Biology:Nonecological speciation

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Short description: Speciation not driven by divergent natural selection
Distinguishing between ecological and non-ecological speciation involves the identification of specific species traits. Environmental interactions, for example, could consist of adaptations specific to foraging or a unique environment, whereas compatibility in reproduction involves mate-recognition morphology, communication systems, or other behaviors. Ecological speciation necessitates changes in both, whereas non-ecological speciation only changes compatibility in reproduction.

When speciation is not driven by (or strongly correlated with) divergent natural selection, it can be said to be nonecological,[1][2] to distinguish it from the typical definition of ecological speciation: "It is useful to consider ecological speciation as its own form of species formation because it focuses on an explicit mechanism of speciation: namely divergent natural selection. There are numerous ways other than via divergent natural selection in which populations might become genetically differentiated and reproductively isolated."[3] Many instances of non-ecological speciation are likely allopatric, especially when the organisms in question are poor dispersers (e.g., land snails, salamanders); however, sympatric non-ecological speciation may also be possible, especially when accompanied by an "instant" (at least in evolutionary time) loss of reproductive compatibility, as when polyploidization happens.[2][4] Other potential mechanisms for non-ecological speciation include mutation-order speciation[5] and changes in chirality in gastropods.[6]

Non-ecological speciation might not be accompanied by strong morphological differentiation, so it might give rise to cryptic species; however, some species are difficult for humans to differentiate that are strongly differentiated concerning their resource use and so are likely a result of ecological speciation (e.g., host shifts in parasites or phytophagous insects).[7][8] When species recognition/sexual selection plays a strong role in maintaining species boundaries, the species generated by non-ecological speciation might be straightforward for humans to differentiate, as in some odonates.[9]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Rundell, Rebecca J.; Price, Trevor D. (2009-07-01). "Adaptive radiation, nonadaptive radiation, ecological speciation and nonecological speciation" (in en). Trends in Ecology & Evolution 24 (7): 394–399. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.02.007. ISSN 0169-5347. PMID 19409647. Bibcode: 2009TEcoE..24..394R. https://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/abstract/S0169-5347(09)00126-8. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Czekanski-Moir, Jesse E.; Rundell, Rebecca J. (2019-05-01). "The Ecology of Nonecological Speciation and Nonadaptive Radiations" (in en). Trends in Ecology & Evolution 34 (5): 400–415. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2019.01.012. ISSN 0169-5347. PMID 30824193. Bibcode: 2019TEcoE..34..400C. https://www.jessecm.org/s/czekanskimoirRundell2019_ecoNonAdRad.pdf. 
  3. ↑ Nosil, Patrik. (2012). Ecological speciation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-162801-6. OCLC 787851773. 
  4. ↑ Les, Donald H.; Peredo, Elena L.; King, Ursula M.; Benoit, Lori K.; Tippery, Nicholas P.; Ball, Cassandra J.; Shannon, Robynn K. (2015-01-01). "Through thick and thin: Cryptic sympatric speciation in the submersed genus Najas (Hydrocharitaceae)" (in en). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 82: 15–30. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.09.022. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 25300454. Bibcode: 2015MolPE..82...15L. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S105579031400342X. 
  5. ↑ Nosil, Patrik; Flaxman, Samuel M. (2011-02-07). "Conditions for mutation-order speciation". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278 (1704): 399–407. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1215. PMID 20702458. 
  6. ↑ Gittenberger, Edmund; Hamann, Thomas D.; Asami, Takahiro (2012-04-20). "Chiral Speciation in Terrestrial Pulmonate Snails" (in en). PLOS ONE 7 (4). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034005. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 22532825. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...734005G. 
  7. ↑ Faucci, Anuschka; Toonen, Robert J; Hadfield, Michael G (2007-01-07). "Host shift and speciation in a coral-feeding nudibranch". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274 (1606): 111–119. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3685. PMID 17134995. 
  8. ↑ Lee, Y.; Lee, W.; Lee, S.; Kim, H. (February 2015). "A cryptic species of Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) complex revealed by genetic divergence and different host plant association" (in en). Bulletin of Entomological Research 105 (1): 40–51. doi:10.1017/S0007485314000704. ISSN 0007-4853. PMID 25413997. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-entomological-research/article/cryptic-species-of-aphis-gossypii-hemiptera-aphididae-complex-revealed-by-genetic-divergence-and-different-host-plant-association/231E07EACE5DE65CAA8CADA3CE4BCD96. 
  9. ↑ Wellenreuther, Maren; Sánchez-Guillén, Rosa Ana (2016). "Nonadaptive radiation in damselflies" (in en). Evolutionary Applications 9 (1): 103–118. doi:10.1111/eva.12269. ISSN 1752-4571. PMID 27087842. Bibcode: 2016EvApp...9..103W. 



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