Software:Microsoft Edge

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Short description: Web browser developed by Microsoft
Microsoft Edge
Edge Logo 2019.svg
Microsoft Edge Screenshot (2023).png
Microsoft Edge on Windows 11
Original author(s)Microsoft
Developer(s)Microsoft
Initial releaseJuly 29, 2015; 8 years ago (2015-07-29)
Stable release(s) [±]
Stable Channel114.0.1823.37 / 2 June 2023; 10 months ago (2 June 2023)
Extended Stable Channel114.0.1823.37 / 2 June 2023; 10 months ago (2 June 2023)[1]
Written inC++
Engines
Operating systemAndroid
iOS
macOS 10.15 or later
Windows 10, Windows Server 2016 or later
Linux (specifically Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, and openSUSE distributions)
PlatformIA-32
x86-64
ARM32
ARM64
Included withWindows 10
Windows 10 Mobile
Windows 11
Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S system software
PredecessorInternet Explorer
LicenseProprietary software, based on an open source project[4][note 1]
Websitemicrosoft.com/edge

Microsoft Edge (or simply Edge) is a proprietary, AI-powered cross-platform web browser created by Microsoft. Released in 2015 as part of Windows 10 and Xbox One, it was initially built with Microsoft's own proprietary browser engine, EdgeHTML, and their Chakra JavaScript engine.[5] Later on, it was ported to Android and iOS[6][7] as a fork of Google's Chromium open-source project. In late 2018, Microsoft announced it would completely rebuild Edge as a Chromium-based[8][9] browser with Blink and V8 engines, which allowed the browser to be ported to macOS. The new Edge was publicly released in January 2020,[10][11] and on Xbox platforms in 2021.[12][13] Microsoft has since terminated security support for the original browser (now referred to as Microsoft Edge Legacy),[14] and Edge is also available on older Windows versions (Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 R2 and later were supported until early 2023),[15][16] as well as Linux.[17][18]

Although it was created as the successor to Internet Explorer (IE), Internet Explorer 11 remained available alongside Edge on Windows 10 for compatibility until 2023, when it was removed.[19] In Windows 11, Edge is the default web browser, as well as the only browser available from Microsoft (for compatibility[20][21] with Google Chrome).[22] However, it includes an "Internet Explorer mode," aimed at fixing compatibility issues; it provides the legacy MSHTML browser engine and supports the legacy ActiveX and BHO technologies.[23]

In May 2022, according to StatCounter, Microsoft Edge became the second most popular browser in the world, overtaking Apple Safari (in some countries, such as the United States, Edge is the 3rd most popular, where it has a 14% share, slightly behind Safari's 16% share). (As of September 2022), Edge is used by 11% of PCs worldwide.[24]

Features

Microsoft Edge is the default web browser on Windows 10, Windows 10 Mobile, Windows 11, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X and Series S consoles, replacing Internet Explorer 11 and Internet Explorer Mobile.[25] As its development and release is dependent on the model of Windows as a service, it is not included in Windows 10 Enterprise Long-Term Servicing Channel (LTSC) builds.[26][27][28]

Microsoft initially announced that Edge would support the legacy MSHTML (Trident) browser engine for backward compatibility, but later said that, due to "strong feedback", Edge would use a new engine, while Internet Explorer would continue to provide the legacy engine.[29] The developer toolset of the EdgeHTML-based versions featured an option to emulate the rendering behaviour ("document mode") of Internet Explorer versions 5 to 11.[30][31]

Favorites, reading list, browsing history and downloads are viewed at the Hub,[32] a sidebar providing functionality similar to Internet Explorer's Downloads manager and Favorites Center.[33]

Edge features a built-in PDF reader,[34] and supports WebAssembly. Until January 2021, Edge also featured an integrated Adobe Flash Player (with an internal whitelist allowing Flash applets on Facebook websites to load automatically, bypassing all other security controls requiring user activation).[35]

Edge does not support legacy technologies such as ActiveX and Browser Helper Objects, instead it uses an extension system.[3][36][37]

Internet Explorer 11 remained available alongside Edge on Windows 10 for compatibility until 2023, when it was removed.[19] It remained identical to the Windows 8.1 version and did not use the Edge engine as was previously announced.[3][25][36] In Windows 11, Edge became the only browser available from Microsoft. However, it includes an "Internet Explorer mode", aimed at fixing compatibility issues; it provides the legacy MSHTML browser engine and supports the legacy ActiveX and BHO technologies.[23]

Edge integrates with Microsoft's online platforms to provide voice control, search functionality, and dynamic information related to searches within the address bar. Users can make annotations to web pages that can be stored to and shared with OneDrive,[38] and can save HTML and MHTML pages to their computers. It also integrates with the "Reading List" function and provides a "Reading Mode" that strips unnecessary formatting from pages to improve their legibility.[38] Edge also has a new feature called vertical tabs which allow users to move tabs on the left side of the screen.[39]

Preliminary support for browser extensions was added in March 2016, with build 14291, three extensions were initially supported. Microsoft indicated that the delay in allowing extensions and the small number was due to security concerns.[40] As of December 2022, there are more than 9,000 extensions—called add-ons—available for Edge.[41]

On February 7, 2023, Microsoft announced a major overhaul to Edge, revamping the user interface with Fluent Design, along with adding a Bing Chat (later known as Microsoft Copilot) button, which replaces the Discover button.[42]

Release strategy

Microsoft Edge Legacy's release cadence was tied to the Windows 10 release cycle and used the Windows Insider Program to preview new versions of the browser. These pre-release builds were known as "Edge Preview". Every major release of Windows included an updated version of Edge and its render engine.

On April 8, 2019, Microsoft announced the introduction of four preview channels: Canary, Dev, Beta, and Stable and launched the Canary and Dev channels that same day with the first preview builds, for those channels, of the new Edge. Microsoft collectively calls the Canary, Dev, and Beta channels the "Microsoft Edge insider channels".[43] As a result, Edge updates were decoupled from new versions of Windows. Major versions of Edge Stable are now scheduled for release every 4 weeks, closely following Chromium version releases.

Surf (video game)

In May 2020, an update to Microsoft Edge added Surf, a browser game where players control a surfer attempting to evade obstacles and collect powerups. Similar to Google Chrome's Dinosaur Game, Surf is accessible from the browser's offline error page and can also be accessed by entering edge://surf into the address bar. The game features three game modes (classic, time trial, and slalom), has character customization, and supports keyboard, mouse, touch, and gamepad controls.[44][45] Its gameplay has been compared to the 1991 Microsoft video game SkiFree.[46][47]

In 2021, Surf was updated with limited-time seasonal theming resembling SkiFree. Instead of surfing, the player skis down a mountain while being chased by a yeti.[48]

Development

Edge Legacy (2014–2019)

Project Spartan logo, used on Windows 10 build 10049 to 10137
Microsoft Edge logo, used from July 29, 2015 to November 1, 2019
A screenshot of the Edge Legacy browser, opened to the Wikipedia homepage

In December 2014, writing for ZDNet, technology writer Mary Jo Foley reported that Microsoft was developing a new web browser codenamed "Spartan" for Windows 10. She said that "Spartan" would be treated as a new product separate from Internet Explorer, with Internet Explorer 11 retained alongside it for compatibility.[49]

In early January 2015, The Verge obtained further details surrounding "Spartan" from sources close to Microsoft, including reports that it would replace Internet Explorer on both the desktop and mobile versions of Windows 10.[50] Microsoft officially unveiled "Spartan" during a Windows 10-focused keynote on January 21, 2015.[38] It was described as a separate product from Internet Explorer, its final name was not announced.[51]

"Spartan" was first made publicly available as the default browser of Windows 10 Technical Preview build 10049, released on March 30, 2015.[52] The new engine used by "Spartan" was available in Windows 10 builds as part of Internet Explorer 11, Microsoft later announced that Internet Explorer would be deprecated on Windows 10 and would not use the "Spartan" engine.[25][53]

On April 29, 2015, during the Build Conference keynote, it was announced that "Spartan" would officially be known as Microsoft Edge.[54] The browser's logo and branding were designed to maintain continuity with the branding of Internet Explorer.[55] The Project "Spartan" branding was used in versions released after Build 2015. On June 25, 2015, Microsoft released version 19.10149 for Windows 10 Mobile which included the new brand. On June 28, 2015, version 20.10158 followed for the desktop versions, also including the updated branding. On July 15, 2015, Microsoft released version 20.10240 as the final release to Insiders. The same version was rolled out to consumers on July 29, 2015.

On August 12, 2015, Microsoft started the preview program for the next version of Microsoft Edge. They released version 20.10512 to Mobile users. 6 days later followed by version 20.10525 for desktop users. The preview received multiple updates. On November 5, 2015, Microsoft released version 25.10586 as the final release for Edge's second public release for desktop users. On November 12, 2015, the update was rolled out to both desktop users and Xbox One users as part of the New Xbox Experience Update. On November 18, 2015, the update was to Windows 10 Mobile. Finally, on November 19, 2015, the update was also made available as part of the Windows Server 2016 Technical Preview 4.[56]

In November 2017, Microsoft released ports of Edge for Android and iOS. The apps feature integration and synchronization with the desktop version on Windows 10 PCs. Due to platform restrictions and other factors, these ports do not use the same layout engine as the desktop version and instead use OS-native WebKit-based engines.[57][58][2]

In April 2018, Edge added tab audio muting.[59] In June 2018, support for the Web Authentication specifications were added to Windows Insider builds, with support for Windows Hello and external security tokens.[60][61]

Microsoft stopped supporting Microsoft Edge Legacy on March 9, 2021.[62][63] On April 13, 2021, Microsoft released a cumulative monthly security update which replaced Edge Legacy with the new Chromium-based Edge.[64]

EdgeHTML

Main page: Software:EdgeHTML

EdgeHTML is the proprietary browser engine originally developed for Edge. It is a fork of MSHTML (Trident) with all legacy code of older versions of Internet Explorer removed, with the majority of its source code rewritten to support web standards and interoperability with other modern browsers.[65][66] EdgeHTML is written in C++.[67]

The rendering engine was first released as an experimental option in Internet Explorer 11 as part of the Windows 10 Preview 9926 build.[68]

EdgeHTML is meant to be fully compatible with the WebKit layout engine used by Safari, Chrome, and other browsers. Microsoft stated their original acceptance criteria: "Any Edge–WebKit differences are bugs that we're interested in fixing."[69]

A review of the engine in the beta Windows 10 build by AnandTech found substantial benchmark improvements over MSHTML (Trident), particularly its new Chakra JavaScript engine performance, which had come up to par with that of Google Chrome.[70] Other benchmarks focusing on the performance of the WebGL API found EdgeHTML to perform much better than Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox.[71]

Edge Legacy release history

New Edge (2019–present)

Codenamed "Anaheim", on December 6, 2018, Microsoft announced its intent to base Edge on the Chromium source code, using the same browser engine as Google Chrome but with enhancements developed by Microsoft. It was also announced that there will be versions of Edge available for Windows 7, Windows 8, and macOS, plus that all versions will be updated on a more frequent basis.[86][87] According to Microsoft executive Joe Belfiore, the decision for the change came after CEO Satya Nadella told the team in 2017 that the product needed to be better and pushed for replacing its in-house rendering engine with an open source one.[88]

Microsoft Edge running on macOS

On April 8, 2019, the first builds of the new Edge for Windows were released to the public.[89] On May 20, 2019, the first preview builds of Edge for macOS were released to the public, marking the first time in 13 years that a Microsoft browser was available on the Mac platform.[90] The last time a Microsoft browser was available on the Mac platform was Microsoft Internet Explorer for Mac, which was withdrawn in January 2006.

On June 18, 2019, IAmA post on Reddit, an Edge developer stated that it was theoretically possible for a Linux version to be developed in the future, but no work had actually started on that possibility.[91] On June 19, 2019, Microsoft made Edge available on both Windows 7 and Windows 8 for testing.[92] On August 20, 2019, Microsoft made its first beta build of Edge available for Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 10 and macOS.[93] August 2019 also saw the removal of support for the EPUB file format.[94] At Microsoft Ignite, Microsoft released an updated version of the Edge logo.[95]

The new Edge was released on January 15, 2020, and was gradually rolled out to all Windows 10 users.[96][97] The new Edge was also rolled out to Windows 7 and 8.1 users via Windows Update.[98]

On September 22, 2020, Microsoft announced that a beta version of Edge for Linux would be available in preview form in October 2020.[17] This comes after the company announced in November 2019 that a Linux version would be developed and confirmed in May 2020 that the Linux version was in development.[99][100] The first preview build for Linux was released on October 20, 2020.[18]

Full support for the new Edge on Windows 7, 8 and 8.1 was scheduled to end on January 15, 2022, but was later extended to January 15, 2023. The last version of Edge on Windows 7, 8 and 8.1 is version 109.0.[101][102]

On April 29, 2022, Microsoft announced integrated VPN support for Microsoft Edge, coming in line with this privacy feature with Chrome and Firefox. There will be a free version of the integrated Edge VPN available but is limited to 1 GB of data transfer.[103]

New Edge release history

Performance

Early benchmarks of the EdgeHTML engine—included in the first beta release of Edge in Windows 10[147] Build 10049—had drastically better JavaScript performance due to the new Chakra than MSHTML (Trident) 7 using the older Chakra in Internet Explorer 11, with similar performance to Google Chrome 41 and Mozilla Firefox 37. In the SunSpider benchmark, Edge performed faster than other browsers,[148] while in other benchmarks it operated slower than Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox and Opera.[149]

Later benchmarks conducted with the version included in 10122 showed significant performance improvement compared to both IE11 and Edge back in 10049. According to Microsoft's benchmark result, this iteration of Edge performed better than both Chrome and Firefox in Google's Octane 2.0 and Apple's Jetstream benchmark.[150]

Edge originally lacked support for open media standards such as WebM and Opus, but these were later added in Edge 14.14291.[151]

In July 2015, Edge scored 377 out of 555 points on the HTML5test. Chrome 44 and Firefox 42 scored 479 and 434 respectively, while Internet Explorer 11 scored 312.[152]

In August 2015, Microsoft released Windows 10 Build 10532 to insiders, which included Edge 21.10532.0. This beta version scored 445 out of 555 points on the HTML5test.[153]

In July 2016, with the release of Windows 10 Build 14390 to insiders, the HTML5 test score of the browser's development version was 460 out of 555 points. Chrome 51 scored 497, Firefox 47 scored 456, and Safari 9.1 scored 370.[citation needed]

In June 2017, Edge 17 had scored 492/555 on HTML5test.[154]

Power efficiency

In June 2016, Microsoft published benchmark results to prove the superior power efficiency of Edge in comparison to all other major web browsers.[155] Opera questioned the accuracy and provided their own test results where Opera came out on top.[156] Independent testing by PC World confirmed Microsoft's results.[157] However, tests conducted by Linus Sebastian in June 2017 instead showed that, at that time, Chrome had the best battery performance.[158]

Privacy

Edge sends the images that the users view online to Microsoft servers by default, although Microsoft has stated that it encrypts images before transfer.[159]

Reception

In an August 2015 review of Windows 10 by Dan Grabham of TechRadar, Microsoft Edge was praised for its performance, despite not being in a feature-complete state at launch.[160] Andrew Cunningham of Ars Technica praised the browser for being "tremendously promising" and "a much better browser than Internet Explorer ever was" but criticized it for its lack of functionality on launch.[161] Thom Holwerda of OSNews criticized Edge in August 2015 for its hidden URL bar, lack of user friendliness, poor design and a tab system that is "so utterly broken it should never have shipped in a final release". He described the browser's implemented features as "some sort of cosmic joke", saying that "infuriating doesn't even begin to describe it".[162]

Data from August 2015, a few weeks after release, showed that user uptake of Edge was low, with only 2% of overall computer users using the new browser. Among Windows 10 users, usage peaked at 20% and then dropped to 14% through August 2015.[163]

In October 2015, a security researcher published a report outlining a bug in Edge's "InPrivate" mode, causing data related to visited sites to still be cached in the user's profile directory, theoretically making it possible for others to determine sites visited. The bug gained mainstream attention in early February 2016,[164] and was fixed with a cumulative update on February 9, 2016.[165]

Microsoft's switch to Blink as Edge's engine has faced mixed reception. The move increases the consistency of web platform compatibility between major browsers. For this reason, the move has attracted criticism, as it reduces diversity in the overall web browser market and increases the influence of Google on the overall browser market by Microsoft ceding its independently developed browser engine.[166][167]

According to Douglas J. Leith, a computer science professor from Trinity College, Dublin, Microsoft Edge is among the least private browsers. He explained, "from a privacy perspective Microsoft Edge and Yandex are much more worrisome than the other browsers studied. Both send identifiers that are linked to the device hardware and so persist across fresh browser installs and can also be used to link different apps running on the same device. Edge sends the hardware UUID of the device to Microsoft, a strong and enduring identifier than cannot be easily changed or deleted."[168] In response, a spokesperson from Microsoft Edge explained that it uses user diagnostic data to improve the product.[169]

In June 2020, users criticized newly released Windows 7, Windows 8.1, and Windows 10 updates that installed Edge and imported some user data from Chrome and Firefox prior to obtaining user permission. Microsoft responded by stating that if a user rejects giving Edge data import permission, then Edge will delete the imported data. However, if the browser crashes before the user has a chance to reject the import, then the already imported data will not be cleared.[170][171] The Verge called these "spyware tactics" and called Edge's "first run experience" a "dark pattern".[172]

Microsoft uses proprietary URL handlers in Windows 10 and 11 to redirect URLs accessed via system search functions to Edge, deliberately ignoring the user's choice of default browser. In November 2021, a patch was released to frustrate a workaround employed by the third-party tool "EdgeDeflector", with a Microsoft spokesperson stating that search in the Windows shell is an "end-to-end customer experience" that is not designed to be modified.[173] The developer of EdgeDeflector, Daniel Aleksandersen, called this "clearly a user-hostile move that sees Windows compromise its own product usability in order to make it more difficult to use competing products."[174]

In November 2021, Microsoft announced that it would display integrated advertising for the buy now, pay later service Zip Pay in Edge during online purchases eligible for financing via the service,[175][176] and allow users to link their Microsoft account to expedite registration for the service. Microsoft claims that it "does not collect a fee for connecting users to loan providers."[175] This decision was met with criticism from users and the press, arguing that the feature was added bloat.[175][176]

Chrome download controversy

In December 2021, Microsoft began testing the display of in-browser prompts on the Google Chrome website to discourage downloading the browser.[177][178] Similar prompts intended to discourage Google Chrome downloads also appear when searching for "Chrome" or "browser" on Microsoft Bing search engine.[179] In February 2023, users reported seeing large banner advertisements for Microsoft Edge on the Chrome download page, a move that was criticized for deceptively altering part of Google's official website.[180] In October 2023, Microsoft began testing the display of a sidebar containing a survey related to Chrome when the browser is downloaded.[181]

Market share

Further information: Software:Usage share of web browsers
Desktop/laptop browser statistics
Google Chrome
 
 65.23%
Microsoft Edge
 
 11.9%
Safari
 
 8.96%
Mozilla Firefox
 
 7.62%
Opera
 
 3.8%
Internet Explorer
 
 0.45%
Desktop web browser market share according to StatCounter as of December 2023[182]

According to StatCounter, in August 2019, Edge overtook the market share of Internet Explorer (IE) on PCs, ranking third place at 9.14%[183] and IE in sixth. Mobile versions of Edge exist for Android and iOS, however, they have little to no market share. On Microsoft consoles, Edge replaced IE as the dominant browser a few months after its release in 2015.[184] Market share varies by region. On some days of the week, Edge takes second place with a 10.02% share in the US on PC, and Firefox and Edge have a very similar share globally, switching places for second and third depending on the day.[185][186][187] For example, in March 2020, Edge ranked second with a market share of 7.59%, overtaking Firefox, which had 7.19% of the market share.

Notes

  1. ↑ Edge's WebKit & Blink layout engines and its V8 JavaScript engine are each free and open-source software, while its other components are each either open-source or proprietary.

References

  1. ↑ "Microsoft Edge release notes for Stable Channel | Microsoft Learn". 5 May 2023. https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-stable-channel. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Foley, Mary Jo (October 5, 2017). "Microsoft is bringing new Edge apps to iOS, Android". CBS Interactive. https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-is-bringing-new-edge-apps-to-ios-android/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Weber, Jason (January 21, 2015). "Spartan and the Windows 10 January Preview Build". Microsoft. http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ie/archive/2015/01/22/project-spartan-and-the-windows-10-january-preview-build.aspx. 
  4. ↑ Novet, Jordan (May 5, 2015). "Microsoft says it has no plans to open-source its new Edge browser … yet". https://venturebeat.com/2015/05/05/edge-open-source/. 
  5. ↑ Microsoft (2020). "What is Microsoft Edge Legacy?". https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/4533505/what-is-microsoft-edge-legacy. 
  6. ↑ Belfiore, Joe (October 5, 2017). "Announcing Microsoft Edge for iOS and Android, Microsoft Launcher". Microsoft. https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2017/10/05/announcing-microsoft-edge-for-ios-and-android-microsoft-launcher/#Gd4AAkBxQuQfuyMf.97. 
  7. ↑ Belfiore, Joe (November 30, 2017). "Microsoft Edge now available for iOS and Android". Microsoft. https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2017/11/30/microsoft-edge-now-available-for-ios-and-android/#23ME1jRG8pKYY1Xk.97. 
  8. ↑ Belfiore, Joe (2018-12-06), Microsoft Edge: Making the web better through more open source collaboration, Microsoft, https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2018/12/06/microsoft-edge-making-the-web-better-through-more-open-source-collaboration, retrieved December 7, 2018 
  9. ↑ "Microsoft Edge and Chromium Open Source: Our Intent". Microsoft Edge Team. 6 December 2018. https://github.com/MicrosoftEdge/MSEdge/blob/7d69268e85e198cee1c2b452d888ac5b9e5995ca/README.md. 
  10. ↑ Foley, Mary Jo. "Microsoft's Chromium-based Edge browser to be generally available January 15, 2020" (in en). https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsofts-chromium-based-edge-browser-to-be-generally-available-january-15-2020/. 
  11. ↑ Tung, Liam. "Windows 10: Microsoft begins automatically pushing Chromium Edge to users" (in en). https://www.zdnet.com/article/windows-10-microsoft-begins-automatically-pushing-chromium-edge-to-users/. 
  12. ↑ Warren, Tom (2021-03-07). "Microsoft starts testing Edge Chromium browser on Xbox" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/7/22318050/microsoft-edge-xbox-chromium-browser-testing. 
  13. ↑ "September Xbox Update: Play Later Discovery, Updated Microsoft Edge, and More". September 24, 2021. https://news.xbox.com/en-us/2021/09/23/september-2021-xbox-update/. 
  14. ↑ New Microsoft Edge to replace Microsoft Edge Legacy with April's Windows 10 Update Tuesday release, Microsoft, 2021-02-12, https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/microsoft-365-blog/new-microsoft-edge-to-replace-microsoft-edge-legacy-with-april-s/ba-p/2114224, retrieved March 12, 2021 
  15. ↑ "Introducing the first Microsoft Edge preview builds for macOS" (in en-US). 2019-05-20. https://blogs.windows.com/msedgedev/2019/05/20/microsoft-edge-macos-canary-preview/. 
  16. ↑ "Microsoft's Chromium Edge browser now available on Windows 7 and Windows 8". The Verge. 2019-06-19. https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/19/18692033/microsoft-chromium-edge-windows-7-8-available-download. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Warren, Tom (September 22, 2020). "Microsoft's Edge browser is arriving on Linux in beta next month". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2020/9/22/21449062/microsoft-edge-linux-preview-october-release. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Foley, Mary Jo (October 20, 2020). "Microsoft releases Chromium-based Edge preview for Linux" (in en-us). ZDNet. https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-releases-chromium-based-edge-preview-for-linux/. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Cunningham, Andrew (14 February 2023). "Microsoft will forcibly remove Internet Explorer from most Windows 10 PCs today" (in en-us). https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2023/02/microsoft-will-forcibly-remove-internet-explorer-from-most-windows-10-pcs-today/. 
  20. ↑ "Microsoft swallows its pride and releases new Chrome-based browser" (in en-US). January 15, 2020. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/microsoft-edge-chrome-chromium-171841860.html. 
  21. ↑ Shankland, Stephen. "Google is loosening its grip on Chrome's foundations, but outside allies still help it control the web itself" (in en). https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/google-gets-web-allies-by-letting-outsiders-help-build-chromes-foundation/. 
  22. ↑ Microsoft Edge and Chromium Open Source: Our Intent, Microsoft Edge, October 18, 2020, https://github.com/MicrosoftEdge/MSEdge/blob/14b03579d54acc5c294f846ad23f688a7eb8c124/README.md, retrieved 2021-11-17, "our unique web-platform codebase still faces occasional compatibility problems as web developers focus less on HTML standards and rationally focus on widely used platforms like Chrome" 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "How to Enable Internet Explorer Mode in Windows 11". 2022-01-25. https://www.pcmag.com/how-to/enable-internet-explorer-mode-windows-11. 
  24. ↑ Hardwick, Tim (2022-05-03). "Microsoft Edge Overtakes Safari as World's Second Most Popular Desktop Browser". MacRumors. https://www.macrumors.com/2022/05/03/microsoft-edge-overtakes-safari-popularity/. Retrieved 2022-05-03. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Warren, Tom (March 24, 2015). "Microsoft relegates Internet Explorer to a 'legacy engine' to make way for new browser". Vox Media. https://www.theverge.com/2015/3/24/8284781/internet-explorer-is-slowly-dying. 
  26. ↑ "Overview of Windows as a service (Windows 10)" (in en-us). Microsoft. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/deployment/update/waas-overview. 
  27. ↑ Foley, Mary Jo. "Some Windows 10 Enterprise users won't get Microsoft's Edge browser" (in en). https://www.zdnet.com/article/some-windows-10-enterprise-users-wont-get-microsofts-edge-browser/. 
  28. ↑ Keizer, Gregg (2018-11-29). "FAQ: Windows 10 LTSB explained" (in en). https://www.computerworld.com/article/3250464/faq-windows-10-ltsb-explained.html. 
  29. ↑ Sams, Brad (March 24, 2015). "Microsoft says IE 11 will remain unchanged from Windows 8.1, Spartan is the future". http://www.neowin.net/news/microsoft-says-ie-11-will-remain-unchanged-from-windows-81-spartan-is-the-future. 
  30. ↑ Microsoft Docs (2017)
  31. ↑ "nfc.usda.gov". https://www.nfc.usda.gov/Publications/HR_Payroll/Reporting/Bulletins/2015/REPT-15-04att.htm. 
  32. ↑ "Get to know Microsoft Edge". https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/17171/windows-10-get-to-know-microsoft-edge. 
  33. ↑ "Favorites Center - IEBlog". February 6, 2006. https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/ie/2006/02/06/favorites-center/. 
  34. ↑ "Windows 10's New Browser Microsoft Edge: Improved, But Also New Risks". trendmicro.com. July 29, 2015. http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/windows-10s-new-browser-microsoft-edge-improved-but-also-new-risks/. 
  35. ↑ Cimpanu, Catalin. "Microsoft Edge lets Facebook run Flash code behind users' backs" (in en). https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-edge-lets-facebook-run-flash-code-behind-users-backs/. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Rossi, Jacob (November 11, 2014). "Living on the Edge – our next step in helping the web just work". Microsoft. http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ie/archive/2014/11/11/living-on-the-edge-our-next-step-in-interoperability.aspx. 
  37. ↑ Warren, Tom (January 27, 2015). "Microsoft reveals its Internet Explorer successor will support extensions". Vox Media. https://www.theverge.com/2015/1/27/7925007/microsoft-project-spartan-browser-extensions. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Ingraham, Nathan (January 21, 2015). "Microsoft officially announces Spartan, its new web browser for Windows 10". Vox Media. https://www.theverge.com/2015/1/21/7863331/microsoft-project-spartan-new-web-browser. 
  39. ↑ Burgess, Brian (2021-02-05). "How to Enable and Use Vertical Tabs on Microsoft Edge" (in en-US). https://www.groovypost.com/howto/enable-and-use-vertical-tabs-on-microsoft-edge/. 
  40. ↑ Tina Sieber (March 21, 2016). "Everything You Need to Know About Microsoft Edge Browser Extensions". MakeUseOf. http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/everything-need-know-microsoft-edge-browser-extensions/. 
  41. ↑ ChromeStats (Dec 29, 2022). "Compare and analyze Edge add-ons". https://edge-stats.com/. 
  42. ↑ "Reinventing search with a new AI-powered Microsoft Bing and Edge, your copilot for the web" (in en-US). 2023-02-07. https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2023/02/07/reinventing-search-with-a-new-ai-powered-microsoft-bing-and-edge-your-copilot-for-the-web/. 
  43. ↑ "What to expect in the new Microsoft Edge Insider Channels – Microsoft Edge Blog". April 8, 2019. https://blogs.windows.com/msedgedev/2019/04/08/microsoft-edge-preview-channel-details/. 
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  69. ↑ "Building a more interoperable Web with Microsoft Edge". 2015-06-17. https://blogs.windows.com/msedgedev/2015/06/17/building-a-more-interoperable-web-with-microsoft-edge/. 
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  79. ↑ "Microsoft Edge build 16299 changelog - Microsoft Edge Developer". https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/platform/changelog/desktop/16299/?compareWith=15063. 
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  106. ↑ "Version 80.0.361.48: February 7". Microsoft Docs. https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-80036148-february-7. 
  107. ↑ "Version 81.0.416.53: April 13". Microsoft Docs. https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-81041653-april-13. 
  108. ↑ "Version 83.0.478.37: May 21". Microsoft Docs. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-83047837-may-21. 
  109. ↑ "Version 84.0.522.40: July 16". Microsoft Docs. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-84052240-july-16. 
  110. ↑ "Version 85.0.564.41: August 27". Microsoft Docs. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-85056441-august-27. 
  111. ↑ "Version 86.0.622.38: October 9". Microsoft Docs. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-86062238-october-9. 
  112. ↑ "Version 87.0.664.41: November 19". Microsoft Docs. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-87066441-november-19. 
  113. ↑ "Version 88.0.705.50: January 21". Microsoft Docs. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-88070550-january-21. 
  114. ↑ "Version 89.0.774.45: March 4". Microsoft Docs. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-89077445-march-4. 
  115. ↑ "Version 90.0.818.39: April 15". Microsoft Docs. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-90081839-april-15. 
  116. ↑ "Version 91.0.864.37: May 27". Microsoft Docs. https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-91086437-may-27. 
  117. ↑ "Version 92.0.902.55: July 22". Microsoft Docs. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-92090255-july-22. 
  118. ↑ "Version 93.0.961.38: September 2". Microsoft Docs. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-93096138-september-2. 
  119. ↑ "Version 94.0.992.31: September 24". Microsoft Docs. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-94099231-september-24. 
  120. ↑ "Version 95.0.1020.30: October 21". Microsoft Docs. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-950102030-october-21. 
  121. ↑ "Version 96.0.1054.72: January 6, 2022". Microsoft Docs. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-960105472-january-6. 
  122. ↑ "Version 97.0.1072.69: January 20, 2022". Microsoft Docs. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-970107269-january-20. 
  123. ↑ "Version 98.0.1108.33: February 3, 2022". https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-980110843-february-3-2022. 
  124. ↑ "Version 99.0.1150.30: March 3, 2022". https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-990115030-march-3-2022. 
  125. ↑ "Version 100.0.1185.29: April 1, 2022". https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-1000118529-april-1-2022. 
  126. ↑ "Version 101.0.1210.32: April 28, 2022". https://learn.microsoft.com/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-1010121032-april-28-2022. 
  127. ↑ "Version 102.0.1245.30: May 31, 2022". https://learn.microsoft.com/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-1020124530-may-31-2022. 
  128. ↑ "Version 103.0.1264.37: June 23, 2022". https://learn.microsoft.com/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-1030126437-june-23-2022. 
  129. ↑ "Version 104.0.1293.47: August 5, 2022". https://learn.microsoft.com/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-1040129347-august-5-2022. 
  130. ↑ "Version 105.0.1343.25: September 1, 2022". https://learn.microsoft.com/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-1050134325-september-1-2022. 
  131. ↑ "Version 106.0.1370.34: October 3, 2022". https://learn.microsoft.com/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-1060137034-october-3-2022. 
  132. ↑ "Version 107.0.1418.24: October 27, 2022". https://learn.microsoft.com/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-1070141824-october-27-2022. 
  133. ↑ "Version 108.0.1462.42: December 5, 2022". https://learn.microsoft.com/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-1080146242-december-5-2022. 
  134. ↑ "Version 109.0.1518.49: January 12, 2023". https://learn.microsoft.com/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-1090151849-january-12-2023. 
  135. ↑ "Version 110.0.1587: February 9, 2023". https://learn.microsoft.com/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-1100158741-february-9-2023. 
  136. ↑ "Version 111.0.1661.41: March 13, 2023". https://learn.microsoft.com/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-1110166141-march-13-2023. 
  137. ↑ "Version 112.0.1722.34: April 6, 2023". https://learn.microsoft.com/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-1120172234-april-6-2023. 
  138. ↑ "Version 113.0.1774.35: May 5, 2023". https://learn.microsoft.com/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-1130177435-may-5-2023. 
  139. ↑ "Version 114.0.1823.37: June 2, 2023". https://learn.microsoft.com/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-1140182337-june-2-2023. 
  140. ↑ "Version 115.0.1901.183: July 21, 2023". December 7, 2023. https://learn.microsoft.com/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-11501901183-july-21-2023. 
  141. ↑ "Version 116.0.1938.54: August 21, 2023". December 7, 2023. https://learn.microsoft.com/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-1160193854-august-21-2023. 
  142. ↑ "Version 117.0.2045.31: September 15, 2023". December 7, 2023. https://learn.microsoft.com/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-1170204531-september-15-2023. 
  143. ↑ "Version 118.0.2088.46: October 13, 2023". December 7, 2023. https://learn.microsoft.com/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-archive-stable-channel#version-1180208846-october-13-2023. 
  144. ↑ "Version 119.0.2151.44: November 2, 2023". https://learn.microsoft.com/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-stable-channel#version-1190215144-november-2-2023. 
  145. ↑ "Version 120.0.2210.61: December 7, 2023". https://learn.microsoft.com/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-stable-channel#version-1200221061-december-7-2023. 
  146. ↑ "Version 121.0.2277.83: January 25, 2024". https://learn.microsoft.com/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-stable-channel#version-1210227783-january-25-2024. 
  147. ↑ "Windows f10 Best Browsers". April 26, 2015. http://windowsable.com/best-web-browsers-for-windows-10/. 
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  149. ↑ "Windows 10 Browser Benchmarks: Spartan vs. IE, Chrome, Firefox, and Opera". April 1, 2015. http://www.tekrevue.com/spartan-benchmarks-ie-chrome-firefox-opera. 
  150. ↑ "Delivering fast JavaScript performance in Microsoft Edge". May 20, 2015. https://blogs.windows.com/msedgedev/2015/05/20/delivering-fast-javascript-performance-in-microsoft-edge. 
  151. ↑ "WebM, VP9 and Opus Support in Microsoft Edge". Microsoft. April 18, 2016. https://blogs.windows.com/msedgedev/2016/04/18/webm-vp9-and-opus-support-in-microsoft-edge. 
  152. ↑ Owen Williams (July 29, 2015). "Microsoft's Edge browser can win back bitter Web developers". The Next Web. https://thenextweb.com/microsoft/2015/07/29/is-it-time-to-love-microsoft-again/. 
  153. ↑ "Edge HTML5 improvements teased for upcoming Windows 10 LP Insider build". http://www.neowin.net/news/edge-html5-improvements-teased-for-upcoming-windows-10-insider-build. 
  154. ↑ HTML5test Edge & Internet explorer https://html5test.com/results/desktop/timeline/edge.html
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  156. ↑ "Why we challenge Microsoft's battery test" (in en-US). Opera Desktop. June 22, 2016. http://www.opera.com/blogs/desktop/2016/06/over-the-edge/. 
  157. ↑ "Which browser is best for battery life: We test Edge vs. Chrome vs. Opera vs. Firefox". June 27, 2016. http://www.pcworld.com/article/3087338/browsers/which-browser-is-best-on-battery-we-test-edge-vs-chrome-vs-opera-vs-firefox.html. 
  158. ↑ "Google Chrome bests Microsoft Edge in new battery life tests". June 26, 2017. https://betanews.com/2017/06/26/google-chrome-microsoft-edge-battery-life-tests/. 
  159. ↑ Buria, Taras (June 12, 2023). "Edge sends images you view online to Microsoft, here is how to disable that". https://www.neowin.net/news/edge-sends-images-you-view-online-to-microsoft-here-is-how-to-disable-that/. 
  160. ↑ "Windows 10 Review". TechRadar. Future plc. http://www.techradar.com/reviews/pc-mac/software/operating-systems/windows-10-1267364/review/. 
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  162. ↑ "Windows: it's always the next version". OSNews. http://www.osnews.com/story/28809/Windows_it_s_always_the_next_version. 
  163. ↑ Max Slater-Robins (September 2, 2015). "Barely anybody is using Microsoft's new browser". Business Insider. http://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-edge-marketshare-2015-9. "shows that Edge peaked at approximately 20% usage among Windows 10 users at the end of July, before dropping down to 14% by the end of August" 
  164. ↑ "Microsoft Edge InPrivate browsing mode is full of fail and not private". IDG. February 2016. http://www.networkworld.com/article/3028084/security/microsoft-edge-inprivate-browsing-mode-is-full-of-fail-and-not-private.html. 
  165. ↑ "KB3135173, OS build 10596.104". Microsoft. February 8, 2016. http://windows.microsoft.com/windows-10/update-history-windows-10. 
  166. ↑ Shankland, Stephen. "Three years in, Microsoft gives up on independent Edge browser and embraces Google's Chromium instead" (in en). https://www.cnet.com/news/microsoft-rebuilds-edge-browser-on-chrome-tech-google-gains-web-power/. 
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  168. ↑ Leith, Douglas. "Web Browser Privacy: What Do Browsers Say When They Phone Home?". Trinity College Dublin. https://www.scss.tcd.ie/Doug.Leith/pubs/browser_privacy.pdf#page=10. 
  169. ↑ Matyszczyk, Chris. "A professor says Edge is the worst for privacy. Microsoft isn't happy". https://www.zdnet.com/article/a-professor-says-edge-is-the-worst-for-privacy-microsoft-isnt-happy/. 
  170. ↑ "Microsoft Edge caught importing other browser data without permission" (in en-US). 2020-07-01. https://www.komando.com/news/microsoft-edge-caught-importing-data/743787/. 
  171. ↑ "Is Edge taking browser data without permission? Here's what Microsoft says". 2020-06-29. https://www.windowscentral.com/microsoft-edge-filching-firefox-chrome-users-data-heres-what-microsoft-says. 
  172. ↑ "Microsoft is forcing Edge on Windows users with a spyware-like install" (in en). July 2, 2020. https://www.theverge.com/21310611/microsoft-edge-browser-forced-update-chromium-editorial. 
  173. ↑ Warren, Tom (2021-11-15). "Microsoft blocks EdgeDeflector to force Windows 11 users into Edge" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2021/11/15/22782802/microsoft-block-edgedeflector-windows-11. 
  174. ↑ "Windows 11 blocks Edge browser competitors from opening links" (in en). 2021-11-11. https://www.ctrl.blog/entry/microsoft-edge-protocol-competition.html. 
  175. ↑ 175.0 175.1 175.2 Goodin, Dan (2021-11-30). "Users revolt as Microsoft bolts a short-term financing app onto Edge" (in en-us). https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2021/11/microsoft-plans-to-integrate-a-buy-now-pay-later-app-into-edge/. 
  176. ↑ 176.0 176.1 Roth, Emma (2021-11-30). "Edge users aren't happy about Microsoft's built-in "buy now, pay later" tool" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2021/11/30/22810595/microsoft-edge-zip-buy-now-pay-later. 
  177. ↑ Cunningham, Andrew (2021-12-02). "Microsoft Edge will now warn users about the dangers of downloading Google Chrome" (in en-us). https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2021/12/microsoft-edge-will-now-warn-users-about-the-dangers-of-downloading-google-chrome/. 
  178. ↑ Warren, Tom (2021-12-02). "Microsoft's new Windows prompts try to stop people downloading Chrome" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2021/12/2/22813733/microsoft-windows-edge-download-chrome-prompts. 
  179. ↑ Honorof, Marshall (3 December 2021). "Microsoft tries to stop users from installing Chrome — again" (in en). https://www.tomsguide.com/news/microsoft-edge-chrome-installation. 
  180. ↑ Li, Abner. "Microsoft aggressively trying to keep Chrome downloaders using Edge". https://9to5google.com/2023/02/21/microsoft-edge-chrome/. 
  181. ↑ Gedeon, Kimberly (2023-10-23). "Google Chrome users: Microsoft Edge wants to know why you don't want it" (in en). https://mashable.com/article/microsoft-edge-new-poll. 
  182. ↑ "Desktop Browser Market Share Worldwide". https://gs.statcounter.com/browser-market-share/desktop/worldwide. 
  183. ↑ "Desktop Browser Market Share Worldwide" (in en). https://gs.statcounter.com/browser-market-share/desktop/worldwide/#daily-20211019-20211117. 
  184. ↑ "Console Browser Market Share Worldwide" (in en). https://gs.statcounter.com/browser-market-share/console/worldwide/#monthly-201501-201801. 
  185. ↑ "Desktop Browser Market Share United States Of America" (in en). https://gs.statcounter.com/browser-market-share/desktop/united-states-of-america/. 
  186. ↑ "Desktop Browser Market Share United States Of America" (in en). https://gs.statcounter.com/browser-market-share/desktop/united-states-of-america/#daily-20190811-20190811-bar. 
  187. ↑ "Desktop Browser Market Share United States Of America" (in en). https://gs.statcounter.com/browser-market-share/desktop/united-states-of-america/. 

Further reading

External links



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