Chemistry:Carbohydrate chemistry
Carbohydrate chemistry is a subdiscipline of chemistry primarily concerned with the detection, synthesis, structure, and function of carbohydrates.[1] Due to the general structure of carbohydrates, their synthesis is often preoccupied with the selective formation of glycosidic linkages and the selective reaction of hydroxyl groups; as a result, it relies heavily on the use of protecting groups.
Monosaccharides
Individual saccharide residues are termed monosaccharides.
Carbohydrate synthesis
Carbohydrate synthesis is a sub-field of organic chemistry concerned specifically with the generation of natural and unnatural carbohydrate structures. This can include the synthesis of monosaccharide residues or structures containing more than one monosaccharide, known as oligosaccharides.
Glycosidic bond formation
- Chemical glycosylation
- Fischer glycosidation
- Glycosyl halide
- Koenigs-Knorr reaction
Protecting groups
- Carbohydrate acetalisation
- Trimethylsilyl
- Benzyl Ether
- para-methoxybenzyl ether
Oligosaccharides
Reactions of carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are reactants in many organic reactions. For example:
- Cyanohydrin reaction
- Lobry-de Bruyn-van Ekenstein transformation
- Amadori rearrangement
- Wohl degradation
- Tipson-Cohen reaction
- Ferrier rearrangement
- Ferrier II reaction
Functions of carbohydrates
Carbohydrates have four major functions within the body:
- Energy supply, particularly for the brain in the form of glucose
- Avoiding the breakdown of amino acids for energy
- Avoiding ketosis from the breakdown of fatty acids
- Cellular and protein recognition
Energy supply, particularly for the brain in the form of glucose
Avoiding the breakdown of amino acids for energy
Avoiding ketosis from the breakdown of fatty acids
Cellular and protein recognition
Glycoprotein hormones may be removed by the liver from the bloodstream when the passage of time causes the breaking-off of carbohydrates from the glycoproteins.[citation needed]
See also
Carbohydrate structure
- Anomeric effect
- Carbohydrate
- Carbohydrate conformation
- Disaccharide
- Glycosidic bond
- Monosaccharide
- Polysaccharide
Carbohydrate function and biology
References
- ↑ Ruppersberg, Klaus; Rautenstrauch, Hanne; Thomsen, Stefan (5 April 2022). "Know Thy Carbs! Safer Carbohydrate Detection Methods for School Labs – Part 1". ChemistryViews. doi:10.1002/chemv.202200022.
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