Biology:Thymosin α1

Thymosin α1
Identifiers
	IUPAC name (4S)-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-acetamido-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-6-aminohexanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-6-aminohexanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-6-aminohexanoyl]amino]-6-aminohexanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-5-[[(1S)-3-amino-1-carboxy-3-oxopropyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid;
CAS Number	62304-98-7;
PubChem CID	16130571;
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C129H215N33O55
Molar mass	3108.315 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES CC[C@H](C)[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)N)C(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)C;
	InChI InChI=1S/C129H215N33O55/c1-18-59(10)98(159-114(201)76(36-42-91(181)182)146-120(207)83(53-164)154-121(208)84(54-165)155-127(214)99(63(14)166)160-118(205)80(51-94(187)188)152-123(210)95(56(4)5)156-104(191)62(13)135-102(189)60(11)137-115(202)78(49-92(183)184)151-119(206)82(52-163)138-66(17)169)125(212)161-101(65(16)168)128(215)162-100(64(15)167)126(213)147-70(30-22-26-46-133)109(196)150-79(50-93(185)186)117(204)149-77(47-55(2)3)116(203)142-69(29-21-25-45-132)108(195)144-73(33-39-88(175)176)110(197)141-67(27-19-23-43-130)106(193)140-68(28-20-24-44-131)107(194)145-75(35-41-90(179)180)113(200)157-97(58(8)9)124(211)158-96(57(6)7)122(209)148-74(34-40-89(177)178)111(198)143-71(31-37-86(171)172)105(192)136-61(12)103(190)139-72(32-38-87(173)174)112(199)153-81(129(216)217)48-85(134)170/h55-65,67-84,95-101,163-168H,18-54,130-133H2,1-17H3,(H2,134,170)(H,135,189)(H,136,192)(H,137,202)(H,138,169)(H,139,190)(H,140,193)(H,141,197)(H,142,203)(H,143,198)(H,144,195)(H,145,194)(H,146,207)(H,147,213)(H,148,209)(H,149,204)(H,150,196)(H,151,206)(H,152,210)(H,153,199)(H,154,208)(H,155,214)(H,156,191)(H,157,200)(H,158,211)(H,159,201)(H,160,205)(H,161,212)(H,162,215)(H,171,172)(H,173,174)(H,175,176)(H,177,178)(H,179,180)(H,181,182)(H,183,184)(H,185,186)(H,187,188)(H,216,217)/t59-,60-,61-,62-,63+,64+,65+,67-,68-,69-,70-,71-,72-,73-,74-,75-,76-,77-,78-,79-,80-,81-,82-,83-,84-,95-,96-,97-,98-,99-,100-,101-/m0/s1; Key:NZVYCXVTEHPMHE-ZSUJOUNUSA-N;

Short description: Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Thymosin α₁ is a peptide fragment derived from prothymosin alpha, a protein that in humans is encoded by the PTMA gene.^[1]

It was the first of the peptides from Thymosin Fraction 5 to be completely sequenced and synthesized. Unlike β thymosins, to which it is genetically and chemically unrelated, thymosin α₁ is produced as a 28-amino acid fragment having the sequence Ac-SDAAVDTSSEITTKDLKEKKEVEEEAEN, which is made from cleavage of a longer, 113-amino acid precursor, prothymosin α.^[2]

Function

Thymosin α₁ is an agonist for toll-like receptor 2 and toll-like receptor 9 on both myeloid and dendritic antigen-presenting cells, thereby stimulating the adaptive immune response.^[3]

Thymosin α₁ is believed to be a major component of Thymosin Fraction 5 responsible for the activity of that preparation in restoring immune function in animals lacking thymus glands. It has been found to enhance cell-mediated immunity in humans as well as experimental animals.^[4]

Therapeutic application

Thymosin α₁ is approved in some countries for the treatment of Hepatitis B and C, and it is also used to boost the immune response in the treatment of other diseases.^[5]^[6] The synthetic version of Thymosin α₁ is known as Thymalfasin and is sold under the brand name Zadaxin.^[7]

Thymosin α₁ is usually administered by subcutaneous injection.^[3]

Clinical studies

Clinical trials suggest thymosin α₁ may be useful in cystic fibrosis, septic shock,^[8] acute respiratory distress syndrome, peritonitis, pancreatitis,^[9] acute cytomegalovirus infection, TB, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and lung infections in critically ill patients.,^[6]^[10] and for chronic hepatitis B.^[11]^[12]^[13]

For hospitalized COVID-19 patients, a 2023 review concluded thymosin α₁ was not effective in reducing mortality or length of hospitalization.^[14] A subsequent 2023 review contradicted this, showing a reduction in mortality but not length of stay.^[15]

It has been studied for possible use in treating cancer (e.g. with chemotherapy).^[16]

References

↑ "The human prothymosin alpha gene family contains several processed pseudogenes lacking deleterious lesions". Genomics 13 (2): 319–31. Jul 1992. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(92)90248-Q. PMID 1612591. https://zenodo.org/record/1258589.
↑ Garaci E (September 2007). "Thymosin alpha1: a historical overview". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1112: 14–20. doi:10.1196/annals.1415.039. PMID 17567941.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 "Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature". World Journal of Virology 9 (5): 67–78. 2020. doi:10.5501/wjv.v9.i5.67. PMID 33362999.
↑ "Thymosin activity in patients with cellular immunodeficiency". N. Engl. J. Med. 292 (2): 70–4. January 1975. doi:10.1056/NEJM197501092920204. PMID 1078552.
↑ "Thymosin alpha 1: from bench to bedside". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1112 (1): 225–34. September 2007. doi:10.1196/annals.1415.044. PMID 17600290. Bibcode: 2007NYASA1112..225G.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 "From lab to bedside: emerging clinical applications of thymosin alpha 1". Expert Opin Biol Ther 9 (5): 593–608. May 2009. doi:10.1517/14712590902911412. PMID 19392576.
↑ "Therapeutic applications of thymosin peptides: A patent landscape 2018-present". Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents 33 (12): 865–873. 2023. doi:10.1080/13543776.2023.2298833. PMID 38131310.
↑ "Efficacy of thymosin α1 for sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 15. 2025. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2025.1673959. PMID 40969554.
↑ "Thymosin alpha 1 alleviates inflammation and prevents infection in patients with severe acute pancreatitis through immune regulation: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Frontiers in Immunology 16. 2025. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1571456. PMID 40599771.
↑ "Thymosin Alpha 1 Plus Routine Treatment for the Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan 34 (12): 1497–1507. 2024. doi:10.29271/jcpsp.2024.12.1497. PMID 39648386.
↑ "Thymosin alpha-1 treatment in chronic hepatitis B". Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 15: 129–132. 2015. doi:10.1517/14712598.2015.1007948. PMID 25640173.
↑ "Comprehensive Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 in Human Clinical Trials". Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 30 (1): 6–12. 2024. PMID 38308608.
↑ "Aging and Thymosin Alpha-1". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26 (23). 2025. doi:10.3390/ijms262311470. PMID 41373628.
↑ "Thymosin alpha1 use in adult COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis on clinical outcomes". International Immunopharmacology 114. 2023. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109584. PMID 36527881.
↑ "The efficacy of thymosin alpha-1 therapy in moderate to critical COVID-19 patients: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression". Inflammopharmacology 31 (6): 3317–3325. 2023. doi:10.1007/s10787-023-01354-2. PMID 37845598.
↑ "Thymosin alpha 1 in the treatment of cancer: from basic research to clinical application". Int J Immunopharmacol 22 (12): 1067–76. 2000. doi:10.1016/s0192-0561(00)00075-8. PMID 11137613.

"Modulation of estrogen receptor activity by selective coregulators.". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 85 (2–5): 117–22. 2003. doi:10.1016/S0960-0760(03)00207-3. PMID 12943695.
"Prothymosin alpha is phosphorylated by casein kinase-2.". FEBS Lett. 312 (2–3): 152–6. 1992. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(92)80924-6. PMID 1426245. Bibcode: 1992FEBSL.312..152B.
"Prothymosin alpha enhances human and murine MHC class II surface antigen expression and messenger RNA accumulation.". J. Immunol. 148 (7): 1979–84. 1992. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.148.7.1979. PMID 1545115.
"Prothymosin alpha expression in lymph nodes and tonsils: an optical and ultrastructural study.". Acta Anat (Basel) 143 (3): 219–22. 1992. doi:10.1159/000147251. PMID 1632187.
"Prothymosin alpha enhances interleukin 2 receptor expression in normal human T-lymphocytes.". Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 13 (8): 1059–65. 1992. doi:10.1016/0192-0561(91)90156-2. PMID 1814846.
"Thymosins: both nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins.". Eur. J. Biochem. 192 (3): 643–51. 1990. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb19271.x. PMID 2209614.
"Isolation and partial sequencing of the human prothymosin alpha gene family. Evidence against export of the gene products.". J. Biol. Chem. 264 (13): 7546–55. 1989. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)83269-0. PMID 2708378.
"The expression of prothymosin alpha gene in T lymphocytes and leukemic lymphoid cells is tied to lymphocyte proliferation.". J. Biol. Chem. 264 (15): 8451–4. 1989. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)81807-5. PMID 2785990.
"Molecular cloning of cDNA for human prothymosin alpha.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (23): 8926–8. 1987. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.23.8926. PMID 3466166.
"The human prothymosin alpha gene is polymorphic and induced upon growth stimulation: evidence using a cloned cDNA.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (24): 9403–7. 1987. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.24.9403. PMID 3467312.
"Prothymosin alpha in human blood.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (13): 4465–9. 1987. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.13.4465. PMID 3474615. Bibcode: 1987PNAS...84.4465P.
"Human prothymosin alpha: amino acid sequence and immunologic properties.". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 250 (1): 197–201. 1986. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(86)90717-4. PMID 3532956.
"Binding of human prothymosin alpha to the leucine-motif/activation domains of HTLV-I Rex and HIV-1 Rev.". Eur. J. Biochem. 233 (1): 48–54. 1995. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.048_1.x. PMID 7588773.
"Distribution of prothymosin alpha in rat and human adrenal cortex.". Anat. Rec. 239 (1): 88–94. 1994. doi:10.1002/ar.1092390110. PMID 7913591.
"Prothymosin alpha gene in humans: organization of its promoter region and localization to chromosome 2.". Hum. Genet. 90 (6): 629–34. 1993. doi:10.1007/BF00202480. PMID 7916742.
"Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides.". Gene 138 (1–2): 171–4. 1994. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.
"Expression of alpha-thymosins in human tissues in normal and abnormal growth.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 (20): 9504–7. 1993. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.20.9504. PMID 8415730. Bibcode: 1993PNAS...90.9504T.
"Phosphorylation of human and bovine prothymosin alpha in vivo.". Biochemistry 32 (17): 4587–96. 1993. doi:10.1021/bi00068a015. PMID 8485135.
Rubtsov IuP; Vartapetian AB (1996). "[New intronless members of human prothymosin alpha genes]". Mol. Biol. (Mosk.) 29 (6): 1320–5. PMID 8592501.

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymosin α1. Read more

[pmid1612591-1] "The human prothymosin alpha gene family contains several processed pseudogenes lacking deleterious lesions". Genomics 13 (2): 319–31. Jul 1992. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(92)90248-Q. PMID 1612591. https://zenodo.org/record/1258589.

[pmid17567941-2] Garaci E (September 2007). "Thymosin alpha1: a historical overview". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1112: 14–20. doi:10.1196/annals.1415.039. PMID 17567941.

[pmid33362999-3] 3.0 ^3.1 "Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature". World Journal of Virology 9 (5): 67–78. 2020. doi:10.5501/wjv.v9.i5.67. PMID 33362999.

[4] "Thymosin activity in patients with cellular immunodeficiency". N. Engl. J. Med. 292 (2): 70–4. January 1975. doi:10.1056/NEJM197501092920204. PMID 1078552.

[5] "Thymosin alpha 1: from bench to bedside". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1112 (1): 225–34. September 2007. doi:10.1196/annals.1415.044. PMID 17600290. Bibcode: 2007NYASA1112..225G.

[Goldstein2009-6] 6.0 ^6.1 "From lab to bedside: emerging clinical applications of thymosin alpha 1". Expert Opin Biol Ther 9 (5): 593–608. May 2009. doi:10.1517/14712590902911412. PMID 19392576.

[7] "Therapeutic applications of thymosin peptides: A patent landscape 2018-present". Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents 33 (12): 865–873. 2023. doi:10.1080/13543776.2023.2298833. PMID 38131310.

[8] "Efficacy of thymosin α1 for sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 15. 2025. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2025.1673959. PMID 40969554.

[9] "Thymosin alpha 1 alleviates inflammation and prevents infection in patients with severe acute pancreatitis through immune regulation: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Frontiers in Immunology 16. 2025. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1571456. PMID 40599771.

[10] "Thymosin Alpha 1 Plus Routine Treatment for the Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan 34 (12): 1497–1507. 2024. doi:10.29271/jcpsp.2024.12.1497. PMID 39648386.

[Wu2015-11] "Thymosin alpha-1 treatment in chronic hepatitis B". Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 15: 129–132. 2015. doi:10.1517/14712598.2015.1007948. PMID 25640173.

[12] "Comprehensive Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 in Human Clinical Trials". Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 30 (1): 6–12. 2024. PMID 38308608.

[13] "Aging and Thymosin Alpha-1". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26 (23). 2025. doi:10.3390/ijms262311470. PMID 41373628.

[pmid36527881-14] "Thymosin alpha1 use in adult COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis on clinical outcomes". International Immunopharmacology 114. 2023. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109584. PMID 36527881.

[15] "The efficacy of thymosin alpha-1 therapy in moderate to critical COVID-19 patients: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression". Inflammopharmacology 31 (6): 3317–3325. 2023. doi:10.1007/s10787-023-01354-2. PMID 37845598.

[Garaci2000-16] "Thymosin alpha 1 in the treatment of cancer: from basic research to clinical application". Int J Immunopharmacol 22 (12): 1067–76. 2000. doi:10.1016/s0192-0561(00)00075-8. PMID 11137613.

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Identifiers

IUPAC name (4S)-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-acetamido-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-6-aminohexanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-6-aminohexanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-6-aminohexanoyl]amino]-6-aminohexanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-5-[[(1S)-3-amino-1-carboxy-3-oxopropyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid
CAS Number	62304-98-7
PubChem CID	16130571
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C₁₂₉H₂₁₅N₃₃O₅₅
Molar mass	3108.315 g·mol⁻¹
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
SMILES CC[C@H](C)[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)N)C(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)C
InChI InChI=1S/C129H215N33O55/c1-18-59(10)98(159-114(201)76(36-42-91(181)182)146-120(207)83(53-164)154-121(208)84(54-165)155-127(214)99(63(14)166)160-118(205)80(51-94(187)188)152-123(210)95(56(4)5)156-104(191)62(13)135-102(189)60(11)137-115(202)78(49-92(183)184)151-119(206)82(52-163)138-66(17)169)125(212)161-101(65(16)168)128(215)162-100(64(15)167)126(213)147-70(30-22-26-46-133)109(196)150-79(50-93(185)186)117(204)149-77(47-55(2)3)116(203)142-69(29-21-25-45-132)108(195)144-73(33-39-88(175)176)110(197)141-67(27-19-23-43-130)106(193)140-68(28-20-24-44-131)107(194)145-75(35-41-90(179)180)113(200)157-97(58(8)9)124(211)158-96(57(6)7)122(209)148-74(34-40-89(177)178)111(198)143-71(31-37-86(171)172)105(192)136-61(12)103(190)139-72(32-38-87(173)174)112(199)153-81(129(216)217)48-85(134)170/h55-65,67-84,95-101,163-168H,18-54,130-133H2,1-17H3,(H2,134,170)(H,135,189)(H,136,192)(H,137,202)(H,138,169)(H,139,190)(H,140,193)(H,141,197)(H,142,203)(H,143,198)(H,144,195)(H,145,194)(H,146,207)(H,147,213)(H,148,209)(H,149,204)(H,150,196)(H,151,206)(H,152,210)(H,153,199)(H,154,208)(H,155,214)(H,156,191)(H,157,200)(H,158,211)(H,159,201)(H,160,205)(H,161,212)(H,162,215)(H,171,172)(H,173,174)(H,175,176)(H,177,178)(H,179,180)(H,181,182)(H,183,184)(H,185,186)(H,187,188)(H,216,217)/t59-,60-,61-,62-,63+,64+,65+,67-,68-,69-,70-,71-,72-,73-,74-,75-,76-,77-,78-,79-,80-,81-,82-,83-,84-,95-,96-,97-,98-,99-,100-,101-/m0/s1 Key:NZVYCXVTEHPMHE-ZSUJOUNUSA-N

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