Social:Shixing language
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Short description: Sino-Tibetan language of southwest China
| Shixing | |
|---|---|
| Shuhi | |
| Native to | China |
Native speakers | 1,800 (2000)[1] |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | sxg |
| Glottolog | shix1238[2] |
Shixing, also rendered Shuhi, is a poorly-attested Qiangic language of Sichuan and the Tibet Autonomous Region. Two-thirds of its speakers are monolingual.
Shixing is also known by its Tibetan name Xumi (旭米 Xùmǐ); it is spoken by about 1800 people living by the Shuiluo River 水洛 in Shuiluo Township 水洛乡, Mili Tibetan Autonomous County.[3]
Katia Chirkova reports two varieties.[4]
- Upper Xumi (autonym: ʂuhĩ)
- Lower Xumi (autonym: ʃʉhẽ)
Phonology
Consonants
Xumi features a very unusual phonemic contrast between voiceless /ʎ̥/ and voiced /ʎ/ alveolo-palatal lateral approximants.[5][6]
| Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sibilant | Palato- alveolar |
Retroflex | Alveolo- palatal | ||||||
| Nasal | voiceless | m̥ | n̥ | ɲ̊ | ŋ̊ | |||||
| voiced | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||||||
| Plosive/
Affricate |
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | tsʰ | tʃʰ | ʈʂʰ | tɕʰ | kʰ | qʰ | |
| plain | p | t | ts | tʃ | ʈʂ | tɕ | k | q | ||
| voiced | b | d | dz | dʒ | ɖʐ | dʑ | ɡ | ɢ | ||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | ʃ | ʂ | ɕ | x | χ | h | ||
| voiced | z | ʒ | ʐ | ʑ | ɣ | ʁ | ɦ | |||
| Lateral | voiceless | l̥ | ʎ̥ | |||||||
| voiced | l | ʎ | ||||||||
| Approximant | ɹ | j | w | |||||||
In the table above, italic phonemes only appear in the Upper Xumi dialect while bold phonemes only appear in the Lower Xumi dialect. All others appear in both Upper and Lower Xumi.
Vowels
Oral monophthongs of Lower Xumi, from Chirkova & Chen (2013:369)
Oral
- The close and close-mid series are the same in both varieties: /i, ʉ, u, e, o/. The difference lies in the open-mid and open series; in Upper Xumi, these are /ɛ, ɐ, ɔ, a/, whereas in Lower Xumi, they are /ɛ, ɐ, ɑ/.[9][10]
- At least in Lower Xumi /ʉ/, is phonetically close-mid [ɵ].[11]
- /ɐ/ is closer in Upper Xumi [ɜ]; in addition, the open central vowel /a/ is phonetically near-open [ɐ]. For this reason, they may be transcribed with ⟨ɜ⟩ and ⟨ɐ⟩, respectively.[12]
- The Lower Xumi /o/ and /ɑ/ generally correspond to Upper Xumi /u/ and /ɔ/, respectively. /ɑ/ is near-open near-back [ɑ̽] and thus similar to the Upper Xumi /a/, but more back.[11][12]
Nasal
- Upper Xumi has the following nasal vowels: /ĩ, ũ, ɛ̃, ɔ̃, ɐ̃/, as well as the marginal /ɘ̃/, which occurs only in the word [LPmɘ̃da][clarification needed] 'on the roof / upstairs'.[9]
- Lower Xumi has the following nasal vowels: /ĩ, õ, ɛ̃, ɐ̃, ɑ̃/, as well as the marginal /ə̃/, which occurs only in the word [LPmə̃dɐ ᴿʁo][clarification needed] 'on the roof / upstairs'.[10] /ẽ, õ, ɐ̃, ɑ̃/ generally correspond to Upper Xumi /ĩ, ũ, ɛ̃, ɔ̃/, respectively.[12]
References
- ↑ Shixing at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Shixing". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/shix1238.
- ↑ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 363.
- ↑ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 364.
- ↑ Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367–368.
- ↑ Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.
- ↑ Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), p. 382.
- ↑ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 365.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 388–389.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 369–370.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 369.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), p. 389.
Bibliography
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169
- Sun Hongkai [孙宏开]. 2014. A study of Shixing [Shixingyu yanjiu 史兴语研究]. Beijing: Minzu University Press.
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