iMessage

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Short description: Instant messaging service by Apple

iMessage
IMessage logo.svg
IMessage macOS Sonoma.png
A thread of conversation in the Messages application on macOS Sonoma
DeveloperApple Inc.
TypeInstant messaging
Launch dateOctober 12, 2011; 12 years ago (2011-10-12)
Platform(s)iPhone, Apple Watch, iPad, iPod Touch, Mac
Operating system(s)iOS 5 and later, iPadOS, OS X Mountain Lion and later, watchOS
StatusActive
Websitesupport.apple.com/explore/messages

iMessage is an instant messaging service developed by Apple Inc. and launched in 2011. iMessage functions exclusively on Apple platforms – including macOS, iOS, iPadOS, and watchOS – as part of Apple's broader strategy[1] of vendor lock-in.[2][3][4][5]

Core features of iMessage, available on all supported platforms, include sending text messages, images, videos, and documents; getting delivery and read statuses (read receipts); and end-to-end encryption so only the sender and recipient can read the messages, and no one else, including Apple itself, can read them. The service also allows sending location data and stickers. On iOS and iPadOS, third-party developers can extend iMessage capabilities with custom extensions, an example being quick sharing of recently played songs.

Launched on iOS in 2011,[6] iMessage arrived on macOS (then called OS X) in 2012.[7] In 2020, Apple announced an entirely redesigned version of the macOS Messages app which adds some of the features previously unavailable on the Mac, including location sharing and message effects.

History

iMessage was announced by Scott Forstall at the WWDC 2011 keynote on June 6, 2011. A version of the Messages app for iOS with support for iMessage was included in the iOS 5 update on October 12, 2011. On February 16, 2012, Apple announced that a new Messages app replacing iChat would be part of OS X Mountain Lion.[7] Mountain Lion was released on July 25, 2012.

On October 23, 2012, Apple CEO Tim Cook announced that Apple device users have sent 300 billion messages using iMessage and that Apple delivers an average of 28,000 messages per second.[8] In February 2016, Eddy Cue announced that the number of iMessages sent per second had grown to 200,000.[9]

In May 2014, a lawsuit was filed against Apple over an issue where, if a user switched from an Apple device to a non-Apple device, messages being delivered to them through iMessage would not reach their destination.[10][11] In November 2014 Apple addressed this problem by providing instructions and an online tool to deregister iMessage.[12][13] A federal court dismissed the suit in Apple's favor.[14]

On March 21, 2016, a group of researchers from Johns Hopkins University published a report in which they demonstrated that an attacker in possession of iMessage ciphertexts could potentially decrypt photos and videos that had been sent via the service. The researchers published their findings after the vulnerability had been patched by Apple.[15][16]

On June 13, 2016, Apple announced the addition of Apps to iMessage service, accessible via the Messages apps. Apps can create and share content, add stickers, make payments, and more within iMessage conversations without having to switch to standalone apps. One could develop standalone iMessage apps or an extension to existing iOS apps. Publishers can also create standalone stickers apps without writing any code.[17] According to Sensor Tower, a data company that provides "App Store Optimization (ASO)", as of March 2017 the iMessage App Store features nearly 5,000 Message-enabled apps.[18]

At the WWDC 2020 keynote on June 22, 2020, Apple previewed the next version of its macOS operating system, planned for release in late 2020. Big Sur shipped with a redesigned version of Messages, with features previously available only on iOS devices, such as message effects, memoji, stickers and location sharing.

Digital Markets Act (European Union)

In 2022, iMessage was included on a list of potential "gatekeepers" to be regulated by new legislation in the European Union.[19] This would have required iMessage to be interoperable with other messaging services that either serve a certain number of users or generates significant revenue.[20] Apple appealed the inclusion of iMessage, with media outlets speculating (because Apple does not release data on user volume) that the appeal was on the grounds that the iMessage userbase in Europe was not large enough to warrant labeling iMessage as a gatekeeper.[21][22] In December 2023, several media outlets reported that the appeal was successful.[23][24] Bloomberg News speculated that this "tentative" decision was reached because while iMessage's userbase is large enough to qualify, the service is not popular enough with businesses, specifically.[25]

Features

iMessage allows users to send texts, documents, photos, videos, contact information, and group messages over the Internet to other iOS or macOS users. iMessage is an alternative to the SMS and MMS messaging for most users with devices running iOS 5 or later. The "Send as SMS" setting under Messages will cause the message to be sent via SMS if the sender does not have an active Internet connection. If the receiver has no Internet connection, the message should be stored on a server until a connection is restored.[citation needed]

iMessage is accessible through the Messages app on an iPhone, iPad or iPod Touch running iOS 5 or later, or on a Mac running OS X Mountain Lion or later. Owners of these devices can register one or more email addresses with Apple. Additionally, iPhone owners can register their phone numbers with Apple, provided their carrier is supported. When a message is sent to a mobile number, Messages will check with Apple if the mobile number is set up for iMessage. If it is not, the message will seamlessly transition from iMessage to SMS.[26]

In Messages, the user's sent communication is aligned to the right, with replies from other people on the left. A user can see if the other iMessage user is typing a message. A pale gray ellipsis appears in the text bubble of the other user when a reply is started. It is also possible to start a conversation on one iOS device and continue it on another.[26] On iPhones, green buttons and text bubbles indicate SMS-based communication; on all iOS devices, blue buttons and text bubbles indicate iMessage communication.

All iMessages are encrypted and can be tracked using delivery receipts.[27] If the recipient enables Read Receipts, the sender will be able to see when the recipient has read the message. iMessage also allows users to set up chats with more than two people—a "group chat".

With the launch of iOS 10, users can send messages accompanied by a range of "bubble" or "screen" effects.[28][29][30] By holding down the send button with force, the range of effects is surfaced for users to select from.

With the launches of iOS 14 and macOS 11 Big Sur, users gain a myriad of features such as the ability to pin individual conversations, mention other users, set an image for group conversations, and send inline replies. Additionally, more of the features from the Messages app on iOS and iPadOS were ported over to their macOS counterpart.[31]

With the launch of iOS 15.2, Apple added automated blurring of photos containing explicit images that are sent to underage users. The feature relies on scanning the photos on the device and can optionally be set to alert the underage user's parents if explicit material is received. The feature was originally launched only for the US with a later expansion to the UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The feature remains regionally restricted for the rest of the world.[32][33]

With the launch of iOS 16, Apple added the ability for users to edit and unsend sent iMessages. Users can unsend an iMessage for up to 2 minutes after it being sent, and can edit it for up to 15 minutes. Users also have the ability to recover deleted messages for up to 30 days.[34]

Technology

The iMessage protocol is based on the Apple Push Notification service (APNs)—a proprietary, binary protocol.[35] It sets up a Keep-Alive connection with the Apple servers. Every connection has its own unique code, which acts as an identifier for the route that should be used to send a message to a specific device. The connection is encrypted with TLS using a client-side certificate, that is requested by the device on the activation of iMessage.

Each message recipient's public keys are retrieved from Apple Identity Service (IDS), "Apple's directory of iMessage public keys, Apple Push Notification service (APNs) addresses, and phone numbers and email addresses that are used to look up the keys and device addresses."[36] Each message is individually encrypted for each recipient device in a conversation. Message attachments are encrypted and uploaded to iCloud to be retrieved separately by the recipient. Messages are stored on Apple servers for up to 30 days.[37]

Platforms

iMessage is only officially available on Apple operating systems, such as iOS, iPadOS, macOS, and watchOS. Unlike some other messaging apps, it does not have compatibility for Android or Microsoft Windows, and does not have any web access/interface. This means iMessage is designed to be accessed using the app on a device using an Apple operating system.

Unofficial platforms

iMessage is only officially supported on Apple devices, but many apps exist that forward iMessages to devices that don't run Apple's operating system. The iMessage forwarding apps achieve this by creating an iMessage server on an iOS or macOS device that forwards the messages to a client on any other device, including Android, Windows, and Linux machines. The apps that use an iOS device as a server require the device to be jailbroken.

On November 23, 2012, Beast Soft released the first version of its Remote Messages jailbreak tweak for iOS 5.[38] Remote Messages created an iMessage and SMS server on the iOS device that could be accessed by any other internet enabled device through a web app. Remote Messages had the ability to send any attachments from the client device, as well as sending photos from the iOS server device through the web app. Beast Soft continued to update Remote Messages through October 2015, supporting all iOS versions from iOS 5 through iOS 9.[39]

On May 3, 2016, an independent open-source project named "PieMessage" was announced by app developer Eric Chee,[40] consisting of code for OS X that communicates with iMessage and connects to an Android client, allowing the Android client to send and receive messages.[41][42]

On October 16, 2017, following inactivity from Beast Soft as well as a monetary bounty[43] requesting an iMessage tweak compatible with iOS 10, SparkDev released AirMessage.[44] AirMessage was similar to Remote Messages in that the client was accessed through a web app, however it was more limited in features and did not support sending attachments like Remote Messages previously had. AirMessage also did not add support for any of the new iMessage features of iOS 10, such as tapback reactions or screen effects. AirMessage was updated through June 2020, ending with support for iOS 10 through iOS 13.[45]

On December 10, 2017, 16-year-old developer Roman Scott released weMessage, the first publicly available Android app that forwarded iMessages from a macOS server device to an Android client.[46][47] Scott released two substantial updates to weMessage, the first of which added iMessage screen effects and bug fixes[48] and the second of which added SMS and MMS support, as well as fixes for contact syncing and server management.[49] On November 11, 2018, citing his inability to spend more time on the project, Scott open-sourced weMessage.[50]

On February 22, 2019[51] independent developer Cole Feuer released the AirMessage app for Android.[52] Feuer's AirMessage coincidentally shares a name with SparkDev's iOS tweak, but AirMessage for Android is not in any way related to the AirMessage jailbreak tweak. AirMessage for Android includes code for a server running on OS X Yosemite and higher, and an Android client that runs on Android 6 and higher that can send and receive iMessages.[53] Like weMessage, AirMessage has support for displaying, but not sending, screen effects, and AirMessage also has the ability to display tapback messages and send tapback notifications. In January 2020, Feuer released an update that added SMS and MMS capabilities, as well as web link previews, a photo gallery viewer, and the ability to send a location message.[54]

On August 15, 2020, Ian Welker released SMServer as a free and open-source iOS jailbreak tweak for iOS 13 that uses a web app client.[55] Welker maintains an API on his GitHub page with extensive documentation on how to use the IMCore and ChatKit libraries.[56] SMServer was the first app to support iOS 14 and macOS Big Sur features of iMessage, such as group chat photos and displaying pinned conversations. It was also the first app to support remote sending of tapback messages and subject line text.

On August 21, 2020, Eric Rabil released a video showcasing his upcoming server and web app, MyMessage.[57][58] MyMessage was the first app to showcase support for sending tapback messages and receiving digital touch and handwritten messages, which Rabil claimed to have achieved by writing code that directly communicated with the iMessage service rather than using AppleScript and reading the database.[59] MyMessage is the only app to run its server on both macOS and iOS, but as of February 2021, only the server component of MyMessage has been released, with the web app frontend still receiving stability development.

From August 2020 through October 2020, a free and open-source project called BlueBubbles[60] was publicly released. BlueBubbles was built to address some of the difficulties and limitations of AirMessage for Android, such as the fact that AirMessage was closed source, required port forwarding, and had no native apps for operating systems such as Windows or Linux. BlueBubbles requires a server running MacOS High Sierra or higher, and like AirMessage, it has some limitations on MacOS Big Sur. In November and December 2020, BlueBubbles added the ability to send and receive typing indicators from the Android app, as well as the ability to send read receipts and tapback messages. (both on Android)[61]

On January 29, 2021, Aziz Hasanain released a free and open-source jailbreak tweak called WebMessage for iOS 12 through iOS 14.[62] Hasanain used Welker's documentation of the IMCore and ChatKit libraries to assist his development of WebMessage,[63] which is the first jailbreak tweak to use a downloaded app as the client instead of a web app.

On December 5, 2023, an independent app called Beeper Mini, which used reverse engineering of the iMessage protocol, was released for Android.[64] It quickly reached the top five free communications apps on Google Play and became the fastest-growing paid Android app in history, gaining more than 100,000 downloads in the first 48 hours. A few days after the launch, it was briefly shut down by Apple, but resumed operations again.[65][66] Amy Klobuchar and Mike Lee, who lead the Senate's antitrust committee, wrote a letter to the Department of Justice expressing concern that Apple was not allowing competition.[67][68] The developers of Beeper Mini restored the service again, which was soon shut down again by Apple. Ultimately, the creators of Beeper Mini gave up on bypassing Apple's attempts to shut down the service, so they stopped trying to reverse engineer iMessage.[69]

Reception

On November 12, 2012, Chetan Sharma, a technology and strategy consulting firm, published the US Mobile Data Market Update Q3 2012, noting the decline of text messaging in the United States, and suggested the decline may be attributed to Americans using alternative free messaging services such as iMessage.[70]

In 2017, Google announced they would compete with iMessage with their own messaging service, Messages (formerly Android Messages).[71]

Security and privacy

On November 4, 2014, the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) listed iMessage on its "Secure Messaging Scorecard", giving it a score of 5 out of 7 points. It received points for having communications encrypted in transit, having communications encrypted with keys the provider doesn't have access to (end-to-end encryption), having past communications secure if the keys are stolen (forward secrecy), having their security designs well-documented, and having a recent independent security audit. It missed points because users can not verify contacts' identities and because the source code is not open to independent review.[72] In September 2015, Matthew Green noted that, because iMessage does not display key fingerprints for out-of-band verification, users are unable to verify that a man-in-the-middle attack has not occurred. The post also noted that iMessage uses RSA key exchange. This means that, as opposed to what EFF's scorecard claims, iMessage does not feature forward secrecy.[73]

On August 7, 2019, researchers from Project Zero presented 6 "interaction-less" exploits in iMessage that could be used to take over control of a user's device.[74] These six exploits have been fixed in iOS 12.4, released on July 22, 2019, however there are still some undisclosed exploits which will be patched in a future update.[75] Project Pegasus revelations in July 2021 found the software used iMessage exploits.

In 2021, an FBI document obtained by Property of the People, Inc., a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, through an FOIA request, reveals, that WhatsApp and iMessage are vulnerable to law-enforcement real-time searches.[76][77][78] Reuters also reported that Apple had plans to encrypt iCloud backups of iMessage data, but dropped those plans after the FBI complained.[79]

Eric Migicovsky, founder of third-party iMessage client Beeper Mini, has criticized Apple for preventing iMessage access on Android phones. Migicovsky argues that it is hypocritical of Apple to claim iMessage is private and secure while simultaneously allowing only SMS messages when communicating with users on non-Apple devices (such as Android), even when alternatives exist.[80] Apple has implied that third-party applications like Beeper Mini are less secure because "techniques posed significant risks to user security and privacy, including the potential for metadata exposure and enabling unwanted messages, spam, and phishing attacks."[81] All four of the security and privacy risks suggested by Apple's statement also apply to SMS, which iMessage uses for fallback when communicating with non-iMessage users.[82][83][84] Apple has long-resisted bringing iMessage to non-Apple devices, with CEO Tim Cook previously offering the solution of "buy your mom an iPhone" when questioned at Code Conference about a better way to message with family that uses Android. Massachusetts Senator Elizabeth Warren commented on the conflict between Beeper Mini and Apple, tweeting: "Green bubble texts are less secure. So why would Apple block a new app allowing Android users to chat with iPhone users on iMessage? Big Tech executives are protecting profits by squashing competitors. Chatting between different platforms should be easy and secure."[85][86]

Bullying

According to a survey from Piper Sandler from Fall 2023, 87% of teenagers in America have iPhones.[87] Claims have been made that the app's use of different colors for messages using iMessage's protocol vs SMS fallback has contributed to social exclusion among some teens.[88][89] A study by car insurance company Jerry also found that "young iPhone users who make money don’t seem to date someone who is using an Android device. Some users said that they don’t even text someone who didn’t have an iPhone."[90][91]

On November 16, 2023, Apple announced Rich Communication Services (RCS) support coming to iOS the following year,[92] to work as a fallback when iMessage is not available and the other user is also using RCS,[93] although they followed up by confirming that the RCS messages will remain green.[94] After the news broke, Google revealed that they will be working alongside Apple to implement RCS onto iOS and iMessage.[95][96][97][98]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Apple's Lock-in" (in en). 2022-01-13. https://www.techconstant.com/apples-lock-in/. 
  2. ↑ Kellen (2021-04-09). "Apple Admits Why It Keeps iMessage Off Android" (in en-US). https://www.droid-life.com/2021/04/08/apple-android-imessage-lock-in/. 
  3. ↑ "Apple confirms iMessage locks users into iOS, and putting it on Android would hurt Apple" (in en). https://www.zdnet.com/article/apple-confirms-imessage-locks-users-into-ios-and-putting-it-on-android-would-hurt-apple/. 
  4. ↑ Higgins, Tim (2022-01-08). "Why Apple's iMessage Is Winning: Teens Dread the Green Text Bubble" (in en-US). Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-apples-imessage-is-winning-teens-dread-the-green-text-bubble-11641618009. 
  5. ↑ "Apple iMessage Is a Lock-In Abomination" (in en). https://www.pcmag.com/opinions/apple-imessage-is-a-lock-in-abomination. 
  6. ↑ "iOS 5 - See new features included in iOS 5". Apple. https://www.apple.com/ios/features.html. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "OS X Mountain Lion - See everything the new OS X can do.". https://www.apple.com/osx/whats-new/features.html#messages. 
  8. ↑ Epstein, Zach (October 23, 2012). "Apple Kicks Off iPad Mini Event: 3 Million New iPods Sold, iOS 6 Now On 200 Million Devices". Boy Genius Report. http://bgr.com/2012/10/23/apple-ipad-mini-event/. 
  9. ↑ Leswing, Kif (February 12, 2016). "Apple says people send as many as 200,000 iMessages per second". Business Insider. http://www.businessinsider.com/eddy-cue-200k-imessages-per-second-2016-2. 
  10. ↑ Edwards, Jim (May 16, 2014). "Apple Lawsuit iPhones Don't Deliver Texts To Android". Business Insider. http://www.businessinsider.com/apple-lawsuit-iphones-dont-deliver-texts-to-android-2014-5. 
  11. ↑ Rosenblatt, Joel (May 16, 2014). "Apple Sued Over Vanishing Texts After IPhones Swapped Out". Bloomberg L.P.. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-05-16/apple-sued-over-vanishing-texts-after-iphones-swapped-out-1-.html. 
  12. ↑ "If you can't receive text messages from an iPhone - Apple Support". Support.apple.com. September 5, 2017. http://support.apple.com/en-us/TS5185. 
  13. ↑ "Deregister and Turn Off iMessage - Apple Support". Selfsolve.apple.com. January 1, 1970. https://selfsolve.apple.com/deregister-imessage. 
  14. ↑ Slotnick, Stacy (August 12, 2015). "Apple Avoids Class Action Lawsuit Over iMessages". UrbanGeekz. http://urbangeekz.com/2015/08/apple-avoids-class-action-lawsuit-over-imessages/. 
  15. ↑ Garman et al. 2016
  16. ↑ Nakashima, Ellen (March 21, 2016). "Johns Hopkins researchers poke a hole in Apple's encryption". The Washington Post (Nash Holdings LLC). https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/johns-hopkins-researchers-discovered-encryption-flaw-in-apples-imessage/2016/03/20/a323f9a0-eca7-11e5-a6f3-21ccdbc5f74e_story.html. 
  17. ↑ "iMessage - Apple Developer". https://developer.apple.com/imessage/. 
  18. ↑ Perez, Sarah (March 16, 2017). "Six months in, iMessage App Store growth slows as developers lose interest". https://techcrunch.com/2017/03/16/six-months-in-imessage-app-store-growth-slows-as-developers-lose-interest/. 
  19. ↑ "Apple Set to Challenge Latest EU Crackdown on Big Tech Dominance" (in en). Bloomberg.com. 2023-11-10. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-11-10/apple-to-appeal-digital-markets-act-over-app-store-at-eu-court. 
  20. ↑ Mayo, Benjamin (November 10, 2023). "Apple to appeal EU ruling that forces company to make changes to the 'gatekeeper' App Store and iMessage". https://9to5mac.com/2023/11/10/appeal-appeal-eu-gatekeeper-app-store/. 
  21. ↑ "Apple Will Reportedly Appeal EU's Gatekeeping Claims" (in en). 2023-11-10. https://gizmodo.com/apple-will-reportedly-appeal-eus-gatekeeping-claims-1851011406. 
  22. ↑ Mayo, Benjamin (2023-09-10). "Report: Apple claims iMessage not big enough to fall under purview of EU 'gatekeeper' competition law". https://9to5mac.com/2023/09/04/imessage-app-store-gatekeeper-not-big-enough/#:~:text=Report%3A%20Apple%20claims%20iMessage%20not,%27gatekeeper%27%20competition%20law%20%2D%209to5Mac. 
  23. ↑ "MSN". https://www.msn.com/. 
  24. ↑ Smith, Chris (2023-12-07). "Surprise: There's no such thing as blue vs. green bubbles in Europe" (in en-US). https://bgr.com/tech/imessage-wont-be-a-gatekeeper-service-heres-why-im-not-surprised/. 
  25. ↑ "Apple Set to Avoid EU Crackdown Over iMessage Service" (in en). Bloomberg.com. 2023-12-06. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-12-06/apple-imessage-set-to-avoid-eu-s-digital-dominance-crackdown. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Siegler, MG (June 6, 2011). "Apple Has Finally Stuck A Dagger Into SMS. I Love It.". TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2011/06/06/apple-imessages/. 
  27. ↑ "New Version of iOS Includes Notification Center, iMessage, Newsstand, Twitter Integration Among 200 New Features" (Press release). Apple Inc. June 6, 2011. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
  28. ↑ Padhiyar, Jignesh (3 January 2019). "How to Send iMessage with Screen Effect on iPhone and iPad". https://www.igeeksblog.com/how-to-add-screen-effects-to-imessages-in-ios-10/. 
  29. ↑ Navodiya, Nurdin (8 August 2019). "How to use and send iMessage with Effects (Bubble and Screen)". https://itechcliq.com/how-to-use-and-send-imessage-with-effects/. 
  30. ↑ Gupta, Mukesh (3 April 2023). "How to use Bubble and Screen Effects with iMessage in iOS 16.3". https://itechperry.com/imessage-effects/. 
  31. ↑ "macOS Big Sur Preview - Features" (in en-US). https://www.apple.com/macos/big-sur-preview/features/. 
  32. ↑ Clark, Mitchell (13 December 2021). "Apple releases iOS 15.2 with App Privacy Report, Digital Legacy, and more". https://www.theverge.com/2021/12/13/22828226/apple-ios-15-2-iphone-update-digital-legacy-music-macro-app-privacy. 
  33. ↑ Porter, Jon (21 April 2022). "Apple's nudity-blurring Messages feature gets international release". https://www.theverge.com/2022/4/21/23035183/ios-messages-communication-safety-nudity-sexually-explicit-message-blurring. 
  34. ↑ "iOS 16" (in en-US). https://www.apple.com/ios/ios-16/. 
  35. ↑ Kumparak, Greg (February 27, 2014). "Apple Explains Exactly How Secure iMessage Really Is". https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/27/apple-explains-exactly-how-secure-imessage-really-is/. 
  36. ↑ "Apple Identity Service (IDS)". https://support.apple.com/guide/security/aside/secf752dc2e2/1/web/1. 
  37. ↑ "How iMessage sends and receives messages securely". May 13, 2022. https://support.apple.com/guide/security/how-imessage-sends-and-receives-messages-sec70e68c949/web. 
  38. ↑ Beast Soft [@beastsoft] (November 23, 2012). "Remote Messages v1.0 is now available on Cydia. (Browser based front-end for the iOS Messages app)." (in en). https://twitter.com/beastsoft/status/272099457754095616. 
  39. ↑ Beast Soft [@beastsoft] (October 27, 2015). "Remote Messages 3.2 for iOS 9 is now live on the BigBoss repo. It's a free update. Please let us know if anything isn't working." (in en). https://twitter.com/beastsoft/status/659064119635615744. 
  40. ↑ "PieMessage open-source project brings iMessage to Android using your Mac as a server". 9to5Mac. May 3, 2016. https://9to5mac.com/2016/05/03/piemessage-imessage-open-source-android-app/. 
  41. ↑ Miller, Paul (May 4, 2016). "PieMessage project brings iMessage to Android". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2016/5/4/11591008/piemessage-imessage-android. 
  42. ↑ on GitHub
  43. ↑ "[$50][10.1.1] RemoteMessages alternative". May 29, 2017. https://www.reddit.com/r/TweakBounty/comments/6e28dy/501011_remotemessages_alternative/. 
  44. ↑ Spark [@SparkDev_] (October 16, 2017). "[Release[$3.99] AirMessage - A Remote Messages Alternative for iOS 10 t.co/uNeLflxO3m"] (in en). https://twitter.com/SparkDev_/status/920037963605700609. 
  45. ↑ Spark [@SparkDev_] (June 30, 2020). "AirMessage Beta 3.0.4~Beta1 is now on the repo for Member Plus! Brings full iOS 13 support and various bug fixes and improvements. Enjoy :) t.co/jlHF7s5wmf" (in en). https://twitter.com/SparkDev_/status/1277897359842783232. 
  46. ↑ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "weMessage - iMessage For Android". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kmp1SRhnPos. 
  47. ↑ Scott, Roman [@TheRomanScott] (December 10, 2017). "weMessage allows you to use iMessage from an Android device. It has finally been published on the Play Store! Check it out! t.co/AziLjtoItl #imessage #android #bluebubble" (in en). https://twitter.com/TheRomanScott/status/939963245149990913. 
  48. ↑ Scott, Roman [@TheRomanScott] (January 2, 2018). "Version 1.1 has been released! This release adds Contact Sync, Message Effects (like fireworks and invisible ink), and "fixes" messages not showing up. I had no idea how many people wanted Contact Sync! Thanks to everyone who suggested it, and keep recommending more features." (in en). https://twitter.com/TheRomanScott/status/948248680091537408. 
  49. ↑ Scott, Roman [@TheRomanScott] (February 20, 2018). "Version 1.2 has been released! It adds FULL SMS and MMS support, Contact Sync for phone contacts, a Contact List Screen, the ability to delete contacts, Failover IP Addresses, a Retry Send button, notification badges, fixed notifications and Mac Contact Sync, and more!" (in en). https://twitter.com/TheRomanScott/status/965938573986983936. 
  50. ↑ Scott, Roman [@TheRomanScott] (November 11, 2018). "Hey! I have decided to open source weMessage due to my inability to work on it due to time constraints: t.co/Q177muYGug. If you would like to donate to the project, a link is included on that page. Thank you all for your continued support of this project!" (in en). https://twitter.com/TheRomanScott/status/1061652187456176129. 
  51. ↑ "AirMessage - Apps on Google Play". https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=me.tagavari.airmessage&hl=en_US&gl=US. 
  52. ↑ Feuer, Cole (October 9, 2020). "Introducing a new era of messaging: AirMessage Cloud". https://airmessage.org/blog/introducing-a-new-era-of-messaging-airmessage-cloud. 
  53. ↑ "About". https://airmessage.org/about. 
  54. ↑ "AirMessage 0.5 - Texting integration, smarter tapbacks, and a happy new year!". January 11, 2020. https://www.reddit.com/r/AirMessage/comments/encoos/airmessage_05_texting_integration_smarter/. 
  55. ↑ "[Free Release] SMServer - send texts from your browser - Available on Twickd now!". August 11, 2020. https://www.reddit.com/r/jailbreak/comments/i7v04g/free_release_smserver_send_texts_from_your/. 
  56. ↑ "SMServer". November 17, 2021. https://github.com/iandwelker/smserver/blob/master/docs/IMCore_and_ChatKit.md. 
  57. ↑ Rabil, Eric [@ericrabil] (August 21, 2020). "Coming soon to a browser near you t.co/WLPCq52W36" (in en). https://twitter.com/ericrabil/status/1296844967990775809. 
  58. ↑ "[Upcoming] MyMessage – the full iMessage experience from a browser. Follow me at @ericrabil on Twitter for more updates". August 21, 2020. https://www.reddit.com/r/jailbreak/comments/ie0ckj/upcoming_mymessage_the_full_imessage_experience/. 
  59. ↑ "[Upcoming] MyMessage – the full iMessage experience from a browser. Follow me at @ericrabil on Twitter for more updates". August 21, 2020. https://www.reddit.com/r/jailbreak/comments/ie0ckj/upcoming_mymessage_the_full_imessage_experience/g2dh32g. 
  60. ↑ "iMessage on PC and Android - BlueBubbles". Bluebubbles.app. https://bluebubbles.app. Retrieved 2022-08-07. 
  61. ↑ "Using Private API Features · BlueBubblesApp/Bluebubbles-server Wiki". https://github.com/BlueBubblesApp/BlueBubbles-Server/wiki/Using-Private-API-Features. 
  62. ↑ "[Free Release] WebMessage - Your messages, on every device". January 29, 2021. https://www.reddit.com/r/jailbreak/comments/l7pepo/free_release_webmessage_your_messages_on_every/. 
  63. ↑ "[Upcoming] WebMessage - Send & receive texts from the comfort of your computer". December 18, 2020. https://www.reddit.com/r/jailbreak/comments/kfp109/upcoming_webmessage_send_receive_texts_from_the/. 
  64. ↑ Purdy, Kevin (2023-12-05). "Beeper Mini for Android sends and receives iMessages, no Mac server required" (in en-us). https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2023/12/beeper-mini-on-android-claims-to-have-reverse-engineered-imessage-compatibility/. 
  65. ↑ Welch, Chris (2023-12-08). "Apple has seemingly found a way to block Android's new iMessage app" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2023/12/8/23994089/apple-beeper-mini-android-blocked-imessage-app. 
  66. ↑ Kellen (2023-12-11). "Beeper Mini Returns, But For How Long?" (in en-US). https://www.droid-life.com/2023/12/11/beeper-mini-update-apple-confirms-block-beeper-thinks-it-can-fix/. 
  67. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/inno/stories/news/2023/12/18/doj-asked-to-probe-apple-over-beeper-block.html. 
  68. ↑ Mickle, Tripp; Isaac, Mike (2023-12-22). "Apple's Newest Headache: An App That Upended Its Control Over Messaging" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/22/technology/apple-iphone-beeper-mini.html. 
  69. ↑ Li, Abner (December 13, 2023). "iMessage for Android via Beeper Mini and Cloud are down again". https://9to5google.com/2023/12/13/imessage-android-beeper-down-again/. 
  70. ↑ Choney, Suzanne. "Text messaging is on decline in US, says report". NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/technology/technolog/text-messaging-decline-us-says-report-1C7040450. 
  71. ↑ "GVA's Garrity on Alphabet Making a Push Into Android Messaging". https://www.bloomberg.com/news/audio/2017-03-09/gva-s-garrity-on-alphabet-making-a-push-into-android-messaging. 
  72. ↑ "Secure Messaging Scorecard. Which apps and tools actually keep your messages safe?". Electronic Frontier Foundation. November 4, 2014. https://www.eff.org/node/82654. 
  73. ↑ Green, Matthew (September 8, 2015). "Let's talk about iMessage (again)". A Few Thoughts on Cryptographic Engineering. http://blog.cryptographyengineering.com/2015/09/lets-talk-about-imessage-again.html. 
  74. ↑ Newman, Lily Hay (2019-08-07). "Hackers Can Break Into an iPhone Just by Sending a Text". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. https://www.wired.com/story/imessage-interactionless-hacks-google-project-zero/. Retrieved 2019-08-09. 
  75. ↑ "About the security content of iOS 12.4" (in en). https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT210346. 
  76. ↑ "January 2021 FBI Infographic re Lawful Access to Secure Messaging Apps Data". November 19, 2021. https://propertyofthepeople.org/document-detail/?doc-id=21114562. 
  77. ↑ Ben Zion Gad (November 30, 2021). "Can the FBI monitor your WhatsApp conversations?". The Jerusalem Post. https://www.jpost.com/cybertech/authorities-can-track-your-live-whatsapp-info-fbi-document-says-687360. 
  78. ↑ Kroll, Andy (29 November 2021). "FBI Document Says the Feds Can Get Your WhatsApp Data -- in Real Time". Rolling Stone. https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/whatsapp-imessage-facebook-apple-fbi-privacy-1261816/. 
  79. ↑ Menn, Joseph (January 21, 2020). "Exclusive: Apple dropped plan for encrypting backups after FBI complained - sources". https://www.reuters.com/article/us-apple-fbi-icloud-exclusive/exclusive-apple-dropped-plan-for-encrypting-backups-after-fbi-complained-sources-idUSKBN1ZK1CT/. 
  80. ↑ Perez, Sarah (2023-12-08). "Apple cuts off Beeper Mini's access after launch of service that brought iMessage to Android" (in en-US). https://techcrunch.com/2023/12/08/apple-cuts-off-beeper-minis-access-after-launch-of-service-that-brought-imessage-to-android/. 
  81. ↑ Pierce, David (2023-12-10). "Apple responds to the Beeper iMessage saga: 'We took steps to protect our users'" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2023/12/9/23995150/beeper-imessage-android-apple-statement. 
  82. ↑ Geller, Eric (2016-05-17). "Study shows phone metadata is much more sensitive than top spies admit" (in en-US). https://www.dailydot.com/debug/surveillance-phone-metadata-identifiable-stanford-study/. 
  83. ↑ Merryweather, Lauren (2021-06-29). "Three in five people have received a scam delivery text in the past year - Which? News" (in en). https://www.which.co.uk/news/article/three-in-five-people-have-received-a-scam-delivery-text-in-the-last-year-aA3fF1B3qT81. 
  84. ↑ "How to Recognize and Report Spam Text Messages" (in en). 2020-02-19. https://consumer.ftc.gov/articles/how-recognize-and-report-spam-text-messages. 
  85. ↑ Davis, Wes (2023-12-10). "Senator Elizabeth Warren weighs in on Beeper's fight with Apple." (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2023/12/10/23996021/senator-elizabeth-warren-weighs-in-on-beepers-fight-with-apple. 
  86. ↑ Perez, Sarah (2023-12-10). "Senator Warren calls out Apple for shutting down Beeper's 'iMessage to Android' solution" (in en-US). https://techcrunch.com/2023/12/10/senator-warren-calls-out-apple-for-shutting-down-beepers-imessage-to-android-solution/. 
  87. ↑ "Taking Stock With Teens®". https://www.pipersandler.com/teens. 
  88. ↑ Gedeon, Kimberly (2022-10-08). "Green bubble trouble — how Apple geniously employs dark psychology with iMessage" (in en). https://www.laptopmag.com/features/green-bubble-trouble. 
  89. ↑ Higgins, Tim (2022-01-08). "Why Apple's iMessage Is Winning: Teens Dread the Green Text Bubble" (in en-US). Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-apples-imessage-is-winning-teens-dread-the-green-text-bubble-11641618009. 
  90. ↑ "Sorry iPhone Fans, Android Users Are Safer Drivers | GetJerry.com" (in en). 2023-08-11. https://getjerry.com/studies/sorry-iphone-fans-android-users-are-safer-drivers. 
  91. ↑ Sharma, Karan (2022-05-11). "iPhone Users "Don't Want To Date Android Users" And Are The Worst Drivers Too; This New Study Claims So" (in en-in). https://in.mashable.com/tech/31532/iphone-users-dont-want-to-date-android-users-and-are-the-worst-drivers-too-this-new-study-claims-so. 
  92. ↑ Espósito, Filipe. "RCS is coming to iOS, but will it change anything for most iPhone users?". https://9to5mac.com/2023/11/16/rcs-ios-iphone-users/. 
  93. ↑ Roth, Emma (2023-11-16). "Apple says iPhones will support RCS in 2024" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2023/11/16/23964171/apple-iphone-rcs-support. 
  94. ↑ Miller, Chance (November 17, 2023). "RCS messages will use green bubbles, Apple confirms". https://9to5mac.com/2023/11/16/apple-confirms-rcs-messages-will-have-green-bubbles/. 
  95. ↑ Li, Abner. "Google will work with Apple on implementing RCS on iPhone". https://9to5google.com/2023/11/16/google-rcs-iphone/. 
  96. ↑ Sattelberg, Will (November 16, 2023). "Apple is adding RCS support to the iPhone next year". https://www.androidpolice.com/apple-rcs-imessage-b/. 
  97. ↑ "RCS Coming to iMessage in 2024". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qX3fxCWdF10. 
  98. ↑ Stein, Scott. "Will RCS be a purple bubble?". https://twitter.com/jetscott/status/1725230518864597248. 

Further reading



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