Biology:Cyclin-dependent kinase 7

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Short description: Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens


A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing turquoise α-helices.
Generic protein structure example

Cyclin-dependent kinase 7, or cell division protein kinase 7, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK7 gene.[1]

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) family. CDK family members are highly similar to the gene products of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cdc28, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe cdc2, and are known to be important regulators of cell cycle progression.

This protein forms a trimeric complex with cyclin H and MAT1, which functions as a Cdk-activating kinase (CAK). It is an essential component of the transcription factor TFIIH, that is involved in transcription initiation and DNA repair. This protein is thought to serve as a direct link between the regulation of transcription and the cell cycle.[2]

Clinical significance e.g. cancer

Given that CDK7 is involved in two important regulation roles, it's expected that CDK7 regulation may play a role in cancerous cells. Cells from breast cancer tumors were found to have elevated levels of CDK7 and Cyclin H when compared to normal breast cells. It was also found that the higher levels were generally found in ER-positive breast cancer. Together, these findings indicate that CDK7 therapy might make sense for some breast cancer patients.[3] Further confirming these findings, recent research indicates that inhibition of CDK7 may be an effective therapy for HER2-positive breast cancers, even overcoming therapeutic resistance. THZ1 was tested on HER2-positive breast cancer cells and exhibited high potency for the cells regardless of their sensitivity to HER2 inhibitors. This finding was demonstrated in vivo, where inhibition of HER2 and CDK7 resulted in tumor regression in therapeutically resistant HER2+ xenograft models.[4]

Inhibitors

The growth suppressor p53 has been shown to interact with cyclin H both in vitro and in vivo. Addition of wild type p53 was found to heavily downregulated CAK activity, resulting in decreased phosphorylation of both CDK2 and CTD by CDK7. Mutant p53 was unable to downregulate CDK7 activity and mutant p21 had no effect on downregulation, indicating that p53 is responsible for negative regulation of CDK7.[5]

In 2017 CT7001, an oral CDK7 inhibitor, started a phase 1 clinical trial.[6]

THZ1 is an inhibitor for CDK7 that selectively forms a covalent bond with the CDK7-cycH-MAT1 complex. This selectivity stems from forming a bond at C312, which is unique to CDK7 within the CDK family. CDK12 and CDK13 could also be inhibited using THZ1 (but at higher concentrations) because they have similar structures in the region surrounding C312.[7] It was found that treatment of 250 nM THZ1 was sufficient to inhibit global transcription and that cancer cell lines were sensitive to much lower concentrations, opening up further research into the efficacy of using THZ1 as a component of cancer therapy, as described above.

In renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the expression of CDK7 was significantly higher in the advanced stage tumors. Besides, the overall survival was significantly shorter in patients with higher CDK7 expression in the tumors. These results suggest that CDK7 may be a potential target for overcoming RCC.[8]

Based on molecular docking results, Ligands-3, 5, 14, and 16 were screened among 17 different Pyrrolone-fused benzosuberene compounds as potent and specific inhibitors without any cross-reactivity against different CDK isoforms. Analysis of MD simulations and MM-PBSA studies, revealed the binding energy profiles of all the selected complexes. Selected ligands performed better than the experimental drug candidate (Roscovitine). Ligands-3 and 14 show specificity for CDK7. These ligands are expected to possess lower risk of side effects due to their natural origin.[9]

In urothelial carcinoma (UC), CDK7 expression is increased in bladder cancer tissues, especially in patients with chemoresistance. CDK7 inhibition-related cancer stemness suppression is a potential therapeutic strategy for both chemonaïve and chemoresistant UC.[10]

Interactions

Cyclin-dependent kinase 7 has been shown to interact with:


See also

References

  1. ↑ "A novel cyclin associates with MO15/CDK7 to form the CDK-activating kinase". Cell 78 (4): 713–24. August 1994. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90535-5. PMID 8069918. 
  2. ↑ "Entrez Gene: CDK7 cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (MO15 homolog, Xenopus laevis, cdk-activating kinase)". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1022. 
  3. ↑ "Expression of CDK7, Cyclin H, and MAT1 Is Elevated in Breast Cancer and Is Prognostic in Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer". Clinical Cancer Research 22 (23): 5929–5938. December 2016. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-1104. PMID 27301701. 
  4. ↑ "Inhibition of the transcriptional kinase CDK7 overcomes therapeutic resistance in HER2-positive breast cancers". Oncogene 39 (1): 50–63. January 2020. doi:10.1038/s41388-019-0953-9. PMID 31462705. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Regulation of CAK kinase activity by p53". Oncogene 17 (21): 2733–41. November 1998. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1202504. PMID 9840937. 
  6. ↑ ...first patient dosed in phase 1 clinical trial of its oral CDK7 inhibitor: CT7001 2017
  7. ↑ "Targeting transcription regulation in cancer with a covalent CDK7 inhibitor". Nature 511 (7511): 616–20. 2014. doi:10.1038/nature13393. PMID 25043025. Bibcode: 2014Natur.511..616K. 
  8. ↑ "The covalent CDK7 inhibitor THZ1 enhances temsirolimus-induced cytotoxicity via autophagy suppression in human renal cell carcinoma". Cancer Letters 471: 27–37. February 2020. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2019.12.005. PMID 31812697. 
  9. ↑ "Natural analogues inhibiting selective cyclin-dependent kinase protein isoforms: a computational perspective". Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics 38 (17): 5126–5135. November 2019. doi:10.1080/07391102.2019.1696709. PMID 3176087. 
  10. ↑ "CDK7 Inhibition by THZ1 Suppresses Cancer Stemness in both Chemonaïve and Chemoresistant Urothelial Carcinoma via the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway". Cancer Letters 507: 70–79. June 2021. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2021.03.012. ISSN 0304-3835. PMID 33741425. 
  11. ↑ "From androgen receptor to the general transcription factor TFIIH. Identification of cdk activating kinase (CAK) as an androgen receptor NH(2)-terminal associated coactivator". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 275 (13): 9308–13. March 2000. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.13.9308. PMID 10734072. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 "Molecular cloning of CDK7-associated human MAT1, a cyclin-dependent kinase-activating kinase (CAK) assembly factor". Cancer Research 55 (24): 6058–62. December 1995. PMID 8521393. 
  13. ↑ "A cyclin associated with the CDK-activating kinase MO15". Nature 371 (6494): 254–7. September 1994. doi:10.1038/371254a0. PMID 8078587. Bibcode: 1994Natur.371..254M. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "CDK9 autophosphorylation regulates high-affinity binding of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat-P-TEFb complex to TAR RNA". Molecular and Cellular Biology 20 (18): 6958–69. September 2000. doi:10.1128/mcb.20.18.6958-6969.2000. PMID 10958691. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Substrate specificity of the cdk-activating kinase (CAK) is altered upon association with TFIIH". The EMBO Journal 16 (7): 1628–37. April 1997. doi:10.1093/emboj/16.7.1628. PMID 9130708. 
  16. ↑ "Cdk-activating kinase complex is a component of human transcription factor TFIIH". Nature 374 (6519): 283–7. March 1995. doi:10.1038/374283a0. PMID 7533895. Bibcode: 1995Natur.374..283S. 
  17. ↑ "MTA1 interacts with MAT1, a cyclin-dependent kinase-activating kinase complex ring finger factor, and regulates estrogen receptor transactivation functions". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 278 (13): 11676–85. March 2003. doi:10.1074/jbc.M209570200. PMID 12527756. 
  18. ↑ "p53 is phosphorylated by CDK7-cyclin H in a p36MAT1-dependent manner". Molecular and Cellular Biology 17 (12): 7220–9. December 1997. doi:10.1128/mcb.17.12.7220. PMID 9372954. 
  19. ↑ "A new, tenth subunit of TFIIH is responsible for the DNA repair syndrome trichothiodystrophy group A". Nature Genetics 36 (7): 714–9. July 2004. doi:10.1038/ng1387. PMID 15220921. 

Further reading

External links



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