Astronomy:11 Parthenope

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11 Parthenope 24px or 24px (historical)
Deconvolved VLT-SPHERE image of Parthenope
Discovery
Discovered byAnnibale de Gasparis
Discovery siteNaples Obs.
Discovery date11 May 1850
Designations
(11) Parthenope
Pronunciation/pɑːrˈθɛnəpi/ parth-EN-ə-pee[1]
Named afterParthenopē
Minor planet categoryMain belt
AdjectivesParthenopean (/ˌpɑːrθənəˈpiːən/ PARTH-ə-nə-PEE-ən)
Parthenopian (/ˌpɑːrθəˈnoʊpiən/ PARTH-ə-NOH-pee-ən)[2]
Orbital characteristics[3]
Epoch 17.0 October 2024 (JD 2460600.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc63626 days (174.20 yr)
|{{{apsis}}}|helion}}2.69732 astronomical unit|AU (403.513 Gm)
|{{{apsis}}}|helion}}2.20942 AU (330.525 Gm)
2.45337 AU (367.019 Gm)
Eccentricity0.09943
Orbital period3.84 yr (1403.6 d)
Average Orbital speed19.02 km/s
Mean anomaly71.503°
Mean motion0° 15m 23.342s / day
Inclination4.63153°
Longitude of ascending node125.506°
|{{{apsis}}}|helion}}2024-Jan-12
196.071°
Earth MOID1.197 AU (179.1 Gm)
Jupiter MOID2.54059 AU (380.067 Gm)
TJupiter3.483
Physical characteristics
Dimensions156 × 152 × 138 ± 6 km[4]
Mean diameter149±2 km[4]
142.887±1.008 km[3]
Flattening0.12[lower-alpha 1]
Mass(5.5±0.4)×1018 kg[4]
6.15×1018 kg[5]
Mean density3.20±0.27 g/cm3[4]
3.28±0.20 g/cm3[5]
Equatorial surface gravity
0.0578 m/s2
Equatorial escape velocity
0.0941 km/s
Rotation period13.7204 h (0.57168 d)[3]
13.72204±0.00001 h[4]
Axial tilt73°[4]
Pole ecliptic latitude17°±4°[4]
Pole ecliptic longitude312°±2°[4]
Geometric albedo0.187 (calculated)[4]
0.191±0.021[3]
Physics~174 K
S-type asteroid[3]
Apparent magnitude8.68[6] to 12.16
Absolute magnitude (H)6.73[3]
6.55[4]
Angular diameter0.178" to 0.057"


11 Parthenope (/pɑːrˈθɛnəpi/ parth-EN-ə-pee) is a large, bright asteroid located in the main asteroid belt.

History

Parthenope was discovered by Annibale de Gasparis on 11 May 1850, the second of his nine asteroid discoveries. It was named after Parthenopē, one of the Sirens in Greek mythology, said to have founded the city of Naples. De Gasparis "used his utmost endeavours to realise a 'Parthenope' in the heavens, such being the name suggested by Sir John Herschel on the occasion of the discovery of Hygiea in 1849".[7] Two symbols were proposed for Parthenope: a fish and a star (encoded in Unicode 17.0 as U+1CEC4 𜻄 16px) while such symbols were still in use, and later a lyre (encoded in Unicode 17.0 as U+1F77A 🝺 16px) in lists of symbols. Both are obsolete.[8][9][10]

In 1988 a search for satellites or dust orbiting this asteroid was performed using the UH88 telescope at the Mauna Kea Observatories, but the effort came up empty.[11]

Orbit

An orbital diagram of 11 Parthenope, with the orbits of the inner planets and Jupiter shown.

Parthenope orbits the Sun at an average distance (its semi-major axis) of 2.454 astronomical units (AU), with an orbital period of 3.845 years. Its distance from the Sun varies from 2.209 AU at its perihelion to 2.699 AU at its aphelion, indicated by its orbital eccentricity of 0.0998. Its orbit is inclined by 4.633° with respect to the ecliptic plane.[3]

Physical Characteristics

In 2007, Baer and Chesley calculated a higher mass and density for Parthenope based on perturbations by the 90 km asteroid 17 Thetis. Baer and Chesley calculated a mass of 6.3×1018 kg with a density of 3.3 g/cm3.[12] 2008 estimates by Baer suggest a mass of 6.15×1018 kg.[5] The 1997 and 2001 estimates by Viateau and Rapaport were closer to 5×1018 kg with a density of 2.7 g/cm3.[12]

Based upon a light curve that was generated from photometric observations of Parthenope at Pulkovo Observatory, it has a rotation period of 13.722 ± 0.001 hours and varies in brightness by 0.10 ± 0.0s in magnitude. The light curve displays three maxima and minima per cycle.[13]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Flattening derived from the maximum aspect ratio (c/a): f=1−ca, where (c/a) = 0.88±0.05.[4]

References

  1. ↑ Noah Webster (1884) A Practical Dictionary of the English Language
  2. ↑ Parthenopean (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, September 2005, http://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=Parthenopean  (Subscription or UK public library membership required.), Parthenopian (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, September 2005, http://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=Parthenopian  (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 11 Parthenope". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=11. Retrieved 20 December 2024. 
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 Vernazza, P. (October 2021). "VLT/SPHERE imaging survey of the largest main-belt asteroids: Final results and synthesis". Astronomy & Astrophysics 654: A56. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141781. Bibcode: 2021A&A...654A..56V. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Jim Baer (2008). "Recent Asteroid Mass Determinations". Personal Website. http://home.earthlink.net/~jimbaer1/astmass.txt. Retrieved 6 December 2008. 
  6. ↑ "AstDys (11) Parthenope Ephemerides". Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.3.1&n=11&oc=500&y0=2031&m0=7&d0=29&h0=00&mi0=00&y1=2031&m1=7&d1=29&h1=00&mi1=00&ti=1.0&tiu=days. Retrieved 26 June 2010. 
  7. ↑ De Gasparis, Annibale (May 1850). "The New Planet Parthenope". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 10: 144–147. doi:10.1093/mnras/10.7.144. Bibcode: 1850MNRAS..10..144D. 
  8. ↑ Bala, Gavin Jared; Miller, Kirk (18 September 2023). "Unicode request for historical asteroid symbols". Unicode. https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23207-historical-asteroids.pdf. 
  9. ↑ "Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement". The Unicode Consortium. 2025. https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1CEC0.pdf. 
  10. ↑ "Alchemical Symbols". The Unicode Consortium. 2025. https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1F700.pdf. 
  11. ↑ Gradie, J.; Flynn, L. (March 1988), "A Search for Satellites and Dust Belts Around Asteroids: Negative Results", Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 19: pp. 405–406, Bibcode: 1988LPI....19..405G. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Baer, James; Steven R. Chesley (2008). "Astrometric masses of 21 asteroids, and an integrated asteroid ephemeris". Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy (Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007) 100 (2008): 27–42. doi:10.1007/s10569-007-9103-8. Bibcode: 2008CeMDA.100...27B. 
  13. ↑ Pilcher, Frederick (October 2011), "Rotation Period Determinations for 11 Parthenope, 38 Leda, 111 Ate 194 Prokne, 217 Eudora, and 224 Oceana", The Minor Planet Bulletin 38 (4): pp. 183–185, Bibcode: 2011MPBu...38..183P. 



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