Biology:Endoskeleton
An endoskeleton (From Greek ἔνδον, éndon = "within", "inner" + σκελετός, skeletos = "skeleton") is a structural frame (skeleton) on the inside of an animal, usually composed of mineralized tissue[1][2] and overlaid by soft tissues. Endoskeletons serve as structural support against gravity and mechanical loads, and provide anchoring attachment sites for skeletal muscles to transmit force and allow movements and locomotion.
Vertebrates are the predominant animal clade with endoskeletons (made of mostly bone and sometimes cartilage), although sponges also have evolved a mesh-like form of endoskeletons made of diffuse calcite/silica structural elements called spicules, and echinoderms have a dermal calcite endoskeleton known as ossicles.
Some coleoid cephalopods (squids and cuttlefish) have an internalized vestigial aragonite/calcite-chitin shell known as gladius or cuttlebone, which can serve as muscle attachments but the main function is often to maintain buoyancy rather than to give structural support.
Overview
An endoskeleton is a skeleton that is on the inside of a body, like humans, dogs, or some fish. The endoskeleton develops within the skin or in the deeper body tissues. The vertebrate endoskeleton is basically made up of two types of tissues (bone and cartilage). During early embryonic development the endoskeleton is composed of notochord and cartilage. The notochord in most vertebrates is replaced by the vertebral column and cartilage is replaced by bone in most adults. In three phyla and one subclass of animals, endoskeletons of various complexity are found: Chordata, Echinodermata, Porifera, and Coleoidea. An endoskeleton may function purely for support (as in the case of sponges), but often serves as an attachment site for muscle and a mechanism for transmitting muscular forces. A true endoskeleton is derived from mesodermal tissue. Such a skeleton is present in echinoderms and chordates. The poriferan "skeleton" consists of microscopic calcareous or siliceous spicules or a spongin network. The Coleoidea do not have a true endoskeleton in the evolutionary sense; there, a mollusk exoskeleton evolved into several sorts of internal structure, the "cuttlebone" of cuttlefish being the best-known version. Yet they do have cartilaginous tissue in their body, even if it is not mineralized, especially in the head, where it forms a primitive cranium. The endoskeleton gives shape, support, and protection to the body and provides a means of locomotion.
A human skeleton on display at Booth Museum of Natural History
Fossilized skeleton of various dinosaurs
The skeleton of a kitefin shark, a cartilaginous fish
The dermal ossicles of a starfish, an echinoderm
The silica spicule skeleton of a Venus' flower basket, a glass sponge
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See also
References
- ↑ Hyman, Libbie Henrietta (1992-09-15) (in en). Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. University of Chicago Press. pp. 192–236. ISBN 978-0-226-87013-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=VKlWjdOkiMwC.
- ↑ Gillis, J. Andrew (2019), "The Development and Evolution of Cartilage" (in en), Reference Module in Life Sciences (Elsevier), doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.90770-2, ISBN 978-0-12-809633-8, https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128096338907702, retrieved 2023-10-03
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