Biology:Outline of political science
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Short description: Overview of and topical guide to political science
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to politics and political science:
Politics – the exercise of power; process by which groups of people make collective decisions. Politics is the art or science of running governmental or state affairs (including behavior within civil governments), institutions, fields, and special interest groups such as the corporate, academic, and religious segments of society.
Political science – the field concerning the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behavior.
Fields of study of political science
- Comparative politics
- Democratization
- Polarization
- Politicization
- Multi-level governance
- see § Electoral systems and § Political institutions
- Development studies
- Geopolitics and political geography
- Area studies
- Globalization studies
- Gender and politics
- Institutional theory
- International relations
- Security studies
- Critical security studies
- Copenhagen School
- Paris school
- Welsh school
- Security studies
- Nationalism studies
- Political behavior
- Political activism
- Political economy
- Political fiction
- Political satire
- Political research methodology
- Political sociology
- Political theory and philosophy
- Positive political theory
- Postcolonialism
- Psephology – study of elections
- Voting theory
- see § Electoral systems
- Policy analysis and Policy studies
- Foreign policy analysis
- Public administration and local government studies
- Public law
- Strategic studies
Related disciplines
- Economics
- History
- Jurisprudence
- Constitutional law
- International legal theory
- Political jurisprudence
- Philosophy
- Psychology
- Social science
Political theory
Decision-making
Election
- Electoral systems
- Plurality voting allows each voter to vote for a single candidate, with the candidate with most votes being the winner. It is often combined with single-member districts, resulting in a majoritarian democracy.
- Cardinal voting systems
- Approval voting
- Satisfaction approval voting
- Majority judgment
- STAR voting
- First-past-the-post voting
- Single non-transferable vote
- Limited voting
- Plurality-at-large voting
- General ticket
- Cardinal voting systems
- Proportional representation ensures that proportions of representation allocated in the elected body reflect their proportions of support among the electorate.[2] Often combined with multi-member districts to produce consensus democracy.
- Party-list proportional representation
- Mixed electoral systems
- Mixed-member proportional representation
- Parallel voting
- Scorporo
- Majority bonus system
- Alternative vote plus
- Dual-member proportional representation
- Rural-urban proportional representation
- Plurality voting allows each voter to vote for a single candidate, with the candidate with most votes being the winner. It is often combined with single-member districts, resulting in a majoritarian democracy.
- Suffrage
- Disfranchisement
- Right of foreigners to vote
- Right of expatriates to vote in their country of origin
- Youth suffrage
- Age of candidacy
- Demeny voting
- Wasted vote
- Voting
- Compulsory voting
- Electronic voting
- None of the above
- Secret ballot
- Game theory
- Political campaign
- Political communications
- Political qualifications
Order of succession
- Primogeniture
Sortition
Political institutions
Branches of government
The separation of powers is typically set in the constitution or basic law in order to achieve checks and balances within government. The typical model has three branches, and is referred to as the trias politica.
- Legislature, deliberates and passes laws.
- Unicameralism
- Bicameralism
- Upper house
- Lower house
- Tricameralism
- Tetracameralism
- Multicameralism
- Executive, executes laws.
- Head of state, formal, often symbolic, leader of state. Sometimes has veto power over proposed legislation.
- Head of government, the person(s) in charge of day-to-day affairs of the state. Usually heads a cabinet, a Council of Ministers or a Council of State.
- Chancellor
- Chief executive
- Chief minister
- First minister
- Premier
- Prime minister
- Judiciary, often involved in politics through judicial review.
- Supreme court
- Constitutional court
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Political parties
- Party systems
- Nonpartisan democracy
- One-party state
- Dominant-party system
- Two-party system
- Multi-party system
- Effective number of parties
- Party discipline
- Political factions
- Party coalition governments
- Hung parliament
- Confidence and supply
- Minority government
- Rainbow coalition
- Grand coalition
- National unity government
- Majority government
Political behavior
Theories of political behaviour
- Political culture
- Civic political culture
- Parochial political culture
- Patrimonialism, a political culture which sees no difference between personal and political power.
- Peace and conflict studies
- Political psychology
- Impressionable years hypothesis
- Postmaterialism
- Right-Wing Authoritarianism
- Social Dominance Orientation
- System Justification Theory
Political strategy
- Accelerationism
- Political campaigning
- Campaign advertising
- Campaign finance
- Campaign management tools
- Canvassing
- Grassroots fundraising
- Smear campaign
- Opposition research
- Push poll
- Retail politics
- Power politics
- Balance of power
- Bandwagoning
- Blackmail
- Brinkmanship
- Buck passing
- Coercion
- Hard power
- Sharp power
- Soft power
- Smart power
- Power projection
- Power vacuum
- Realpolitik
- Cloward–Piven strategy
- Propaganda
- Disinformation
- Fearmongering
- Framing
- Indoctrination
- Loaded language
- Lying press
- National mythology
- Rally 'round the flag effect
Voting behavior
- Abstention
- Abstentionism
- Economic voting
- Altruism theory of voting
- Coattail effect
- Split-ticket voting
- Straight-ticket voting
- Tactical voting
- Tactical manipulation of runoff voting
- Vote pairing
- Paradox of voting
- Protest vote
Political dysfunction
- Political conflict
- Civil disobedience
- Boycott
- Demonstration
- Nonviolence
- Picketing
- Strike action
- Tax resistance
- Civil war
- Wars of national liberation
- Insurgency
- Asymmetric warfare
- Assassination
- Guerrilla warfare
- Law of war
- International criminal law
- Just war theory
- War crime
- Revolution
- Bourgeois revolution
- Communist revolution
- Democratic revolution
- Nonviolent revolution
- Social revolution
- Political revolution (Trotskyism)
- Vanguardism
- World revolution
- Terrorism
- Nationalist-separatist terrorism
- Propaganda of the deed
- Religious extremist terrorism
- Right-wing terrorism
- Left-wing terrorism
- Civil disobedience
- Political corruption
- Bribery
- Cronyism
- Economics of corruption
- Nepotism
- Political patronage
Types of polities and forms of government
By level of social organisation
- Traditional authority, political society which has not gone through state formation.
- Band society
- Big man
- Chiefdom
- Empire (before New Imperialism).
- Local government
- Unitary state (Unitarism)
- Federalism
- Regional integration
- Intergovernmental organization
- Supranational union
- European Union (European studies)
- Trade bloc
- Global governance
- World state
By formal power structure
- Feudalism
- Chinese feudalism
- Indian feudalism
- Monarchy/Diarchy
- Republic
- Parliamentary system
- Presidential system
- Semi-presidential system
- President for life
By source of power
- Autocracy, the source of power is the leader.
- Democracy, the source of power are the people through popular sovereignty.
- Ethnocracy, the source of power is ethnicity.
- Meritocracy, the source of power is talent.
- Noocracy, talent is measured by wisdom.
- Technocracy, talent is measured by expertise.
- Stratocracy, the source of power is the military.
- Theocracy, the source of power is God(s).
- Christian republic
- Halachic state
- Hindu nation
- Islamic state
- Oligarchy, the source of power is the elite.
- Aristocracy, the elite are hereditary.
- Gerontocracy, the elite are the elderly.
- Plutocracy, the source of power is wealth.
Political ideologies and philosophies
- Authoritarianism
- Left-wing politics, usually focused on increasing egalitarianism.
- Centrism, usually defined by highly pragmatic politics.
- Radical centrism
- Syncretic politics
- Third Position
- Third Way
- Liberalism, defined by high valuing of liberty.
- Right-libertarianism, often defined as high valuation of private property
- Paleolibertarianism
- Minarchism
- Anarcho-capitalism
- Right-wing politics, often defined by opposition to social change, and a veneration of tradition.
- Centre-right politics
- Christian democracy
- Compassionate conservatism
- Liberal conservatism
- One-nation conservatism
- Progressive conservatism
- Conservatism
- Fiscal conservatism
- Fusionism
- Libertarian conservatism
- National conservatism
- Neoconservatism
- Paleoconservatism
- Social conservatism
- Traditional conservatism
- Far-right politics, political ideas which are described as reactionary, ultranationalist, chauvinistic, xenophobic or racist.[3]
- Centre-right politics
- Identity politics, political ideologies concerned with the interests of the members of a specific group.
- Black power
- Feminism
- Gay pride
- Indigenism
- Islamism
- Nationalism, based on the centrality of the nation.
- Civic nationalism
- Ethnic nationalism
- Expansionist nationalism
- Irredentism
- Pan-nationalism
- Racial nationalism
- Left-wing nationalism
- Liberal nationalism
- Secessionism
- Zionism
Governments of the world
Political issues and policies
Rights
- Animal rights
- Civil and political rights, usually related to topics of negative liberty.
- Freedom of assembly
- Freedom of association
- Right to asylum
- Freedom from discrimination
- Freedom of education
- Freedom of information
- Freedom of movement
- Freedom of speech
- Freedom of the press
- Freedom of thought
- Right to petition
- Right to protest
- Right to property
- Freedom of religion
- Right to life
- Economic, social and cultural rights, usually cover issues of positive liberty.
- Digital rights
- Labor rights
- Right to an adequate standard of living
- Right to clothing
- Right to development
- Right to education
- Right to food
- Right to health
- Right to housing
- Right to Internet access
- Right to science and culture
- Right to social security
- Right to water
- Right to work
- LGBT rights
- Minority rights
- Women's rights
- Abortion law
Economic policy
- Agricultural policy
- Agricultural subsidy
- Land reform
- Energy policy
- Nuclear energy policy
- Renewable energy policy
- Fiscal policy
- Industrial policy
- Import substitution industrialization
- Investment policy
- Monetary policy
- Capital requirement
- Central bank
- Contractionary monetary policy
- Expansionary monetary policy
- Tax policy
- Internet taxation
- Tax cut
- Tax competition
- Tax holiday
- Tax reform
- Flat tax
- Tax harmonization
Foreign and security policy
- Arms control
- Nuclear disarmament
- Nuclear-free zone
- Nuclear nonproliferation
- Nuclear disarmament
- Criminal justice
- Capital punishment
- Life imprisonment
- Mandatory sentencing
- Space policy
- Extraterrestrial real estate
- Militarization of space
- Counter-terrorism
- Anti-terrorism legislation
- International Trade
- Military policy
- Military recruitment
- Military-industrial complex
Social policy
- Cultural policy
- Arts council
- Environmental policy
- Drug policy
- Drug decriminalization
- Drug policy reform
- Harm reduction
- Legality of cannabis
- Legal status of cocaine
- Legal drinking age
- Legal status of methamphetamine
- Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms
- Legal status of Salvia divinorum
- Education policy and reform
- Education reform
- Immigration law
- Family reunification
- Immigration equality
- Immigration of felons
- Immigration reform
- Open border
- Permanent residency
- Work permit
- Race relations
- Religion and politics
- Health policy
- Legality of euthanasia
- Stem cell controversy
- Universal healthcare
- Health care reform
- Welfare state
- Guaranteed minimum income
- Job guarantee
- Welfare reform
- Unemployment benefits
- Universal Basic Income
- Workfare
Politics by continent
Foreign relations by continents
Political parties by continent
History of politics
- History of political science
- History of political thinking
- Political history
- List of years in politics
Political scholars
- List of political scientists
- List of political philosophers
- List of social and political philosophers
- List of political theorists
Influential literature
- The Art of War – by Sun Tsu (c. 544–496 BC)
- History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides (c. 460 – c. 400 BC)
- The Republic and Laws – by Plato (427–347 BC)
- The Politics and Nicomachean Ethics – Aristotle (384–322 BC)
- Arthashastra – Chāṇakya[4] (c. 350–283 BC)
- Meditations – Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor 161–180 CE
- The Prince – by Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527)
- The Book of Five Rings – Miyamoto Musashi (c. 1584––1645)
- Leviathan – Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679)
- The Wealth of Nations – by Adam Smith (1723–1790)
- On War – by Carl von Clausewitz (1780–1831)
- The Communist Manifesto – by Karl Marx (1818–1883)
See also
Further reading
- Roskin, M.; Cord, R. L.; Medeiros, J. A.; Jones, W. S. (2007). Political Science: An Introduction. 10th ed. New York: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN:978-0-13-242575-9 (10). ISBN:978-0-13-242575-9 (13).
- Tausch, A.; Prager, F. (1993). Towards a Socio-Liberal Theory of World Development. Basingstoke: Macmillan; New York: St. Martin's Press.
- Oxford Handbooks of Political Science – ten-volume set covering the political science topics political methodology, public policy, political theory, political economy, comparative politics, contextual political analysis, international relations, Law and Politics, political behavior, and political institutions. The general editor of the series is Robert E. Goodin.[5][6]
References
- ↑ Suissa, Judith (2001). "Anarchism, Utopias and Philosophy of Education". Journal of Philosophy of Education 35 (4). pp. 627–646. doi:10.1111/1467-9752.00249.
- ↑ Mill, John Stuart (1861). "Chapter VII, Of True and False Democracy; Representation of All, and Representation of the Majority only". Considerations on Representative Government. London: Parker, Son, & Bourn. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/5669/5669-h/5669-h.htm#link2HCH0007.
- ↑ Carlisle, Rodney P., ed., The Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right, Volume 2: The Right (Thousand Oaks, California, United States; London, England; New Delhi, India: Sage Publications, 2005) p. 693.
- ↑ Mabbett 1964 "References to the work in other Sanskrit literature attribute it variously to Viṣṇugupta, Cāṇakya and Kauṭilya. The same individual is meant in each case. The Pańcatantra explicitly identifies Chanakya with Viṣṇugupta."
- ↑ "Oxford Handbook of Political Theory". 27 Aug 2006. http://www.oup.com.au/titles/higher_ed/social_science/politics/9780199270033.
- ↑ Walsh, Mary (1 May 2008). "The Oxford Handbook of Political Theory". Contemporary Political Theory 7 (2): 232–234. doi:10.1057/cpt.2008.2.
External links
- American Political Science Association
- European Consortium for Political Research
- International Political Science Association
- Political Studies Association of the UK
- PROL: Political Science Research Online (prepublished research)[|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
- Truman State University, "Political Science Research Design Handbook"
- "A New Nation Votes - American Election Returns, 1787 - 1825". 13 November 2006. http://dca.tufts.edu/features/aas/.
- "POLITICAL Domain Links IV". http://www.p-jones.demon.co.uk/linksIV.htm.
id:Garis besar politik no:Oversikt over politikk fi:Politiikan pääpiirteet sv:Översikt över politiken mk:Преглед на политиката и политичките науки
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