Biology:Enteroglucagon
Enteroglucagon is a peptide hormone derived from preproglucagon. It is a gastrointestinal hormone, secreted from mucosal cells primarily of the colon and terminal ileum.[1] It consists of 37 amino acids. Enteroglucagon is released when fats and glucose are present in the small intestine; which decrease the motility to allow sufficient time for these nutrients to be absorbed.
Discovery
In 1948, Sutherland and De Duve identified a gastrointestinal glucagon-like material in gastric mucosa,[2] the term "enteroglucagon" was used to describe this material that shared a similar immunoreactivity with glucagon.[3] A half-century later, Brubaker and Drucker[4] studied proglucagon gene expression, they discovered the function of enteroglucagon is related to the growth of intestinal epithelium.[5]
Function
Enteroglucagon is a proglucagon-derived peptide or enteroendocrine cells derived peptide in the small intestine. Preproglucagon undergoes post translational modification to release glucagon-like peptides (GLP-1 and GLP-2) and other molecules derived from L-cells of intestine. GLP-1 is derived from a class of intestinal hormones called incretin and the molecule exists in two forms GLP-1(7-37) and GLP-1(7-36) amide.[6] GLP-1 form of incretin starts circulating in response to a high blood glucose level. Incretin effect is a negative feedback loop between glucose and insulin level, it promotes insulin release from beta cells of pancreas islet and suppresses glucagon when the glucose level is high.[7] In vertebrate mammals, GLP-2 sequences are highly conversed in the intestine.[2] The molecule functions as a part of adaptive response, such that contributes intestinal growth, proliferation effect, intestinal dilation (increases the mucosal blood flow) and reduces the chance of apoptosis.[2]
Clinical Significance
GLP-1 is effective at reducing blood glucose levels. GLP-1 analogs have a significant therapeutic effect and high efficacy on diabetes treatments and hypoglycemia prevention.[8] Proliferation effect and trophic effect on the small intestine, GLP-2 is used as a therapy to support patients with short-bowel syndrome and other underlying intestinal conditions.[9]
See also
References
- ↑ Holst, J. J. (1997). "Enteroglucagon". Annual Review of Physiology 59: 257–71. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.59.1.257. PMID 9074764.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Dunphy, J. L.; Fuller, P. J. (1997-09-19). "Enteroglucagon, bowel growth and GLP-2". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 132 (1–2): 7–11. doi:10.1016/s0303-7207(97)00137-8. ISSN 0303-7207. PMID 9324041. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9324041/.
- ↑ Sarwal, Dhruv; Bordoni, Bruno (2021), "Physiology, Enteroglucagon", StatPearls (Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing), PMID 31971745, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553105/, retrieved 2021-05-02
- ↑ Drucker, Daniel J.; Shi, Qing; Crivici, Anna; Sumner-Smith, Martin; Tavares, Wendy; Hill, Mary; DeForest, Lorraine; Cooper, Sari et al. (July 1997). "Regulation of the biological activity of glucagon-like peptide 2 in vivo by dipeptidyl peptidase IV" (in en). Nature Biotechnology 15 (7): 673–677. doi:10.1038/nbt0797-673. ISSN 1546-1696. PMID 9219272. https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt0797-673.
- ↑ Drucker, D J; Erlich, P; Asa, S L; Brubaker, P L (1996-07-23). "Induction of intestinal epithelial proliferation by glucagon-like peptide 2.". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93 (15): 7911–7916. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.15.7911. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 8755576. Bibcode: 1996PNAS...93.7911D.
- ↑ Deacon, Carolyn F. (September 2007). "Incretin-based treatment of type 2 diabetes: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors". Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 9 (Suppl 1): 23–31. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2007.00765.x. ISSN 1462-8902. PMID 17877544. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17877544/.
- ↑ Sarwal, Dhruv; Bordoni, Bruno (2021), "Physiology, Enteroglucagon", StatPearls (Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing), PMID 31971745, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553105/, retrieved 2021-04-30
- ↑ Trujillo, Jennifer M.; Nuffer, Wesley; Ellis, Samuel L. (February 2015). "GLP-1 receptor agonists: a review of head-to-head clinical studies". Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism 6 (1): 19–28. doi:10.1177/2042018814559725. ISSN 2042-0188. PMID 25678953.
- ↑ Jeppesen, P. B. (November 2003). "Clinical significance of GLP-2 in short-bowel syndrome". The Journal of Nutrition 133 (11): 3721–3724. doi:10.1093/jn/133.11.3721. ISSN 0022-3166. PMID 14608103.
External links
- Overview at colostate.edu
- Nosek, Thomas M.. "Section 6/6ch2/s6ch2_27". Essentials of Human Physiology. http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section6/6ch2/s6ch2_27.htm.
- Enteroglucagon at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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