Biology:Veillonella

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Veillonella are Gram-negative bacteria (Gram stain pink) anaerobic cocci, unlike most Bacillota, which are Gram-positive bacteria.[1] This bacterium is well known for its lactate fermenting abilities. It is a normal bacterium in the intestines and oral mucosa of mammals. In humans they have been implicated in cases of osteomyelitis and endocarditis, for example with the species Veillonella parvula.

Veillonella dispar is the most nitrate-reducing bacterium in the oral cavity, which is beneficially anti-bacterial.[2]

When Veillonella is responsible for clinical infections in humans, it should be kept in mind that more than 70% of the strains are resistant to penicillin, while more than 95% of the strains are susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanate.[3]

Previous studies have shown that exercise is associated with changes in microbiome composition. Specifically, Veillonella, Bacteroides, Prevotella, Methanobrevibacter, and Akkermansiaceae are in more abundance in endurance athletes.[4][5] Specifically, one study has proposed that V. atypica is beneficial for endurance performance because the high-lactate environment of the athlete provides a selective advantage for colonization by lactate metabolizing organisms, such as Veillonella.[6] Previous studies in mice have shown that propionate increases heart rate variability (HRV) and VO2 max.[7][8] It also raises the resting energy expenditure and lipid oxidation in fasted humans.[9] These modifications are beneficial for athletes because an increase in HRV indicates that the body is adapting to the exercise stimuli, indicating an increase in fitness.[10] Also, a higher VO2 max allows the athlete to produce more energy which allows them to do more work and an increase in lipid oxidation delays glycogen depletion.[11][12]

Fermentation

Lactate is fermented to propionate and acetate by the methylmalonyl-CoA pathway. Little ATP is produced in this fermentation. High substrate affinity is suggested to be the reason.

3 Lactate → acetate + 2 propionate + CO2+ H2O

A study of Veillonella in endurance athletes found that a relative abundance of the bacteria in the gut is associated with increased treadmill run time performance. This effect was demonstrated to be due to the organism's propionate metabolite produced from lactic acid.[13]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[14] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).[15]

16S rRNA based LTP_08_2023[16][17][18] 120 marker proteins based GTDB 10-RS226[19][20][21]
Veillonella
 
 

V. magna Kraatz and Taras 2008

 
 
 
 

V. criceti (Rogosa 1965) Mays et al. 1982

 
 

V. intestinalis Afrizal et al. 2023

 
 
 
 

V. ratti (Rogosa 1965) Mays et al. 1982 emend. Kraatz and Taras 2008

 
 

V. seminalis Aujoulat et al. 2014

 
 
 
 
 
 

V. montpellierensis Jumas-Bilak et al. 2004

 
 
 
 

V. agrestimuris Afrizal et al. 2023

 
 

V. caviae Mays et al. 1982

 
 
 
 
 

V. fallax Afrizal et al. 2023

 
 
 

V. dispar (Rogosa 1965) Mays et al. 1982

 
 

V. infantium Mashima et al. 2018

 
 
 
 
 
 

V. denticariosi Byun et al. 2007

 
 

V. rodentium (Rogosa 1965) Mays et al. 1982

 
 
 
 

V. atypica (Rogosa 1965) Mays et al. 1982

 
 
 

V. tobetsuensis Mashima et al. 2013

 
 
 

V. hominis Liu et al. 2022

 
 
 

V. parvula (Veillon and Zuber 1898) Prévot 1933 Mays et al. 1982

 
 

V. rogosae Arif et al. 2008

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Veillonella
 
 

V. magna

 
 
 
 

V. criceti

 
 

V. intestinalis

 
 
 
 

V. ratti

 
 

V. seminalis

 
 
 
 
 
 

V. montpellierensis

 
 
 

"Ca. V. ediparia" Gilroy et al. 2023 [sp900550455]

 
 
 
 
 

V. agrestimuris

 
 

V. caviae

 
 
 
 

V. atypica

 
 

V. tobetsuensis

 
 
 
 
 
 

V. denticariosi

 
 

V. rodentium

 
 
 
 
 

V. hominis

 
 

V. parvula

 
 
 
 

V. rogosae

 
 
 
 

V. dispar

 
 

V. fallax

 
 
 
 

V. infantium

 
 

V. nakazawae Mishima et al. 2020

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Unassigned species:

  • V. absiana Bai et al. 2025
  • "V. faecalis" Yang et al. 2024
  • "V. massiliensis" Togo et al. 2017
  • "V. orientalis" Mashima-Usami et al. 2024
  • "Ca. V. sanguinis" Heng et al. 2025 ["Ca. V. atypica" Drancourt et al. 2004 non (Rogosa 1965) Mays et al. 1982]

Infections and Treatment

Meningitis, osteomyelitis, periodontitis, and endocarditis are infections that can be caused by V. parvula.[22][23][24][25][26][27] Prosthetic joint infection and endocarditis have been shown to be caused by V. dispar.[28][29] Although very rare, endocarditis has also been caused by V. montpellierensis and V. alcalescens.[29]

A large percentage of Veillonella species are resistant to penicillin.[30] Antibiotics that Veillonella species are less resistant to or not resistant to at all include clindamycin, metronidazole, imipenem, ceftriaxone, and amoxicillin.[31][32][33][34]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "One or two membranes? Diderm Firmicutes challenge the Gram-positive/Gram-negative divide". Molecular Microbiology 113 (3): 659–671. 2020. doi:10.1111/mmi.14469. PMID 31975449. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-02505848. 
  2. ↑ "Salivary nitrate-nitrite conversion capacity after nitrate ingestion and incidence of Veillonella spp. in elderly individuals". Journal of Oral Science 60 (3): 405–410. 2018. doi:10.2334/josnusd.17-0337. PMID 30101819. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/josnusd/60/3/60_17-0337/_article. 
  3. ↑ Di Bella, Stefano; Antonello, Roberta Maria; Sanson, Gianfranco; Maraolo, Alberto Enrico; Giacobbe, Daniele Roberto; Sepulcri, Chiara; Ambretti, Simone; Aschbacher, Richard et al. (June 2022). "Anaerobic bloodstream infections in Italy (ITANAEROBY): A 5-year retrospective nationwide survey" (in en). Anaerobe 75. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2022.102583. PMID 35568274. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1075996422000713. 
  4. ↑ Petersen, Lauren M.; Bautista, Eddy J.; Nguyen, Hoan; Hanson, Blake M.; Chen, Lei; Lek, Sai H.; Sodergren, Erica; Weinstock, George M. (December 2017). "Community characteristics of the gut microbiomes of competitive cyclists" (in en). Microbiome 5 (1): 98. doi:10.1186/s40168-017-0320-4. ISSN 2049-2618. PMID 28797298. 
  5. ↑ Clarke, Siobhan F; Murphy, Eileen F; O'Sullivan, Orla; Lucey, Alice J; Humphreys, Margaret; Hogan, Aileen; Hayes, Paula; O'Reilly, Maeve et al. (December 2014). "Exercise and associated dietary extremes impact on gut microbial diversity" (in en). Gut 63 (12): 1913–1920. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306541. ISSN 0017-5749. PMID 25021423. https://gut.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306541. 
  6. ↑ Scheiman, Jonathan; Luber, Jacob M.; Chavkin, Theodore A.; MacDonald, Tara; Tung, Angela; Pham, Loc-Duyen; Wibowo, Marsha C.; Wurth, Renee C. et al. (July 2019). "Meta-omics analysis of elite athletes identifies a performance-enhancing microbe that functions via lactate metabolism" (in en). Nature Medicine 25 (7): 1104–1109. doi:10.1038/s41591-019-0485-4. ISSN 1078-8956. PMID 31235964. 
  7. ↑ Kimura, Ikuo; Inoue, Daisuke; Maeda, Takeshi; Hara, Takafumi; Ichimura, Atsuhiko; Miyauchi, Satoshi; Kobayashi, Makio; Hirasawa, Akira et al. (2011-05-10). "Short-chain fatty acids and ketones directly regulate sympathetic nervous system via G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41)" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (19): 8030–8035. doi:10.1073/pnas.1016088108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 21518883. Bibcode: 2011PNAS..108.8030K. 
  8. ↑ Pluznick, Jennifer L.; Protzko, Ryan J.; Gevorgyan, Haykanush; Peterlin, Zita; Sipos, Arnold; Han, Jinah; Brunet, Isabelle; Wan, La-Xiang et al. (2013-03-12). "Olfactory receptor responding to gut microbiota-derived signals plays a role in renin secretion and blood pressure regulation" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 (11): 4410–4415. doi:10.1073/pnas.1215927110. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 23401498. Bibcode: 2013PNAS..110.4410P. 
  9. ↑ Chambers, Edward S.; Byrne, Claire S.; Aspey, Karen; Chen, Yanjie; Khan, Saadiyah; Morrison, Douglas J.; Frost, Gary (April 2018). "Acute oral sodium propionate supplementation raises resting energy expenditure and lipid oxidation in fasted humans" (in en). Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 20 (4): 1034–1039. doi:10.1111/dom.13159. ISSN 1462-8902. PMID 29134744. 
  10. ↑ Dong, Jin-Guo (May 2016). "The role of heart rate variability in sports physiology" (in en). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 11 (5): 1531–1536. doi:10.3892/etm.2016.3104. ISSN 1792-0981. PMID 27168768. 
  11. ↑ Ranković, Goran; Mutavdžić, Vlada; Toskić, Dragan; Preljević, Adem; Kocić, Miodrag; Nedin-Ranković, Gorana; Damjanović, Nikola (2010-02-20). "Aerobic Capacity as An Indicator in Different Kinds of Sports". Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 10 (1): 44–48. doi:10.17305/bjbms.2010.2734. ISSN 1840-4812. PMID 20192930. PMC 5596610. http://www.bjbms.org/ojs/index.php/bjbms/article/view/2734. 
  12. ↑ Gemmink, Anne; Schrauwen, Patrick; Hesselink, Matthijs K. C. (August 2020). "Exercising your fat (metabolism) into shape: a muscle-centred view" (in en). Diabetologia 63 (8): 1453–1463. doi:10.1007/s00125-020-05170-z. ISSN 0012-186X. PMID 32529413. 
  13. ↑ Scheiman, Jonathan; Luber, Jacob M.; Chavkin, Theodore A.; MacDonald, Tara; Tung, Angela; Pham, Loc-Duyen; Wibowo, Marsha C.; Wurth, Renee C. et al. (24 June 2019). "Meta-omics analysis of elite athletes identifies a performance-enhancing microbe that functions via lactate metabolism". Nature Medicine 25 (7): 1104–1109. doi:10.1038/s41591-019-0485-4. PMID 31235964. 
  14. ↑ Template:Lpsn3
  15. ↑ Schoch CL. "Veillonella". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?command=show&mode=tree&id=29465&lvl=3. Retrieved 2025-06-05. 
  16. ↑ "The LTP". https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/#LTP. 
  17. ↑ "LTP_all tree in newick format". https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_all_08_2023.ntree. 
  18. ↑ "LTP_08_2023 Release Notes". https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_08_2023_release_notes.pdf. 
  19. ↑ "GTDB release 10-RS226". https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C. 
  20. ↑ "bac120_r226.sp_label". https://data.gtdb.ecogenomic.org/releases/release226/226.0/auxillary_files/bac120_r226.sp_labels.tree. 
  21. ↑ "Taxon History". https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/taxon_history/. 
  22. ↑ Nukina, Sadayuki; Hibi, Aki; Nishida, Kanichiro (October 1989). "Bacterial Meningitis Caused by Veillonella Parvula" (in en). Pediatrics International 31 (5): 609–614. doi:10.1111/j.1442-200X.1989.tb01363.x. ISSN 1328-8067. PMID 2515742. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1442-200X.1989.tb01363.x. 
  23. ↑ Bhatti, Maqsood A.; Frank, Michael O. (2000-09-01). "Veillonella parvula Meningitis: Case Report and Review of Veillonella Infections" (in en). Clinical Infectious Diseases 31 (3): 839–840. doi:10.1086/314046. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 11017846. http://academic.oup.com/cid/article/31/3/839/299845/Veillonella-parvula-Meningitis-Case-Report-and. 
  24. ↑ Umeda, Kai; Kano, Yasuhiro (2022). "Veillonella parvula: A rare Gram-negative coccus causing vertebral osteomyelitis". IDCases 27. doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01417. ISSN 2214-2509. PMID 35127449. 
  25. ↑ Singh, N.; Yu, V. L. (1992-01-01). "Osteomyelitis Due to Veillonella parvula: Case Report and Review" (in en). Clinical Infectious Diseases 14 (1): 361–363. doi:10.1093/clinids/14.1.361. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 1571454. https://academic.oup.com/cid/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/clinids/14.1.361. 
  26. ↑ Matera, Giovanni; Muto, Valentina; Vinci, Maria; Zicca, Emilia; Abdollahi-Roodsaz, Shahla; van de Veerdonk, Frank L.; Kullberg, Bart-Jan; Liberto, Maria Carla et al. (December 2009). "Receptor Recognition of and Immune Intracellular Pathways for Veillonella parvula Lipopolysaccharide" (in en). Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 16 (12): 1804–1809. doi:10.1128/CVI.00310-09. ISSN 1556-6811. PMID 19828771. 
  27. ↑ Prakash, Palkar Omkar; Rayasam, Keerthi; Chaitanya, Kolluru Viswanatha; Peddireddy, Vidyullatha (2023), "Biofilms: cities of microorganisms" (in en), Bacterial Survival in the Hostile Environment (Elsevier): pp. 131–148, doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91806-0.00017-5, ISBN 978-0-323-91806-0, https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780323918060000175, retrieved 2024-04-09 
  28. ↑ Libertin, Claudia R.; Peterson, Joy H.; Brodersen, Mark P.; Huff, Tamara (2016). "A Case of Penicillin-Resistant Veillonella Prosthetic Joint Infection of the Knee" (in en). Case Reports in Orthopedics 2016: 1–5. doi:10.1155/2016/7171947. ISSN 2090-6749. PMID 28050296. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Saladi, Lakshmi; Zeana, Cosmina; Singh, Manisha (2017). "Native Valve Endocarditis due to Veillonella Species: A Case Report and Review of the Literature" (in en). Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2017: 1–3. doi:10.1155/2017/4896186. ISSN 2090-6625. PMID 28589047. 
  30. ↑ Cobo, Fernando; Pérez-Carrasco, Virginia; García-Salcedo, José A.; Navarro-Marí, José María (December 2020). "Bacteremia caused by Veillonella dispar in an oncological patient" (in en). Anaerobe 66. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102285. PMID 33075505. 
  31. ↑ Rolfe, Rial D.; Finegold, Sydney M. (November 1981). "Comparative In Vitro Activity of New Beta-Lactam Antibiotics Against Anaerobic Bacteria" (in en). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 20 (5): 600–609. doi:10.1128/AAC.20.5.600. ISSN 0066-4804. PMID 7325628. 
  32. ↑ Singh, N.; Yu, V. L. (1992-01-01). "Osteomyelitis Due to Veillonella parvula: Case Report and Review" (in en). Clinical Infectious Diseases 14 (1): 361–363. doi:10.1093/clinids/14.1.361. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 1571454. https://academic.oup.com/cid/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/clinids/14.1.361. 
  33. ↑ Marriott, D.; Stark, D.; Harkness, J. (February 2007). "Veillonella parvula Discitis and Secondary Bacteremia: a Rare Infection Complicating Endoscopy and Colonoscopy?" (in en). Journal of Clinical Microbiology 45 (2): 672–674. doi:10.1128/JCM.01633-06. ISSN 0095-1137. PMID 17108070. 
  34. ↑ Isner-Horobeti, Marie-Eve; Lecocq, Jehan; Dupeyron, Arnaud; De Martino, Sylvie Josiane; Froehlig, Pierre; Vautravers, Philippe (January 2006). "Veillonella discitis. A case report" (in en). Joint Bone Spine 73 (1): 113–115. doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2005.02.002. PMID 16085443. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1297319X05000904. 

Further reading

Wikidata ☰ Q7918682 entry



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