Astronomy:3C 357

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3C 357
The radio galaxy 3C 357.
Observation data (J2000.0 epoch)
ConstellationHercules
Right ascension 17h 28m 20.09s[1]
Declination+31° 46′ 02.74″[1]
Redshift0.166460[1]
Helio radial velocity49,903 km/s[1]
Distance2.135 Gly
Apparent magnitude (B)15.5
Characteristics
TypeE[1]
Size~377,000 ly (115.7 kpc) (estimated)[1]
Other designations
4C +31.47, B2 1726+31, 2MASX J17282013+3146030, PGC 60351, DA 435, NRAO 0528, TXS 1726+318

3C 357 is a radio galaxy located in the constellation of Hercules. The redshift of the object is (z) 0.166[1] and it was first discovered in the Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources survey in 1962 by A.S. Bennett.[2] It is also documented in the Fourth Cambridge survey, designated as 4C 31.47.[3]

Description

3C 357 is classified as a Type II Fanaroff-Riley Class radio galaxy.[4] It is hosted by a large featureless elliptical galaxy with a bright central core.[5]

There is a dust lane located on the southwest side of the galaxy based on imaging made by Hubble Space Telescope, being visible downwards to the inner region.[6][7][8] This dust lane is split into two separate parts; one near the nucleus and the other extending outwards from the nucleus towards the northwest direction with a dust emission path at its end.[9] There is clearly a disky isophotal structure present in the galaxy with faint thin tendrils.[10]

The radio source of 3C 357 is found to be a double, orientating by nearly east to west direction.[11][12] When imaged with a radio map taken by Very Large Array (VLA) at 4.86 GHz, the source displays a visible radio core and multiple hotspots. A jet is seen located within the northwest radio lobe, pointing towards the direction of a compact hotspot. At 1.4 GHz, the map shows evidence of a large-scale structure.[13] Snapshots with Chandra X-ray Observatory found there is radio emission from the core with no traces of any radiation around it or being associated with its hotspots.[14]

Although the nucleus of the galaxy is depolarized, a study showed there are four vectors in the emission region, found perpendicular towards the radius indicating the polarized light has a scattering origin.[15] In 2021, extended X-ray emission was found detected around the galaxy, mainly along the radio axis.[16]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 "NED Search results for 3C 357". https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/byname?objname=3C+357&hconst=67.8&omegam=0.308&omegav=0.692&wmap=4&corr_z=1. 
  2. ↑ Bennett, A. S. (1962). "The revised 3C catalogue of radio sources." (in en). Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society 68: 163. Bibcode: 1962MmRAS..68..163B. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962MmRAS..68..163B/abstract. 
  3. ↑ Long, R. J.; Smith, M. A.; Stewart, P.; Williams, P. J. S. (1966-12-01). "The Radio Spectra of Sources in the Fourth Cambridge Catalogue". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 134 (4): 371–388. doi:10.1093/mnras/134.4.371. Bibcode: 1966MNRAS.134..371L. https://watermark02.silverchair.com/mnras134-0371.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAA1swggNXBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggNIMIIDRAIBADCCAz0GCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMVCdEXGkoZm5INYGHAgEQgIIDDnvYVUhi2z0HvOjLM0OuPwZ7FAqIFv_mcFzXEMVUWGPoog-399ywbASyEAatKPNXlAnIT2j9bqfMtg6Np6C4otXAAzFg1VzSeYnoUwUJ2I2-_EDtsufwHybNNyQ9TOw0Kmbe7T4M9_IH14iEq1n3jjdLXdUBRK5rX4CrxvyIgvGY7T8FADf03PcMcZmy0n_8xVOxuLwjgmA8pqIoW4tU52JRdhFUREHoWjYCAPyCVtF8uqABH3844OIYXsP3bIbTch6jvX1RU4ENgSgnisWHvbZUCmzGntaJRFRlr4YDaKptCR4M2UgeVRUUahQXKyl4kTnPK1dnbuBe71LG80mQIBalkVsdnK_jprU3u7Nf36QMcebtHz6EzjZvv6nJ5upP7zm8UOIYV2AtlEPoQx5e73uRk2LyQYcyeWWd09-rQyJDff41Gb78XfMr5_ZIAokFLnM1BQGusuZYQhHxASMqkT2un6VavRPv8csu0OwChlERuIVReW0TRucZA_odO-NhqZ3Ohj83xQWUOhersshl6ppjY3n-HIGtnAVGoJy_Q3KjSF_ZUEe0ITfRa6WH-adIvWSy0WyMb2Im9AlsbazwK2ek-xLv60PsafegIeAGlo7ROzkfUuObxVLWwQf4mSkmluNRqu8mi5fxwP9iLKI_83YP_r2FfvdOB4DPFF7kPjmoKtO7VOEqJwh4PpFr-yY8pXHoTwK0PeazjoGUh2I-kXfv76nW2prNGYIKwIpn2g7LVvn1SnRi0OynyFnFeiXxYf2_VcSU8BnbRX61d5pIu-hdeErBaNl9xY1nS_8cjCA21RaajixSioE0xKYLkNIKq2P6Jncq14BkmmgYTgMA9Gne4XXWiaDneuLcMQBndqy6lXpgKIr58W9KNOPxgsMGkgbZfXj7eaI4wvAK3e0yxFbcRmLxLMBvNBKvBNjYuLzhV6D8ZrNA0a8HDZLZ7xgH0J8FXNNWKoCGB0N71Y9AhKuy6JOdNzmidFKaVaqQOog7oxJWR3b_JrMZqGEhypJmPro_5ehNPZH-5GhfgGxc. 
  4. ↑ Kharb, P.; Shastri, P. (2004-09-28). "Optical nuclei of radio-loud AGN and the Fanaroff-Riley divide" (in en). Astronomy & Astrophysics 425 (3): 825–836. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200400023. Bibcode: 2004A&A...425..825K. 
  5. ↑ Floyd, David J. E.; Axon, David; Baum, Stefi; Capetti, Alessandro; Chiaberge, Marco; Macchetto, Duccio; Madrid, Juan; Miley, George et al. (July 2008). "Hubble Space Telescope Near-infrared Snapshot Survey of 3CR Radio Source Counterparts. II. An Atlas and Inventory of the Host Galaxies, Mergers, and Companions" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 177 (1): 148–173. doi:10.1086/587622. Bibcode: 2008ApJS..177..148F. 
  6. ↑ de Koff, Sigrid; Baum, Stefi A.; Sparks, William B.; Biretta, John; Golombek, Daniel; Macchetto, Ferdinando; McCarthy, Patrick; Miley, George K. (December 1996). "HST Snapshot Survey of 3CR Radio Source Counterparts. I. Intermediate Redshifts" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 107 (2): 621–660. doi:10.1086/192376. Bibcode: 1996ApJS..107..621D. https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1996ApJS..107..621D. 
  7. ↑ A., Capetti; de Ruiter, H. R.; R., Fanti; R., Morganti; P., Parma; -H., Ulrich, M. (October 2000). "The HST snapshot survey of the B2 sample of low luminosity radio-galaxies: a picture gallery" (in en). Astronomy and Astrophysics 362: 871. Bibcode: 2000A&A...362..871C. 
  8. ↑ Marchesini, D.; Capetti, A.; Celotti, A. (2005-04-01). "Probing the nuclear obscuration in radio-galaxies with near infrared imaging" (in en). Astronomy & Astrophysics 433 (3): 841–854. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042072. Bibcode: 2005A&A...433..841M. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2005/15/aa2072.pdf. 
  9. ↑ de Koff, Sigrid; Best, Philip; Baum, Stefi A.; Sparks, William; Rottgering, Huub; Miley, George; Golombek, Daniel; Macchetto, Ferdinando et al. (July 2000). "The Dust-Radio Connection in 3CR Radio Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 129 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1086/313402. Bibcode: 2000ApJS..129...33D. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/313402/fulltext/. 
  10. ↑ Tremblay, G. R.; Chiaberge, M.; Donzelli, C. J.; Quillen, A. C.; Capetti, A.; Sparks, W. B.; Macchetto, F. D. (September 2007). "Isophotal Structure and Dust Distribution in Radio-loud Elliptical Galaxies" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal 666 (1): 109–121. doi:10.1086/520333. Bibcode: 2007ApJ...666..109T. 
  11. ↑ Riley, J. M.; Pooley, G. G. (1976). "Observations of 31 extragalactic radio sources with the Cambridge 50-km telescope at 5 GHz". Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society 81: 106–137. https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1975MmRAS..80..105R. 
  12. ↑ McCarthy, Patrick J.; Spinrad, Hyron; van Breugel, Wil (July 1995). "Emission-Line Imaging of 3CR Radio Galaxies. I. Imaging Data" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 99: 27. doi:10.1086/192178. Bibcode: 1995ApJS...99...27M. https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1995ApJS...99...27M/0000058.000.html. 
  13. ↑ Harvanek, Michael; Hardcastle, Martin J. (November 1998). "A VLA Study of 15 3CR Radio Galaxies" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 119 (1): 25–39. doi:10.1086/313154. Bibcode: 1998ApJS..119...25H. 
  14. ↑ Massaro, F.; Tremblay, G. R.; Harris, D. E.; Kharb, P.; Axon, D.; Balmaverde, B.; Baum, S. A.; Capetti, A. et al. (2012-11-28). "CHANDRA OBSERVATIONS OF 3C RADIO SOURCES WITH z < 0.3. II. COMPLETING THE SNAPSHOT SURVEY". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 203 (2): 31. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/203/2/31. Bibcode: 2012ApJS..203...31M. https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/203/2/31. 
  15. ↑ Cohen, Marshall H.; Ogle, Patrick M.; Tran, Hien D.; Goodrich, Robert W.; Miller, Joseph S. (November 1999). "Polarimetry and Unification of Low-Redshift Radio Galaxies" (in en). The Astronomical Journal 118 (5): 1963–1987. doi:10.1086/301074. Bibcode: 1999AJ....118.1963C. 
  16. ↑ Jimenez-Gallardo, A.; Massaro, F.; Paggi, A.; D’Abrusco, R.; Prieto, M. A.; Peña-Herazo, H. A.; Berta, V.; Ricci, F. et al. (2021-02-01). "Extended X-Ray Emission around FR II Radio Galaxies: Hot Spots, Lobes, and Galaxy Clusters". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 252 (2): 31. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/abcecd. Bibcode: 2021ApJS..252...31J. 



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