS-22 — Soyuz MS-22 — SpaceX Crew-5 — Shenzhou-15
SpaceX Crew-6 — Axiom Mission 2 — Virgin Galactic Unity 25* — Shenzhou-16 — Galactic 01* — Galactic 02* — SpaceX Crew-7 — Galactic 03* — Soyuz MS-24 — Galactic 04* — Shenzhou-17 — Galactic 05*
Axiom Mission 3

Timeline

List by decades

Decade Total flights Major milestones First by nationality

1960s

41

Soviet Union Yuri Gagarin, first human in space.
Soviet Union Valentina Tereshkova, first woman in space.
Soviet Union Alexei Leonov, first EVA.
United States Neil Armstrong, first human on the Moon.

Soviet Union Yuri Gagarin
United States Alan Shepard

1970s

38

United States Alfred Worden, first deep space EVA.

Czechoslovakia Vladimír Remek
Poland Mirosław Hermaszewski
East Germany Sigmund Jähn
Bulgaria Georgi Ivanov
Hungary Bertalan Farkas
Vietnam Phạm Tuân
Cuba Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez

1980s

61

United States Bruce McCandless II, first untethered spacewalk.

Mongolia Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa
Romania Dumitru Prunariu
France Jean-Loup Chrétien
Germany Ulf Merbold
India Rakesh Sharma
Canada Marc Garneau
Saudi Arabia Sultan Salman Al Saud
Netherlands Wubbo J. Ockels
Syria Mohammed Faris
Afghanistan Abdul Ahad Mohmand
Mexico Rodolfo Neri Vela
Japan Toyohiro Akiyama

1990s

83

Russia Yuri Gidzenko, Russia Sergei Krikalev and United States William M. Shepherd, first crew on ISS.

United Kingdom Helen Sharman
Austria Franz Viehböck
Belgium Dirk Frimout
Russia Aleksandr Viktorenko and Aleksandr Kaleri
Switzerland Claude Nicollier
Italy Franco Malerba
Ukraine Leonid Kadeniuk
Spain Pedro Duque
Slovakia Ivan Bella

2000s 61

United States Dennis Tito, first paying space tourist.

South Africa Mark Shuttleworth
Israel Ilan Ramon
China Yang Liwei
Sweden Christer Fuglesang
Malaysia Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor
South Korea Yi So-yeon

2010s

44 —

Denmark Andreas Mogensen
Kazakhstan Aidyn Aimbetov
United Arab Emirates Hazza Al Mansouri

2020-present

26 — Pakistan Namira Salim
Turkey Alper Gezeravcı

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Dates in this table refer only to actual flights, and not the broader duration of their associated programs. For example, while Project Gemini was begun in 1961 and concluded in 1966, its crewed spaceflights occurred only from 1965–1966.
  2. ↑ Soyuz missions include the following: two fatal missions, Soyuz 1 and Soyuz 11, both of which reached space; Soyuz 18a, a non-fatal aborted mission which reached space as a sub-orbital flight; Soyuz 19, the Soviet participant in the Apollo–Soyuz; and Soyuz T-10a, a non-fatal accident in which the crewed launch was aborted due to a fire, failing to reach space.
  3. ↑ Soyuz missions include Soyuz MS-10.
  4. ↑ Following the Apollo program, the Skylab and Apollo–Soyuz flights also used Apollo hardware.
  5. ↑ includes two fatal missions, STS-51-L, and STS-107. The former did not reach space, while the latter did. Includes X-15 flights over 80 km (50 miles).
  6. ↑ Includes VP-03 and VF-01

External links

  • Spacefacts Compare with the present article. The Spacefacts list includes most flights listed here, but omits twelve: The three failed launches of STS-51-L, Soyuz T-10a and Soyuz MS-10, none of which achieved human spaceflight, the uncrewed launch of Soyuz 34 (which nevertheless returned a crew to Earth), and the eight sub-orbital human spaceflights: Mercury-Redstone 3 and 4, X-15 flights 90 and 91, SpaceShipOne flights 15P, 16P and 17P, and Soyuz 18a.
  • Astronautix Similarly, see the list for "Manned Spaceflight" given at Astronautix, which includes other related categories.

References



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