Chemistry:Xylachlor
Xylachlor is a selective herbicide, used to preëmergently control annual grasses on cereals, wheat, soy and rice. It is an anilide and a (chloro)acetanilide. As of 2023 it is considered obsolete, but may still be in use.[1]
It was manufactured by American Cyanamid under the "Combat" trademark,[1] registered in August 1979 and expired (by non-renewal) in 1986.[2]
Compared to the fellow acetanilides alachlor, acetochlor and metolachlor, xylachlor had the weakest control of pigweed and setaria, though the greatest selectivity.[3] Xylachlor is also less detrimental to sorghum, but this is offset by the need for higher application rates to achieve similar weed control.[4] It controlled annual grasses and some broadleaf weeds, and uis generally less active than pendimethalin.[5]
Xylachlor's safety is not well studied. Prediction software indicates that it may be a class 3 highly toxic compound, mutagen or carcinogen, although other software predictions disagree.[6]
Application
It has been formulated as a 48% w/v emulsifiable concentrate, which was in a 1979 test, applied at 2.0-6.0 kg/Ha of active ingredient, in 400 L/Ha of spray water.[5]
| Application Rate | Crops tolerant | Weeds controlled |
|---|---|---|
| 4 kg/Ha | wheat, pea, rape, kale, radish, cowpea, chickpea, groundnut, soyabeen, cotton, kenaf | bromus sterilis (barren brome), avena fatua (common wild oat), alopecurus myosuroides (blackgrass / twitchgrass), senecio vulgaris (groundsel), veronica persica (speedwell), phalaris minor (small canary-grass) |
| 1 kg/Ha | barley, field bean, carrot, sugar beet, maize, sorghum (with antidote), tomato | poa annua (annual bluegrass), poa trivialis (rough bluegrass / meadowgrass), oryza punctata (red rice), echinochloa crus-galli (cockspur / barnyardgrass), digitaria sanguinalis (crabgrass), amaranthus retroflexus (common tumbleweed) |
| 0.25 kg/Ha | oat, onion, lettuce, sorghum, pigeon pea, sesamum | Holcus lanatus (Yorkshire fog/meadow soft grass), Eleusine indica (goosegrass), Snowdenia polystachya |
In that table, 'tolerant' means the crop's vigour was reduced by less than 15%, and 'controlled' means the weed's vigour or number was reduced by more than 70%.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lewis, Kathleen A.; Tzilivakis, John; Warner, Douglas J.; Green, Andrew (18 May 2016). "An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management". Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 22 (4): 1050–1064. doi:10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242. Bibcode: 2016HERA...22.1050L.
- ↑ "COMBAT Trademark - Registration Number 1123574 - Serial Number 73174544 :: Justia Trademarks" (in en). https://trademarks.justia.com/731/74/combat-73174544.html.
- ↑ Owen, M. D. K. (1982). A Comparison Of The Herbicidal Activity Of Several Chloroacetamides And Their Effects On Protein Synthesis In Carrot And Soybean Cell Suspension Cultures (Thesis). ProQuest 303227220.[page needed]
- ↑ Simkins, G. S.; Moshier, L. J.; Russ, O. G. (1980). "Influence of Acetamide Herbicide Applications on Efficacy of the Protectant CGA-43089 in Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)". Weed Science 28 (6): 646–649. doi:10.1017/S0043174500061427.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedtechrep57 - ↑ Berber, Ahmet Ali; Demi̇R, Şefika Nur; Akinci KenanoğLu, Nihan (25 August 2023). "Potential Health Risks of Chloroacetanilide Herbicides: An In Silico Analysis". Sakarya University Journal of Science 27 (4): 865–871. doi:10.16984/saufenbilder.1281720.
Links
- Xylachlor in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB)
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