Astronomy:PKS 1222+216

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PKS 1222+216
SDSS image of PKS 1222+216. The galaxy on the bottom left of the image is the spiral galaxy, PGC 40438.
Observation data (J2000.0 epoch)
ConstellationComa Berenices
Right ascension 12h 24m 54.45s[1]
Declination+21° 22′ 46.38″[1]
Redshift0.433826[1]
Helio radial velocity130,058 km/s[1]
Distance4.695 Gly
Apparent magnitude (V)17.50
Characteristics
TypeBlazar LPQ[1]
Size~340,000 ly (104.2 kpc) (estimated)[1]
Notable featuresVHE emitter, blazar
Other designations
4C 21.35, 2MASS J12245446+2122463, LEDA 2819691, 7C 1222+2139, SDSS J122454.45+212246.3, ON +238, CoNFIG 134, RX J1224.9+2122, TeV J1224+213, ICRF J122454.4+212246, 2PBC J1224.8+2122[1]

PKS 1222+216 also known as 4C 21.35, is a quasar located in the constellation of Coma Berenices. The redshift of the object is (z) 0.433, estimating the object to be located 4.6 billion light-years from Earth[1] and it was first discovered by astronomers in 1966 as a radio source.[2] The radio spectrum of PKS 1222+216 is considered as flat, thus the classification of it being a flat-spectrum radio quasar.[3][4]

Description

Flaring activity

PKS 1222+216 is a blazar, mainly being optically violently variable on the electromagnetic spectrum and also described as a very high energy emitter.[5][6][7] When first observed in April 2009 it was shown to be in an active phase, with an increasing amount of gamma-ray flux reaching around 4.6 ± 1.6 x 10-7 photons cm-2 s-1.[8] By December 15, 2009, the source's flux had reached 3.4 ± 0.5 x 10-6 photons cm-2 s-1, marking this as an increase by a factor of 40.[9]

Two powerful gamma-ray flares were detected from PKS 1222+216 by various observations in April and June 2010.[10][11][12] The object displayed a broken power-law form with observed spectra breaks near the ranges between 1 and 3 GeV photons.[11] The optical polarimetric observations also noted the variability of the source in both polarization and position angle, with a detected decrease in brightness levels of 0.34 magnitude between 19 and 22 June in V band.[13] Following the flare of April 2010, the source exhibited an immense increase in near-infrared flux.[14]

In 2014 PKS 1222+216 underwent several more flaring periods. When detected, both flares (Flare A and Flare B) were shown to be accompanied by two subflares, occurring within a time span of three days. The subflare of Flare A displayed a slow rising trend, reaching a maximum at MJD (56699 ± 0.5), subsequently followed by a rapid decrease. Subflare 2 of Flare A, displayed an increase to its maximum peak, before displaying a slow decay time. The flux for Flare A has been estimated as 3.2 ± 0.42 x 10-6 photon cm-2 s-1. The subflares of Flare B on the other hand, showed a rapid rise time, subsequently followed by a slow decay time lasting 0.6 days.[15]

Radio Source

The structure of the source of PKS 1222+216, is compact and highly distorted with an angular extent of 17 arcseconds.[16] When imaged with the Very Large Array (VLA) on kiloparsec scales, it has a bright radio core surrounded by radio emission that is 100 kiloparsecs in extent.[17] A secondary component is seen extending 12 arcseconds from the core.[18][19] There is a jet present in the source, originating in the northeast before abruptly bending eastwards and ending in a hotspot located 60 kiloparsecs from the core.[17][20] This jet is also superluminal,with at least five jet knots moving at fast speeds between the ranges of 9c and 22c. Observations also found two of these knots were shown ejecting during quasar flaring periods.[21]

Quasi-periodic oscillation and supermassive black hole mass

In 2022, PKS 1222+216 was shown undergoing a quasi-periodic oscillation with a period of around 420 days based on optical photometric and polarimetric data observations conducted for 10 years. This is explained by a blob feature moving in helical motion inside a jet.[22] The central supermassive black hole mass for the quasar has been estimated as 6 x 108 Mʘ based on a virial method of its broad emission lines.[23][24]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 "NED Search results for PKS 1222+216". https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/byname?objname=PKS+1222+216&hconst=67.8&omegam=0.308&omegav=0.692&wmap=4&corr_z=1. 
  2. ↑ Long, R. J.; Smith, M. A.; Stewart, P.; Williams, P. J. S. (1966-12-01). "The Radio Spectra of Sources in the Fourth Cambridge Catalogue". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 134 (4): 371–388. doi:10.1093/mnras/134.4.371. ISSN 0035-8711. https://watermark02.silverchair.com/mnras134-0371.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAA14wggNaBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggNLMIIDRwIBADCCA0AGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMjebUC-1x8gumFRtyAgEQgIIDEdYz3L2dvjHXfGYTWYlYRwHiu4DrP4FnRsqG0nM89hC3NxDbDxqMNepDmUgtXrn-uj5LTL1NcRWSmDzkF73390r9ksFYQQVqhyGq7TZL0yc-aricGLPc_PDxg04Mcq8gfrK3R_xLszceeCX34U91VKYJY_SlCsTHBcwe4EC5sqkzxeEPrzdJVUTzGKvq4pfP0DnvY0liMagsi_bLEWVbNhAfU2i9nhg0nSN5104RHdQXALqgvaUli2reYgzwCULLqQN-s4tKXkI59-XVt5eGRAS06KpSALtoknOhB36CciKu5hl-9pZHTCcGTC951kDeSH7PIt80dpSckg1ML4BPAMV52aS-LO804lMim_NDlnouEPKHcuo9MqWXs6YiU3LdkimqWBQniK9uAJ8XKgQndHIzB1auQT-TCxmg7dSZCA5le4VN9n6glvjl1yRDz4GraegtHIZcR3MP3dz8RiH964mgtE75iNkrYsrCB9TuJXlEbrZIsCdfyKMPXp87mQtIvQ9pTAvVS4vRivMWGAF4lvEwPJWK4aeqzYLw1HqAu2Z0v3oAh1BSkKGa6bP8yeN76bTMaPX5Bya0l1U33EWvr2nRVp-CHhQMXSMuB8bcfl5dVsNELlTk27ndJMgb7IJjCFkfudyZgfn6_4sKmd1kncmffNonVoz1XfTazZ6FE3dzXRUKg_2qoJkijgD7YShEpM2-AwDQtZrtxJd3LkkaXziWoy8KzWZcCRo9VfK-dX7jrUY_qzPXcLWgSjbuC-9kgOJZxWv4_FcYLVJiN4re4_DLh3IIbLoMFM6zOyUzs0_InR6-czF-TA-r46cHT5PyUv8t87DW37Im31nBPQL83Sz39lYqwKXXirtiZtdxrGmr6QoktGxF2hH40SUzI2viZRxR6AYZwulEHXVxh6adSwoLH-TvByeO_UmoNJ0n_jwA9AD4L49bHr1QcyqvQirQ2fIkfjgBWE_mN3yurQyKvR9KB7WcFfo9wncVst8rAOMnBTGiK3PU2lArWUOWvJtuxpWyJRaGednuDCQMM5QC0P-L. 
  3. ↑ Tavecchio, F.; Becerra-Gonzalez, J.; Ghisellini, G.; Stamerra, A.; Bonnoli, G.; Foschini, L.; Maraschi, L. (2011-10-01). "On the origin of the γ-ray emission from the flaring blazar PKS 1222+216" (in en). Astronomy & Astrophysics 534: A86. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117204. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2011A&A...534A..86T. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2011/10/aa17204-11/aa17204-11.html. 
  4. ↑ "ATel #5921: Quasar PKS 1222+21 in outburst". https://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=5921. 
  5. ↑ "ATel #5981: Detection of Persistent VHE emission from PKS 1222+216 (4C +21.35) with VERITAS". https://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=5981. 
  6. ↑ Nalewajko, Krzysztof; Begelman, Mitchell C.; Cerutti, Benoît; Uzdensky, Dmitri A.; Sikora, Marek (October 2012). "Energetic constraints on a rapid gamma-ray flare in PKS 1222+216" (in en). Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 425 (4): 2519–2529. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21721.x. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2012MNRAS.425.2519N. 
  7. ↑ Nowakowski, Tomasz; Phys.org. "Astronomers investigate jet kinematics of the blazar 4C+21.35" (in en). https://phys.org/news/2019-04-astronomers-jet-kinematics-blazar-4c2135.html. 
  8. ↑ "ATel #2021: Fermi LAT detection of increasing gamma-ray activity of blazar PKS 1222+216". https://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=2021. 
  9. ↑ "ATel #2349: Fermi LAT confirmation of a strong GeV flare from 4C 21.35 (PKS 1222+21)". https://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=2349. 
  10. ↑ Striani, E.; Verrecchia, F.; Donnarumma, I.; Vercellone, S.; Tavani, M.; Bulgarelli, A.; Gianotti, F.; Trifoglio, M. et al. (June 2010). "AGILE detection of a gamma-ray flare from the blazar 4C+21.35 (PKS 1222+21)" (in en). The Astronomer's Telegram 2686: 1. Bibcode: 2010ATel.2686....1S. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ATel.2686....1S/abstract. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Tanaka, Y. T.; Stawarz, Ł; Thompson, D. J.; D'Ammando, F.; Fegan, S. J.; Lott, B.; Wood, D. L.; Cheung, C. C. et al. (May 2011). "Fermi Large Area Telescope Detection of Bright γ-Ray Outbursts from the Peculiar Quasar 4C +21.35" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal 733 (1): 19. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/733/1/19. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2011ApJ...733...19T. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...733...19T/abstract. 
  12. ↑ Kushwaha, Pankaj; Singh, K. P.; Sahayanathan, Sunder (2014-11-05). "BRIGHTESTFermi-LAT FLARES OF PKS 1222+216: IMPLICATIONS ON EMISSION AND ACCELERATION PROCESSES". The Astrophysical Journal 796 (1): 61. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/796/1/61. ISSN 1538-4357. Bibcode: 2014ApJ...796...61K. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/796/1/61. 
  13. ↑ "ATel #2693: Optical polarimetric observations of 4C +21.35 (PKS 1222+21) during the gamma-ray flare". https://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=2693. 
  14. ↑ "ATel #2626: NIR Flaring of PKS1222+216". https://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=2626. 
  15. ↑ Chatterjee, Anshu; Roy, Abhradeep; Sarkar, Arkadipta; Chitnis, Varsha R (2021-12-01). "Temporal and spectral study of PKS B1222 + 216 flares in 2014". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 508 (2): 1986–2001. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2747. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  16. ↑ Hooimeyer, J. R. A.; Schilizzi, R. T.; Miley, G. K.; Barthel, P. D. (July 1992). "Two new candidate superluminal quasars : 4C 28.45 and 4C 21.35." (in en). Astronomy and Astrophysics 261: 5–8. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 1992A&A...261....5H. https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1992A%26A...261....5H. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Allafort, A.; Antolini, E.; Barbiellini, G.; Bastieri, D.; Bellazzini, R.; Bissaldi, E. et al. (2014-04-25). "Multifrequency Studies of the Peculiar Quasar 4C +21.35 During the 2010 Flaring Activity". The Astrophysical Journal 786 (2): 157. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/786/2/157. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2014ApJ...786..157A. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/786/2/157. 
  18. ↑ Price, Rob; Gower, Ann C.; Hutchings, J. B.; Talon, S.; Duncan, D.; Ross, G. (June 1993). "VLA Observations of 91 Quasars at 0.35 < Z < 1" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 86: 365. doi:10.1086/191783. ISSN 0067-0049. Bibcode: 1993ApJS...86..365P. https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1993ApJS...86..365P. 
  19. ↑ Jorstad, Svetlana G.; Marscher, Alan P.; Mattox, John R.; Aller, Margo F.; Aller, Hugh D.; Wehrle, Ann E.; Bloom, Steven D. (August 2001). "Multiepoch Very Long Baseline Array Observations of EGRET-detected Quasars and BL Lacertae Objects: Connection between Superluminal Ejections and Gamma-Ray Flares in Blazars" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal 556 (2): 738–748. doi:10.1086/321605. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2001ApJ...556..738J. 
  20. ↑ Saikia, D. J.; Wiita, Paul J.; Muxlow, T. W. B. (May 1993). "1222+216: A Wide-Angle-Tailed Quasar?" (in en). The Astronomical Journal 105: 1658. doi:10.1086/116544. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 1993AJ....105.1658S. https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1993AJ....105.1658S. 
  21. ↑ Troitskiy, Ivan; Morozova, Daria; Jorstad, Svetlana; Larionov, Valery; Marscher, Alan; Agudo, Ivan; Blinov, Dmitry; Smith, Paul et al. (2016-11-28). "Multi-Frequency Monitoring of the Flat Spectrum Radio Quasar PKS 1222+216 in 2008–2015". Galaxies 4 (4): 72. doi:10.3390/galaxies4040072. ISSN 2075-4434. Bibcode: 2016Galax...4...72T. 
  22. ↑ Zhang, Pengfei; Wang, Zhongxiang (2022-07-01). "Polarized Optical Emission of the Blazar PKS 1222+216: Discovery of a 420 day Quasiperiodic Signal". The Astrophysical Journal 934 (1): 3. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac778f. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2022ApJ...934....3Z. 
  23. ↑ Farina, E. P.; Decarli, R.; Falomo, R.; Treves, A.; Raiteri, C. M. (2012-06-01). "The optical spectrum of PKS 1222+216 and its black hole mass". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 424 (1): 393–398. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21209.x. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2012MNRAS.424..393F. 
  24. ↑ Lei, Maichang; Wang, Jiancheng (2015-07-02). "Location of gamma-ray flaring region in quasar 4C +21.35". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 67 (4). doi:10.1093/pasj/psv055. ISSN 2053-051X. https://doi.org/10.1093/pasj/psv055. 



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