Biology:NC10 phylum

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NC10 is a bacterial phylum with candidate status, meaning its members remain uncultured to date. The difficulty in producing lab cultures may be linked to low growth rates and other limiting growth factors.[1][2][3][4]. Methylomirabilis oxyfera, a member of the NC10 phylum, is the first organism discovered to couple methane oxidation to the reduction of nitrite to dinitrogen (N2)[5]. This is significant for several reasons. First, there are only three other biological pathways known to produce oxygen (photosynthesis, chlorate respiration, and the detoxification of reactive oxygen species). Second, anaerobic methane oxidation (AMO) coupled to nitrite reduction links the global carbon and nitrogen cycles, and thus denitrifying methanotrophs in the NC10 phylum may influence methane content in the atmosphere[1]. Third, this finding opens the possibility that oxygen was available in the atmosphere prior to the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis and the Great Oxidation Event[6], which challenges certain aspects of modern theories regarding the evolution of early life on Earth.

The NC10 phylum was first proposed in 2003 on the basis of highly divergent 16S rRNA gene sequences from aquatic microbial formations in flooded caves (Nullarbor caves, Australia)[7]. The first genome insights for the phylum were published in 2010[6]. Members of the NC10 phylum have been detected in environments including the Brunssummerheide peatlands (Limburg, Netherlands)[8], the deep stratified Lake Zug (Central Switzerland)[9], and a paddy field with long-term fertilization (Hangzhou, China)[10]

NC10 species proposed to date include Methylomirabilis oxyfera[5] and Methylomirabilis lanthanidiphila[11]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 He, Zhanfei; Cai, Chaoyang; Wang, Jiaqi; Xu, Xinhua; Zheng, Ping; Jetten, Mike S. M.; Hu, Baolan (2016-09-01). "A novel denitrifying methanotroph of the NC10 phylum and its microcolony" (in en). Scientific Reports 6 (1): 32241. doi:10.1038/srep32241. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 27582299. Bibcode: 2016NatSR...632241H. 
  2. ↑ Raghoebarsing, Ashna A.; Pol, Arjan; van de Pas-Schoonen, Katinka T.; Smolders, Alfons J. P.; Ettwig, Katharina F.; Rijpstra, W. Irene C.; Schouten, Stefan; Damsté, Jaap S. Sinninghe et al. (April 2006). "A microbial consortium couples anaerobic methane oxidation to denitrification" (in en). Nature 440 (7086): 918–921. doi:10.1038/nature04617. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 16612380. Bibcode: 2006Natur.440..918R. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature04617. 
  3. ↑ Ettwig, Katharina F.; Shima, Seigo; Pas‐Schoonen, Katinka T. Van De; Kahnt, Jörg; Medema, Marnix H.; Camp, Huub J. M. Op Den; Jetten, Mike S. M.; Strous, Marc (2008). "Denitrifying bacteria anaerobically oxidize methane in the absence of Archaea" (in en). Environmental Microbiology 10 (11): 3164–3173. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01724.x. ISSN 1462-2920. PMID 18721142. 
  4. ↑ Wu, Ming L.; Ettwig, Katharina F.; Jetten, Mike S. M.; Strous, Marc; Keltjens, Jan T.; Niftrik, Laura van (2011-02-01). "A new intra-aerobic metabolism in the nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane-oxidizing bacterium Candidatus 'Methylomirabilis oxyfera'" (in en). Biochemical Society Transactions 39 (1): 243–248. doi:10.1042/BST0390243. ISSN 0300-5127. PMID 21265781. https://portlandpress.com/biochemsoctrans/article/39/1/243/84969/A-new-intra-aerobic-metabolism-in-the-nitrite. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ettwig, Katharina F.; Butler, Margaret K.; Le Paslier, Denis; Pelletier, Eric; Mangenot, Sophie; Kuypers, Marcel M. M.; Schreiber, Frank; Dutilh, Bas E. et al. (March 2010). "Nitrite-driven anaerobic methane oxidation by oxygenic bacteria" (in en). Nature 464 (7288): 543–548. doi:10.1038/nature08883. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 20336137. Bibcode: 2010Natur.464..543E. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature08883. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ettwig, Katharina F.; Butler, Margaret K.; Le Paslier, Denis; Pelletier, Eric; Mangenot, Sophie; Kuypers, Marcel M. M.; Schreiber, Frank; Dutilh, Bas E. et al. (March 2010). "Nitrite-driven anaerobic methane oxidation by oxygenic bacteria" (in en). Nature 464 (7288): 543–548. doi:10.1038/nature08883. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 20336137. Bibcode: 2010Natur.464..543E. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature08883. 
  7. ↑ Rappé, Michael S.; Giovannoni, Stephen J. (October 2003). "The Uncultured Microbial Majority" (in en). Annual Review of Microbiology 57 (1): 369–394. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090759. ISSN 0066-4227. PMID 14527284. 
  8. ↑ Zhu, Baoli; van Dijk, Gijs; Fritz, Christian; Smolders, Alfons J. P.; Pol, Arjan; Jetten, Mike S. M.; Ettwig, Katharina F. (2012-10-05). "Anaerobic Oxidization of Methane in a Minerotrophic Peatland: Enrichment of Nitrite-Dependent Methane-Oxidizing Bacteria". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78 (24): 8657–8665. doi:10.1128/aem.02102-12. ISSN 0099-2240. PMID 23042166. 
  9. ↑ Graf, Jon S.; Mayr, Magdalena J.; Marchant, Hannah K.; Tienken, Daniela; Hach, Philipp F.; Brand, Andreas; Schubert, Carsten J.; Kuypers, Marcel M. M. et al. (2018). "Bloom of a denitrifying methanotroph, 'Candidatus Methylomirabilis limnetica', in a deep stratified lake" (in en). Environmental Microbiology 20 (7): 2598–2614. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.14285. ISSN 1462-2920. PMID 29806730. 
  10. ↑ He, Zhanfei; Cai, Chen; Shen, Lidong; Lou, Liping; Zheng, Ping; Xu, Xinhua; Hu, Baolan (2015-01-01). "Effect of inoculum sources on the enrichment of nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria" (in en). Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 99 (2): 939–946. doi:10.1007/s00253-014-6033-8. ISSN 1432-0614. PMID 25186148. 
  11. ↑ Versantvoort, Wouter; Guerrero-Cruz, Simon; Speth, Daan R.; Frank, Jeroen; Gambelli, Lavinia; Cremers, Geert; van Alen, Theo; Jetten, Mike S. M. et al. (2018). "Comparative Genomics of Candidatus Methylomirabilis Species and Description of Ca. Methylomirabilis Lanthanidiphila" (in English). Frontiers in Microbiology 9. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01672. ISSN 1664-302X. PMID 30140258. 



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