Medicine:List of autoimmune diseases

From HandWiki
Short description: none
Dermatosis in Crohn's disease
Demyelination in MS
PAS stain of lupus nephritis
Autoimmune urticaria
Proptosis in Graves' disease

This article provides a list of autoimmune diseases. These conditions, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, affect a range of organs and systems within the body. Each disorder is listed with the primary organ or body part that it affects and the associated autoantibodies that are typically found in people diagnosed with the condition. Each disorder is also categorized by its acceptance as an autoimmune condition into four levels: confirmed, probable, possible, and uncertain. This classification is based on the current scientific consensus and reflects the level of evidence supporting the autoimmune nature of the disorder. Lastly, the prevalence rate, specifically in the United States, is included to give a sense of how common each disorder is within the population.

  • Confirmed - Used for conditions that have strong, well-established evidence of autoimmune etiology.
  • Probable - Used for conditions where there is substantial evidence of autoimmune involvement, but the scientific consensus may not be as strong as for those in the 'confirmed' category.
  • Possible - Used for conditions that have some evidence pointing towards autoimmune involvement, but it's not yet clear or there is ongoing debate.
  • Uncertain - Used for conditions where the evidence of autoimmune involvement is limited or contested.

Integumentary system

The integumentary system, composed of the skin, hair, nails, and associated glands, serves as a protective barrier between the body and the environment. It also plays a critical role in regulating body temperature and maintaining fluid balance.

Disease Primary organ/body part affected Autoantibodies Acceptance as an autoimmune disease Prevalence rate (US) Cit.
Alopecia areata Hair follicles None specific Confirmed 2.1% [1][2]
Autoimmune angioedema Skin C1 inhibitor Probable Less than 5,000 [3]
Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis Skin Progesterone Probable Extremely rare [4]
Autoimmune urticaria Skin IgG against IgE or IgE receptor Probable Not well established [5][6]
Bullous pemphigoid Skin Anti-BP180, Anti-BP230 Confirmed 6-30 per 100,000 (mostly older adults) [7]
Cicatricial pemphigoid Mucous membranes, sometimes skin Anti-BP180, Anti-BP230 Confirmed Rare [8]
Dermatitis herpetiformis Skin Anti-tissue transglutaminase Confirmed 10 per 100,000 [9]
Dermatomyositis Skin and muscles Anti-Jo1, Anti-Mi2, Anti-SRP, Anti-TIF1 Confirmed 9 in 1,000,000 [10]
Discoid lupus erythematosus Skin ANA, Anti-dsDNA, Anti-Sm Confirmed Part of SLE prevalence (20-150 per 100,000) [11]
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita Skin Anti-type VII collagen Confirmed Extremely rare [12]
Erythema nodosum Skin None specific Possible Not well established [13]
Gestational pemphigoid Skin Anti-BP180, Anti-BP230 Confirmed Rare [14]
Hidradenitis suppurativa Skin None specific Uncertain 1-4% [15]
Lichen planus Skin, mucous membranes None specific Probable 1% [16]
Lichen sclerosus Skin None specific Probable Rare [17]
Linear IgA disease Skin Anti-epidermal basement membrane IgA Confirmed Extremely rare [18]
Morphea Skin None specific Probable Not well established [19]
Psoriasis Skin Various, not specific Confirmed 2-3% [20]
Pemphigus vulgaris Skin and mucous membranes Anti-desmoglein 3, Anti-desmoglein 1 Confirmed 1-5 per 100,000 [21]
Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis) Skin, organs ANA, anti-Scl-70, anti-centromere Confirmed 240 per 1,000,000 [22]
Vitiligo Skin Various, not specific Confirmed 1% [23]

Digestive system

Autoimmune disease Primary organ/body part affected Autoantibodies Acceptance as an autoimmune disease Prevalence rate (US) Cit.
Autoimmune enteropathy Small intestine Anti-enterocyte antibodies Probable Rare [24]
Autoimmune hepatitis Liver ANA, ASMA, anti-LKM1 Confirmed 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 50,000 [25]
Celiac disease Small intestine Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies (tTG), Endomysial antibody (EMA), Deamidated gliadin peptide (DGP) Confirmed 1 in 100 [26]
Crohn's disease Digestive tract ASCA, Anti-OmpC, Anti-CBir1, ANCA Probable 201 per 100,000 adults [27]
Pernicious anemia Stomach Anti-IF, Anti-parietal cell Confirmed 0.1% [28]
Ulcerative colitis Colon and rectum pANCA, ASCA Probable 249 per 100,000 adults [29]

Heart and vascular system

Autoimmune disease Primary organ/body part affected Autoantibodies Acceptance as an autoimmune disease Prevalence rate (US) Cit.
Rheumatic heart disease Heart valves Anti-streptolysin O (ASO), anti-DNase B Confirmed Declining due to improved treatment of strep throat [30]
Kawasaki disease Coronary arteries Unknown Probable 20 per 100,000 children under age 5 [31]
Giant cell arteritis Large and medium arteries, can affect coronary arteries None specific Confirmed 200 per 100,000 (over age 50) [32][33]
Takayasu's arteritis Large arteries, including the aorta None specific Confirmed Rare, more common in East Asia [33][34]
Behçet's disease Small to large vessels in mouth, genitals, eyes, skin None specific Probable [35]
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) Small to medium vessels in respiratory tract, skin, heart, kidneys, nerves ANCA Confirmed [36]
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) Small to medium vessels in respiratory tract, kidneys c-ANCA/PR3-ANCA Confirmed [36]
IgA vasculitis (IgAV) Small vessels in skin, joints, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract IgA immune complexes Probable [37]
Leukocytoclastic vasculitis Small vessels in skin Various immune complexes Probable [38]
Lupus vasculitis Small to medium vessels in multiple organs ANA, anti-dsDNA, anti-Smith, others Confirmed [39]
Rheumatoid vasculitis Small to medium vessels in skin, nerves, eyes, heart Rheumatoid factor, ACPA Probable [40]
Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) Small vessels in kidneys, lungs, nerves, skin p-ANCA/MPO-ANCA Confirmed [41]
Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) Medium to small vessels in kidneys, skin, muscles, joints, nerves None specific Probable [42]
Polymyalgia rheumatica Large to medium vessels in shoulders, hips None specific Possible [43]
Urticarial vasculitis Small vessels in skin C1q antibodies Probable [44]
Vasculitis All vessel sizes in multiple organs Depends on specific type Uncertain [45]

Urinary system

Autoimmune disease Primary organ/body part affected Autoantibodies Acceptance as an autoimmune disease Prevalence rate (US) Cit.
Goodpasture syndrome Kidneys, lungs Anti-GBM antibodies Confirmed 1 per million people [46]
IgA nephropathy Kidneys IgA autoantibodies Confirmed 3.5 per 100,000 [47]
Membranous nephropathy Kidneys Anti-PLA2R antibodies Confirmed 10 per 100,000 [48]
Lupus nephritis Kidneys Anti-dsDNA, Anti-Sm, Anti-nuclear antibodies Confirmed Up to 60% of those with Lupus [49]
Interstitial nephritis Kidneys Various autoantibodies Probable Varies widely, often drug-induced [50]
Interstitial cystitis Bladder Anti-urothelial and anti-nuclear antibodies Probable 100-450 per 100,000 women, less common in men [51]
Primary sclerosing cholangitis Bile ducts, can affect gallbladder ANCA, Anti-mitochondrial antibodies Confirmed 1 per 100,000 [52]

Nervous system

Autoimmune disease Primary organ/body part affected Autoantibodies Acceptance as an autoimmune disease Prevalence rate (US) Cit.
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis Central nervous system Unknown Confirmed 0.8 per 100,000 [53]
Acute motor axonal neuropathy Peripheral nerves Anti-GM1 Confirmed Part of Guillain-Barré syndrome prevalence
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis Brain Anti-NMDA receptor Confirmed 1.5 per million [54]
Autoimmune encephalitis Brain Various, depending on subtype (e.g., NMDA receptor antibodies, LGI1 antibodies) Confirmed Rare [55]
Balo concentric sclerosis Central nervous system Unknown Probable Rare [56]
Bickerstaff's encephalitis Brain Anti-GQ1b Confirmed Rare [57]
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy Peripheral nerves Various, including anti-MAG Confirmed 1-2 per 100,000 [58]
Guillain-Barré syndrome Peripheral nerves Various, including anti-GM1, anti-GD1a Confirmed 1-2 per 100,000 [59]
Hashimoto's encephalopathy Brain Anti-thyroid (TPO, Tg) Probable Rare [60]
Idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating diseases Central nervous system Varies Probable Varies by specific disease [61]
Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome Neuromuscular junction (affecting both CNS and PNS) Anti-VGCC Confirmed 0.5-2 per million [62]
Multiple sclerosis Central nervous system Unknown, but Oligoclonal bands often present in CSF Confirmed 90 per 100,000 [63]
Myasthenia gravis Neuromuscular junction (affecting both CNS and PNS) Anti-AChR, anti-MuSK Confirmed 20 per 100,000 [64]
Neuromyelitis optica (Devic's disease)/NMOSD Optic nerves and spinal cord AQP4-IgG (NMO-IgG) Confirmed 0.5 - 4 per 100,000 [65]
Restless legs syndrome Central nervous system (thought to involve dopaminergic pathways) Unknown Uncertain 5-15% (more common in older adults) [66]
Stiff-person syndrome Central nervous system Anti-GAD, anti-amphiphysin Confirmed Rare [67]
Sydenham's chorea Brain Anti-basal ganglia Confirmed Rare (linked to Group A streptococcal infection) [68]
Transverse myelitis Spinal cord Various, including anti-AQP4 Probable 1-8 per million [69]
Undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD) Various ANA (antinuclear autoantibody) (HEp-2 cells) Confirmed 2 per 100,000 [70]

Endocrine system

Autoimmune disease Primary organ/body part affected Autoantibodies Acceptance as an autoimmune disease Prevalence rate (US) Cit.
Addison's disease Adrenal glands 21-hydroxylase antibodies Confirmed 0.93-1.4 per 10,000 [71]
Autoimmune oophoritis Ovaries Anti-ovarian antibodies Probable Rare [72]
Autoimmune orchitis Testes Anti-sperm antibodies Probable Rare [73]
Autoimmune pancreatitis Pancreas IgG4, Anti-CA2 antibodies Confirmed 0.82-1.3 per 100,000 [74]
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS1) Multiple endocrine organs Various autoantibodies depending on the organs affected Confirmed 1 in 100,000 to 200,000 [75]
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2 (APS2) Multiple endocrine organs Various autoantibodies depending on the organs affected Confirmed 1 in 20,000 [76]
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 3 (APS3) Multiple endocrine organs Various autoantibodies depending on the organs affected Confirmed Rare [76]
Diabetes mellitus type 1 Pancreas Anti-insulin, anti-IA-2, anti-GAD, anti-ZnT8 antibodies Confirmed 1.6 per 1,000 [77]
Endometriosis Endometrium Anti-endometrial antibodies Probable 6-10% of women of reproductive age [78]
Graves' disease Thyroid gland TSI, TPO, TG antibodies Confirmed 1.2% of the population [79]
Hashimoto's thyroiditis Thyroid gland TPO, TG antibodies Confirmed 5% of the population [80]
Ord's thyroiditis Thyroid gland TPO, TG antibodies Confirmed Rare [81]
Sjögren syndrome Exocrine glands (salivary and lacrimal glands) Anti-SSA/Ro, Anti-SSB/La antibodies Confirmed 0.1-4% of the population [82]

Respiratory system

Autoimmune disease Primary organ/body part affected Autoantibodies Acceptance as an autoimmune disease Prevalence rate (US) Cit.
Goodpasture syndrome See urinary system [lower-alpha 1] See urinary system Confirmed See urinary system N/A
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) See vascular system [lower-alpha 2] See vascular system Confirmed See vascular system N/A
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) See vascular system [lower-alpha 3] See vascular system Confirmed See vascular system N/A
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Lungs None specific Possible 20 per 100,000 (men), 13 per 100,000 (women) [83]
Interstitial lung disease Lungs Depends on the subtype (e.g. Anti-Jo1 in Anti-synthetase syndrome) Probable 31.5 per 100,000 (men), 26.1 per 100,000 (women) [84]
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis Lungs Anti-GM-CSF antibodies Confirmed 6.2 per million [85]
Rheumatoid lung disease Lungs Rheumatoid factor, Anti-CCP antibodies Confirmed Part of RA prevalence (about 1%) [86]
Sarcoidosis Lungs and other organs None specific Confirmed 10 - 40 per 100,000 [87]

Blood

Autoimmune disease Autoantibodies Acceptance as an autoimmune disease Prevalence rate (US) Cit.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Anti-red blood cell antibodies Confirmed 1-3 per 100,000 [88]
Immune thrombocytopenia Anti-platelet antibodies Confirmed 3.3 per 100,000 (adults), 50 per 100,000 (children) [89]
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura ADAMTS13 autoantibodies Confirmed 1-2 per million [90]
Antiphospholipid syndrome Antiphospholipid antibodies Confirmed 40-50 per 100,000 [91]
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria None specific, mutation causes self-cells to become susceptible to attack Possible 1-2 per million [92]

Reproductive system

The reproductive system is responsible for the production and regulation of sex hormones, the formation of germ cells, and the nurturing of fertilized eggs. In women, it includes structures such as ovaries, fallopian tubes, a uterus, and a vagina, while in men, it includes testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and the penis. Autoimmune diseases of the reproductive system can affect both male and female fertility and reproductive health.

Autoimmune disease Primary organ/body part affected Autoantibodies Acceptance as an autoimmune disease Prevalence rate (US) Cit.
Autoimmune orchitis Testes Anti-sperm antibodies Probable Not well established [93]
Autoimmune oophoritis Ovaries Anti-ovarian antibodies Probable Not well established [93]
Endometriosis Uterus, ovaries, and pelvic tissue Various, including anti-endometrial antibodies Probable Approx. 10% of women of reproductive age [94]
Premature ovarian failure Ovaries Anti-ovarian antibodies, Anti-adrenal antibodies Confirmed 1% of women under 40 years [95]

Eyes

Autoimmune disease Primary organ/body part affected Autoantibodies Acceptance as an autoimmune disease Prevalence rate (US) Cit.
Autoimmune retinopathy Retina Various Confirmed [96]
Autoimmune uveitis Uvea Various Confirmed [97]
Cogan syndrome Inner ear and eye None specific Probable [98]
Graves' ophthalmopathy Eye muscles and connective tissue TSH receptor antibodies Confirmed [99]
Intermediate uveitis Uvea (pars plana) Various Probable [100]
Ligneous conjunctivitis Conjunctiva Plasminogen deficiency Possible Rare [101]
Mooren's ulcer Cornea None specific Probable Rare [102]
Neuromyelitis optica Optic nerve and spinal cord Anti-AQP4 Confirmed [103]
Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome Central nervous system, eye movement control Anti-neuronal antibodies Possible [104]
Optic neuritis Optic nerve Various Confirmed [105]
Scleritis Sclera Various Possible [106]
Susac's syndrome Retina, cochlea, and brain None specific Probable [107]
Sympathetic ophthalmia Uveal tract Various Probable Rare [108]
Tolosa–Hunt syndrome Orbit None specific Uncertain Rare [109]

Muscular system

These autoimmune diseases are primarily associated with the muscles and neuromuscular function.

Autoimmune disease Primary organ/body part affected Autoantibodies Acceptance as an autoimmune disorder Prevalence rate (US) Cit.
Dermatomyositis See integumentary system [lower-alpha 4] See integumentary system Confirmed See integumentary system N/A
Fibromyalgia Musculoskeletal system, pain perception None specific Possible [110]
Inclusion body myositis Proximal and distal muscles None specific Probable [111]
Myositis Skeletal muscles Various, depends on subtype Confirmed [112]
Myasthenia gravis Voluntary muscles, neuromuscular junctions Anti-acetylcholine receptor, Anti-MuSK Confirmed [113]
Neuromyotonia Peripheral nerves affecting muscle control Anti-voltage-gated potassium channels Probable [114]
Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration Central nervous system, cerebellum Anti-Yo, Anti-Hu, Anti-Ri, others Confirmed [115]
Polymyositis Proximal skeletal muscles Anti-Jo-1, Anti-SRP, others Confirmed [116]

Autoimmune comorbidities

This list includes conditions that are not diseases, but symptoms or syndromes common to autoimmune disease.[117]

Non-autoimmune

At this time, there is not sufficient evidence to indicate that these diseases are caused by autoimmunity.

Disease Reason not believed to be autoimmune Cit.
Agammaglobulinemia An immune system disorder but not an autoimmune disease.
Amyloidosis No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Anti-tubular basement membrane nephritis No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Atopic allergy A hypersensitivity.
Atopic dermatitis A hypersensitivity.
Autism No consistent evidence of association with maternal autoimmunity.
Blau syndrome Overlaps both sarcoidosis and granuloma annulare. No evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Cancer No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Castleman's disease An immune system disorder but not an autoimmune disease.
Chagas disease No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity. [120]
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity. [121][122]
Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis LPIN2, D18S60. Synonyms: Majeed syndrome.
Complement component 2 deficiency Possibly symptomatic of autoimmune diseases, but not a disease.
Congenital heart block May be related to autoimmune activity in the mother.
Contact dermatitis A hypersensitivity.
Cushing's syndrome No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Cutaneous leukocytoclastic angiitis No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Dego's disease No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis Possibly a hypersensitivity.
Eosinophilic pneumonia A class of diseases, some of which may be autoimmune.
Erythroblastosis fetalis Mother's immune system attacks fetus. An immune system disorder but not autoimmune.
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva Possibly an immune system disorder but not autoimmune.
Gastrointestinal pemphigoid No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Hypogammaglobulinemia An immune system disorder but not autoimmune.
Idiopathic giant-cell myocarditis No consistent evidence of autoimmune cause though the disease has been found comorbid with other autoimmune diseases. [123]
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Autoantibodies: SFTPA1, SFTPA2, TERT, and TERC.
IgA nephropathy An immune system disorder but not an autoimmune disease.
IPEX syndrome A genetic mutation in FOXP3 that leads to autoimmune diseases, but not an autoimmune disorder itself.
Ligneous conjunctivitis No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Majeed syndrome No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Narcolepsy No evidence of association with autoimmunity. Research not reproducible.
Rasmussen's encephalitis No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Schizophrenia No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Serum sickness A hypersensitivity.
Spondyloarthropathy No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Sweet's syndrome No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Takayasu's arteritis No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ For detailed information on Goodpasture syndrome, including its impact on the respiratory system, refer to its entry in the urinary system section.
  2. ↑ For detailed information on EGPA, including its impact on the respiratory system, refer to its entry in the vascular system section.
  3. ↑ For detailed information on GPA, including its impact on the respiratory system, refer to its entry in the vascular system section.
  4. ↑ For detailed information on dermatomyositis, including its impact on the musclar system, refer to its entry in the integumentary system section.

References

  1. ↑ Pratt, C. Herbert; King, Lloyd E.; Messenger, Andrew G.; Christiano, Angela M.; Sundberg, John P. (2017-03-16). "Alopecia areata". Nature Reviews Disease Primers (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 3 (1): 17011. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.11. ISSN 2056-676X. PMID 28300084. 
  2. ↑ Mirzoyev, Sultan A.; Schrum, Adam G.; Davis, Mark D.P.; Torgerson, Rochelle R. (2014). "Lifetime Incidence Risk of Alopecia Areata Estimated at 2.1% by Rochester Epidemiology Project, 1990–2009". Journal of Investigative Dermatology (Elsevier BV) 134 (4): 1141–1142. doi:10.1038/jid.2013.464. ISSN 0022-202X. PMID 24202232. 
  3. ↑ "Acquired angioedema - About the Disease". 2021-01-08. https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/8605/acquired-angioedema. 
  4. ↑ Irshad, Shahmeen; Haider, Muhammad S; Master, Madiha F; Asif, Nasir; Khalil, Ambreen (2021-11-02). "Autoimmune Progesterone Dermatitis". Cureus (Cureus, Inc.) 13 (11): e19217. doi:10.7759/cureus.19217. ISSN 2168-8184. PMID 34877200. 
  5. ↑ Kolkhir, Pavel; Muñoz, Melba; Asero, Riccardo; Ferrer, Marta; Kocatürk, Emek; Metz, Martin; Xiang, Yi-Kui; Maurer, Marcus (2022). "Autoimmune chronic spontaneous urticaria". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (Elsevier BV) 149 (6): 1819–1831. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2022.04.010. ISSN 0091-6749. PMID 35667749. 
  6. ↑ Wertenteil, Sara; Strunk, Andrew; Garg, Amit (2019). "Prevalence estimates for chronic urticaria in the United States: A sex- and age-adjusted population analysis". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (Elsevier BV) 81 (1): 152–156. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2019.02.064. ISSN 0190-9622. PMID 30872154. 
  7. ↑ Cole, Connor; Vinay, Keshavamurthy; Borradori, Luca; Amber, Kyle T. (2022-07-07). "Insights Into the Pathogenesis of Bullous Pemphigoid: The Role of Complement-Independent Mechanisms". Frontiers in Immunology (Frontiers Media SA) 13. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.912876. ISSN 1664-3224. PMID 35874745. 
  8. ↑ Rashid, H.; Lamberts, A.; Borradori, L.; Alberti-Violetti, S.; Barry, R.J.; Caproni, M.; Carey, B.; Carrozzo, M. et al. (2021-07-10). "European guidelines (S3) on diagnosis and management of mucous membrane pemphigoid, initiated by the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology – Part I". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (Wiley) 35 (9): 1750–1764. doi:10.1111/jdv.17397. ISSN 0926-9959. PMID 34245180. 
  9. ↑ Reunala, Timo; Hervonen, Kaisa; Salmi, Teea (2021-01-11). "Dermatitis Herpetiformis: An Update on Diagnosis and Management". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 22 (3): 329–338. doi:10.1007/s40257-020-00584-2. ISSN 1175-0561. PMID 33432477. 
  10. ↑ Nombel, Anaïs; Fabien, Nicole; Coutant, Frédéric (2021-10-20). "Dermatomyositis With Anti-MDA5 Antibodies: Bioclinical Features, Pathogenesis and Emerging Therapies". Frontiers in Immunology (Frontiers Media SA) 12. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.773352. ISSN 1664-3224. PMID 34745149. 
  11. ↑ Donnelly, AM; Halbert, AR; Rohr, JB (1995). "Discoid lupus erythematosus". Australasian Journal of Dermatology (Wiley) 36 (1): 3–10. doi:10.1111/j.1440-0960.1995.tb00916.x. ISSN 0004-8380. PMID 7763220. 
  12. ↑ Miyamoto, Denise; Gordilho, Juliana Olivieri; Santi, Claudia Giuli; Porro, Adriana Maria (2022). "Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita". Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia (Elsevier BV) 97 (4): 409–423. doi:10.1016/j.abd.2021.09.010. ISSN 0365-0596. PMID 35701269. 
  13. ↑ Pérez-Garza, Daniela Michelle; Chavez-Alvarez, Sonia; Ocampo-Candiani, Jorge; Gomez-Flores, Minerva (2021-03-08). "Erythema Nodosum: A Practical Approach and Diagnostic Algorithm". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 22 (3): 367–378. doi:10.1007/s40257-021-00592-w. ISSN 1175-0561. PMID 33683567. 
  14. ↑ Patel, Payal M.; Jones, Virginia A.; Murray, Taryn N.; Amber, Kyle T. (2020-03-16). "A Review Comparing International Guidelines for the Management of Bullous Pemphigoid, Pemphigoid Gestationis, Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid, and Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 21 (4): 557–565. doi:10.1007/s40257-020-00513-3. ISSN 1175-0561. PMID 32180161. 
  15. ↑ Goldburg, Samantha R.; Strober, Bruce E.; Payette, Michael J. (2020). "Hidradenitis suppurativa". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (Elsevier BV) 82 (5): 1045–1058. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2019.08.090. ISSN 0190-9622. PMID 31604104. 
  16. ↑ Tziotzios, Christos; Lee, John Y.W.; Brier, Timothy; Saito, Ryo; Hsu, Chao-Kai; Bhargava, Kapil; Stefanato, Catherine M.; Fenton, David A. et al. (2018). "Lichen planus and lichenoid dermatoses". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (Elsevier BV) 79 (5): 789–804. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2018.02.010. ISSN 0190-9622. PMID 30318136. 
  17. ↑ Kirtschig, Gudula (2016-05-13). "Lichen Sclerosus—Presentation, Diagnosis and Management". Deutsches Ärzteblatt International (Deutscher Arzte-Verlag GmbH) 113 (19): 337–343. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2016.0337. ISSN 1866-0452. PMID 27232363. 
  18. ↑ Shin, Leah; Gardner, Jeffrey T.; Dao, Harry (2021-08-12). "Updates in the Diagnosis and Management of Linear IgA Disease: A Systematic Review". Medicina (MDPI AG) 57 (8): 818. doi:10.3390/medicina57080818. ISSN 1648-9144. PMID 34441024. 
  19. ↑ Florez-Pollack, Stephanie; Kunzler, Elaine; Jacobe, Heidi T. (2018). "Morphea: Current concepts". Clinics in Dermatology (Elsevier BV) 36 (4): 475–486. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2018.04.005. ISSN 0738-081X. PMID 30047431. 
  20. ↑ Boehncke, Wolf-Henning; Schön, Michael P (2015). "Psoriasis". The Lancet (Elsevier BV) 386 (9997): 983–994. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61909-7. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 26025581. 
  21. ↑ Melchionda, V.; Harman, K. E. (2019-08-04). "Pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus: an overview of the clinical presentation, investigations and management". Clinical and Experimental Dermatology (Oxford University Press (OUP)) 44 (7): 740–746. doi:10.1111/ced.14041. ISSN 0307-6938. PMID 31378971. 
  22. ↑ Careta, Mariana Figueiroa; Romiti, Ricardo (2015). "Localized scleroderma: clinical spectrum and therapeutic update". Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia (FapUNIFESP (SciELO)) 90 (1): 62–73. doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20152890. ISSN 0365-0596. PMID 25672301. 
  23. ↑ Bergqvist, Christina; Ezzedine, Khaled (2020). "Vitiligo: A Review". Dermatology (S. Karger AG) 236 (6): 571–592. doi:10.1159/000506103. ISSN 1018-8665. PMID 32155629. 
  24. ↑ Chen, Charles B.; Tahboub, Farah; Plesec, Thomas; Kay, Marsha; Radhakrishnan, Kadakkal (2020-08-24). "A Review of Autoimmune Enteropathy and Its Associated Syndromes". Digestive Diseases and Sciences (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 65 (11): 3079–3090. doi:10.1007/s10620-020-06540-8. ISSN 0163-2116. PMID 32833153. 
  25. ↑ Sucher, Elisabeth; Sucher, Robert; Gradistanac, Tanja; Brandacher, Gerald; Schneeberger, Stefan; Berg, Thomas (2019-11-25). "Autoimmune Hepatitis—Immunologically Triggered Liver Pathogenesis—Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies". Journal of Immunology Research (Hindawi Limited) 2019: 1–19. doi:10.1155/2019/9437043. ISSN 2314-8861. PMID 31886312. 
  26. ↑ Catassi, Carlo; Verdu, Elena F; Bai, Julio Cesar; Lionetti, Elena (2022). "Coeliac disease". The Lancet (Elsevier BV) 399 (10344): 2413–2426. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00794-2. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 35691302. 
  27. ↑ Torres, Joana; Mehandru, Saurabh; Colombel, Jean-Frédéric; Peyrin-Biroulet, Laurent (2017). "Crohn's disease". The Lancet (Elsevier BV) 389 (10080): 1741–1755. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31711-1. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 27914655. 
  28. ↑ Mohamed, Muhajir; Thio, Joel; Thomas, Remy Susan; Phillips, Jehan (2020-04-24). "Pernicious anaemia". BMJ 369: m1319. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1319. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 32332011. 
  29. ↑ Ordás, Ingrid; Eckmann, Lars; Talamini, Mark; Baumgart, Daniel C; Sandborn, William J (2012). "Ulcerative colitis". The Lancet (Elsevier BV) 380 (9853): 1606–1619. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60150-0. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 22914296. 
  30. ↑ Carapetis, Jonathan R.; Beaton, Andrea; Cunningham, Madeleine W.; Guilherme, Luiza; Karthikeyan, Ganesan; Mayosi, Bongani M.; Sable, Craig; Steer, Andrew et al. (2016-01-14). "Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease". Nature Reviews Disease Primers (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 2 (1): 15084. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.84. ISSN 2056-676X. PMID 27188830. 
  31. ↑ Rife, Eileen; Gedalia, Abraham (2020-09-13). "Kawasaki Disease: an Update". Current Rheumatology Reports (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 22 (10): 75. doi:10.1007/s11926-020-00941-4. ISSN 1523-3774. PMID 32924089. 
  32. ↑ Ciofalo, Andrea; Gulotta, Giampiero; Iannella, Giannicola; Pasquariello, Benedetta; Manno, Alessandra; Angeletti, Diletta; Pace, Annalisa; Greco, Antonio et al. (2019-11-25). "Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA): Pathogenesis, Clinical Aspects and Treatment Approaches". Current Rheumatology Reviews (Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.) 15 (4): 259–268. doi:10.2174/1573397115666190227194014. ISSN 1573-3971. PMID 30827250. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Watanabe, Ryu; Berry, Gerald J.; Liang, David H.; Goronzy, Jörg J.; Weyand, Cornelia M. (2020-08-26). "Pathogenesis of Giant Cell Arteritis and Takayasu Arteritis—Similarities and Differences". Current Rheumatology Reports (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 22 (10): 68. doi:10.1007/s11926-020-00948-x. ISSN 1523-3774. PMID 32845392. 
  34. ↑ Galarza, Claudio; Valencia, Diana; Tobón, Gabriel J.; Zurita, Luis; Mantilla, Rubén D.; Pineda-Tamayo, Ricardo; Rojas-Villarraga, Adriana; Rueda, Juan C. et al. (2007-09-22). "Should Rituximab be Considered as the First-Choice Treatment for Severe Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases?". Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 34 (1): 124–128. doi:10.1007/s12016-007-8028-z. ISSN 1080-0549. PMID 18270866. 
  35. ↑ Tong, Bainan; Liu, Xiaoli; Xiao, Jun; Su, Guanfang (2019-03-29). "Immunopathogenesis of Behcet's Disease". Frontiers in Immunology (Frontiers Media SA) 10: 665. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00665. ISSN 1664-3224. PMID 30984205. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 White, JPE; Dubey, S. (2023). "Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis: A review". Autoimmunity Reviews (Elsevier BV) 22 (1): 103219. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103219. ISSN 1568-9972. PMID 36283646. 
  37. ↑ Pillebout, Evangéline; Sunderkötter, Cord (2021-06-25). "IgA vasculitis". Seminars in Immunopathology (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 43 (5): 729–738. doi:10.1007/s00281-021-00874-9. ISSN 1863-2297. PMID 34170395. 
  38. ↑ Fraticelli, Paolo; Benfaremo, Devis; Gabrielli, Armando (2021-03-13). "Diagnosis and management of leukocytoclastic vasculitis". Internal and Emergency Medicine (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 16 (4): 831–841. doi:10.1007/s11739-021-02688-x. ISSN 1828-0447. PMID 33713282. 
  39. ↑ Calle-Botero, Estefania; Abril, Andy (2020-08-26). "Lupus Vasculitis". Current Rheumatology Reports (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 22 (10): 71. doi:10.1007/s11926-020-00937-0. ISSN 1523-3774. PMID 32845454. 
  40. ↑ Mertz, Philippe; Wollenschlaeger, Clara; Chasset, François; Dima, Alina; Arnaud, Laurent (2023). "Rheumatoid vasculitis in 2023: Changes and challenges since the biologics era". Autoimmunity Reviews (Elsevier BV) 22 (9): 103391. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103391. ISSN 1568-9972. PMID 37468085. 
  41. ↑ Greco, Antonio; De Virgilio, Armando; Rizzo, Maria Ida; Gallo, Andrea; Magliulo, Giuseppe; Fusconi, Massimo; Ruoppolo, Giovanni; Tombolini, Mario et al. (2015). "Microscopic polyangiitis: Advances in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches". Autoimmunity Reviews (Elsevier BV) 14 (9): 837–844. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2015.05.005. ISSN 1568-9972. PMID 25992801. 
  42. ↑ Bilginer, Yelda; Ozen, Seza (2022-01-25). "Polyarteritis nodosa". Current Opinion in Pediatrics (Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)) 34 (2): 229–233. doi:10.1097/mop.0000000000001106. ISSN 1040-8703. PMID 35081554. 
  43. ↑ Lundberg, Ingrid E.; Sharma, Ankita; Turesson, Carl; Mohammad, Aladdin J. (2022-06-11). "An update on polymyalgia rheumatica". Journal of Internal Medicine (Wiley) 292 (5): 717–732. doi:10.1111/joim.13525. ISSN 0954-6820. PMID 35612524. 
  44. ↑ Gu, Stephanie L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2021). "Urticarial vasculitis". International Journal of Women's Dermatology (Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)) 7 (3): 290–297. doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2021.01.021. ISSN 2352-6475. PMID 34222586. 
  45. ↑ Kermani, Tanaz A.; Warrington, Kenneth J.; Dua, Anisha B. (2022). "Treatment Guidelines in Vasculitis". Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America (Elsevier BV) 48 (3): 705–724. doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2022.03.006. ISSN 0889-857X. PMID 35953232. 
  46. ↑ Reggiani, Francesco; L'Imperio, Vincenzo; Calatroni, Marta; Pagni, Fabio; Sinico, Renato Alberto (2023-03-15). "Goodpasture syndrome and anti-glomerular basement membrane disease". Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 41 (4): 964–974. doi:10.55563/clinexprheumatol/tep3k5. ISSN 1593-098X. PMID 36995324. 
  47. ↑ Gesualdo, Loreto; Di Leo, Vincenzo; Coppo, Rosanna (2021). "The mucosal immune system and IgA nephropathy". Seminars in Immunopathology (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 43 (5): 657–668. doi:10.1007/s00281-021-00871-y. ISSN 1863-2297. PMID 34642783. 
  48. ↑ Keri, Krishna C; Blumenthal, Samuel; Kulkarni, Varsha; Beck, Laurence; Chongkrairatanakul, Tepsiri (2019-01-01). "Primary membranous nephropathy: comprehensive review and historical perspective". Postgraduate Medical Journal (Oxford University Press (OUP)) 95 (1119): 23–31. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-135729. ISSN 0032-5473. PMID 30683678. 
  49. ↑ Almaani, Salem; Meara, Alexa; Rovin, Brad H. (May 2017). "Update on Lupus Nephritis" (in en). Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 12 (5): 825–835. doi:10.2215/CJN.05780616. ISSN 1555-9041. PMID 27821390. PMC 5477208. https://journals.lww.com/01277230-201705000-00016. 
  50. ↑ Dhillon, S; Higgins, R M (1997-03-01). "Interstitial nephritis" (in en). Postgraduate Medical Journal 73 (857): 151–155. doi:10.1136/pgmj.73.857.151. ISSN 0032-5473. PMID 9135830. 
  51. ↑ Marcu, Ioana; Campian, E.; Tu, Frank (March 2018). "Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome" (in en). Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 36 (2): 123–135. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1676089. ISSN 1526-8004. PMID 30566978. http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0038-1676089. 
  52. ↑ Karlsen, Tom H.; Folseraas, Trine; Thorburn, Douglas; Vesterhus, Mette (December 2017). "Primary sclerosing cholangitis – a comprehensive review" (in en). Journal of Hepatology 67 (6): 1298–1323. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2017.07.022. PMID 28802875. 
  53. ↑ Paolilo, Renata Barbosa; Deiva, Kumaran; Neuteboom, Rinze; Rostásy, Kevin; Lim, Ming (2020-11-03). "Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis: Current Perspectives" (in en). Children 7 (11): 210. doi:10.3390/children7110210. ISSN 2227-9067. PMID 33153097. 
  54. ↑ Dalmau, Josep; Armangué, Thais; Planagumà, Jesús; Radosevic, Marija; Mannara, Francesco; Leypoldt, Frank; Geis, Christian; Lancaster, Eric et al. (November 2019). "An update on anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis for neurologists and psychiatrists: mechanisms and models" (in en). The Lancet Neurology 18 (11): 1045–1057. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30244-3. PMID 31326280. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1474442219302443. 
  55. ↑ Nissen, Mette Scheller; Ryding, Matias; Meyer, Morten; Blaabjerg, Morten (2020-12-24). "Autoimmune Encephalitis: Current Knowledge on Subtypes, Disease Mechanisms and Treatment" (in en). CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets 19 (8): 584–598. doi:10.2174/1871527319666200708133103. PMID 32640967. https://www.eurekaselect.com/183562/article. 
  56. ↑ Hardy, Todd A; Miller, David H (July 2014). "Baló's concentric sclerosis" (in en). The Lancet Neurology 13 (7): 740–746. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70052-3. PMID 24943346. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1474442214700523. 
  57. ↑ Marino, S.; Marino, L.; Greco, F.; Venti, V.; Fontana, A.; Timpanaro, T.; Taibi, R.; Pustorino, E. et al. (December 2020). "Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis in childhood: a literature overview". European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 24 (24): 12802–12807. doi:10.26355/eurrev_202012_24181. ISSN 1128-3602. PMID 33378029. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202012_24181. 
  58. ↑ Stino, Amro M.; Naddaf, Elie; Dyck, Peter J.; Dyck, P. James B. (February 2021). "Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy—Diagnostic pitfalls and treatment approach" (in en). Muscle & Nerve 63 (2): 157–169. doi:10.1002/mus.27046. ISSN 0148-639X. PMID 32914902. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mus.27046. 
  59. ↑ Jasti, Anil K.; Selmi, Carlo; Sarmiento-Monroy, Juan C.; Vega, Daniel A.; Anaya, Juan-Manuel; Gershwin, M. Eric (November 2016). "Guillain-Barré syndrome: causes, immunopathogenic mechanisms and treatment" (in en). Expert Review of Clinical Immunology 12 (11): 1175–1189. doi:10.1080/1744666X.2016.1193006. ISSN 1744-666X. PMID 27292311. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1744666X.2016.1193006. 
  60. ↑ Mocellin, Ramon; Walterfang, Mark; Velakoulis, Dennis (2007). "Hashimoto???s Encephalopathy: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Management" (in en). CNS Drugs 21 (10): 799–811. doi:10.2165/00023210-200721100-00002. ISSN 1172-7047. PMID 17850170. http://link.springer.com/10.2165/00023210-200721100-00002. 
  61. ↑ Rovira, Àlex; Sastre-Garriga, Jaume; Auger, Cristina; Rovira, Antoni (April 2013). "Idiopathic Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases of the Brainstem" (in en). Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI 34 (2): 123–130. doi:10.1053/j.sult.2013.01.003. PMID 23522777. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0887217113000048. 
  62. ↑ Pascuzzi, Robert M.; Bodkin, Cynthia L. (2022-12-22). "Myasthenia Gravis and Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome: New Developments in Diagnosis and Treatment" (in English). Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 18: 3001–3022. doi:10.2147/NDT.S296714. PMID 36578903. 
  63. ↑ Yamout, Bassem; Alroughani, Raed (April 2018). "Multiple Sclerosis" (in en). Seminars in Neurology 38 (2): 212–225. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1649502. ISSN 0271-8235. PMID 29791948. http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0038-1649502. 
  64. ↑ Gilhus, Nils Erik; Verschuuren, Jan J (October 2015). "Myasthenia gravis: subgroup classification and therapeutic strategies" (in en). The Lancet Neurology 14 (10): 1023–1036. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00145-3. PMID 26376969. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1474442215001453. 
  65. ↑ Holroyd, Kathryn B.; Manzano, Giovanna S.; Levy, Michael (November 2020). "Update on neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder" (in en). Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 31 (6): 462–468. doi:10.1097/ICU.0000000000000703. ISSN 1040-8738. PMID 33009077. 
  66. ↑ Trenkwalder, Claudia; Allen, Richard; Högl, Birgit; Clemens, Stefan; Patton, Stephanie; Schormair, Barbara; Winkelmann, Juliane (November 2018). "Comorbidities, treatment, and pathophysiology in restless legs syndrome" (in en). The Lancet Neurology 17 (11): 994–1005. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30311-9. PMID 30244828. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1474442218303119. 
  67. ↑ Newsome, Scott D.; Johnson, Tory (August 2022). "Stiff person syndrome spectrum disorders; more than meets the eye" (in en). Journal of Neuroimmunology 369: 577915. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577915. PMID 35717735. 
  68. ↑ Punukollu, Mallika; Mushet, Nadine; Linney, Marisa; Hennessy, Colm; Morton, Michael (January 2016). "Neuropsychiatric manifestations of Sydenham's chorea: a systematic review" (in en). Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 58 (1): 16–28. doi:10.1111/dmcn.12786. ISSN 0012-1622. PMID 25926089. 
  69. ↑ Beh, Shin C.; Greenberg, Benjamin M.; Frohman, Teresa; Frohman, Elliot M. (February 2013). "Transverse Myelitis" (in en). Neurologic Clinics 31 (1): 79–138. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2012.09.008. PMID 23186897. 
  70. ↑ Purohit, Richa; Khal, Ravi Shahu; Gokalp, Gizem; Sambandan, Rajan; Bhanusali, Neha; Purohit, Richa; Khal, Ravi Shahu; Gokalp, Gizem et al. (June 16, 2023). "Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease With Isolated Diaphragmatic Dysfunction". Cureus 15 (6). doi:10.7759/cureus.40515. PMC 10350301. https://www.cureus.com/articles/160590-undifferentiated-connective-tissue-disease-with-isolated-diaphragmatic-dysfunction. 
  71. ↑ Saverino, Serena; Falorni, Alberto (2020). "Autoimmune Addison's disease". Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (Elsevier BV) 34 (1): 101379. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2020.101379. ISSN 1521-690X. PMID 32063488. 
  72. ↑ Levit, Elizabeth; Singh, Bhuchitra; Nylander, Elisabeth; Segars, James H. (2023-07-27). "A Systematic Review of Autoimmune Oophoritis Therapies". Reproductive Sciences (Springer Science and Business Media LLC). doi:10.1007/s43032-023-01299-5. ISSN 1933-7191. PMID 37500976. 
  73. ↑ Silva, C.A.; Cocuzza, M.; Carvalho, J.F.; Bonfá, E. (2014). "Diagnosis and classification of autoimmune orchitis". Autoimmunity Reviews (Elsevier BV) 13 (4–5): 431–434. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.024. ISSN 1568-9972. PMID 24424181. 
  74. ↑ Nista, Enrico Celestino; De Lucia, Sara Sofia; Manilla, Vittoria; Schepis, Tommaso; Pellegrino, Antonio; Ojetti, Veronica; Pignataro, Giulia; Zileri dal Verme, Lorenzo et al. (2022-10-21). "Autoimmune Pancreatitis: From Pathogenesis to Treatment". International Journal of Molecular Sciences (MDPI AG) 23 (20): 12667. doi:10.3390/ijms232012667. ISSN 1422-0067. PMID 36293522. 
  75. ↑ Bjørklund, Geir; Pivin, Maksim; Hangan, Tony; Yurkovskaya, Oksana; Pivina, Lyudmila (2022). "Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1: Clinical manifestations, pathogenetic features, and management approach". Autoimmunity Reviews (Elsevier BV) 21 (8): 103135. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103135. ISSN 1568-9972. PMID 35690244. 
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 Husebye, Eystein S.; Anderson, Mark S.; Kämpe, Olle (2018-03-22). "Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndromes". New England Journal of Medicine (Massachusetts Medical Society) 378 (12): 1132–1141. doi:10.1056/nejmra1713301. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 29562162. 
  77. ↑ Rezaei, Nima; Bahreini, Farbod; Rayzan, Elham (2022). "MicroRNAs and Diabetes Mellitus Type 1". Current Diabetes Reviews (Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.) 18 (2): e021421191398. doi:10.2174/1573399817666210215111201. ISSN 1573-3998. PMID 33588736. 
  78. ↑ Abramiuk, Monika; Grywalska, Ewelina; Małkowska, Paulina; Sierawska, Olga; Hrynkiewicz, Rafał; Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej, Paulina (2022-06-25). "The Role of the Immune System in the Development of Endometriosis". Cells (MDPI AG) 11 (13): 2028. doi:10.3390/cells11132028. ISSN 2073-4409. PMID 35805112. 
  79. ↑ Moshkelgosha, Sajad; So, Po-Wah; Diaz-Cano, Salvador; Banga, J. (2015-04-30). "Preclinical Models of Graves' Disease and Associated Secondary Complications". Current Pharmaceutical Design (Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.) 21 (18): 2414–2421. doi:10.2174/1381612821666150316121945. ISSN 1381-6128. PMID 25777757. https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/1441209. 
  80. ↑ Mikulska, Aniceta A.; Karaźniewicz-Łada, Marta; Filipowicz, Dorota; Ruchała, Marek; Główka, Franciszek K. (2022-06-13). "Metabolic Characteristics of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Patients and the Role of Microelements and Diet in the Disease Management—An Overview". International Journal of Molecular Sciences (MDPI AG) 23 (12): 6580. doi:10.3390/ijms23126580. ISSN 1422-0067. PMID 35743024. 
  81. ↑ Carlé, Allan; Pedersen, Inge Bülow; Knudsen, Nils; Perrild, Hans; Ovesen, Lars; Jørgensen, Torben; Laurberg, Peter (2009-03-01). "Thyroid Volume in Hypothyroidism due to Autoimmune Disease Follows a Unimodal Distribution: Evidence against Primary Thyroid Atrophy and Autoimmune Thyroiditis Being Distinct Diseases". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (The Endocrine Society) 94 (3): 833–839. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1370. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 19088156. 
  82. ↑ Brito-Zerón, Pilar; Retamozo, Soledad; Ramos-Casals, Manuel (2023). "Síndrome de Sjögren" (in es). Medicina Clínica (Elsevier BV) 160 (4): 163–171. doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2022.10.007. ISSN 0025-7753. PMID 36528400. 
  83. ↑ Hoyne, Gerard F; Elliott, Hannah; Mutsaers, Steven E; Prêle, Cecilia M (2017-04-25). "Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and a role for autoimmunity". Immunology & Cell Biology (Wiley) 95 (7): 577–583. doi:10.1038/icb.2017.22. ISSN 0818-9641. PMID 28356570. https://researchonline.nd.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1177&context=health_article. 
  84. ↑ Kadura, Suha; Raghu, Ganesh (2021-06-23). "Rheumatoid arthritis-interstitial lung disease: manifestations and current concepts in pathogenesis and management". European Respiratory Review (European Respiratory Society (ERS)) 30 (160): 210011. doi:10.1183/16000617.0011-2021. ISSN 0905-9180. PMID 34168062. 
  85. ↑ Trapnell, Bruce C.; Nakata, Koh; Bonella, Francesco; Campo, Ilaria; Griese, Matthias; Hamilton, John; Wang, Tisha; Morgan, Cliff et al. (2019-03-07). "Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis". Nature Reviews Disease Primers (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 5 (1): 16. doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0066-3. ISSN 2056-676X. PMID 30846703. 
  86. ↑ Akiyama, Mitsuhiro; Kaneko, Yuko (2022). "Pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment strategy for rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease". Autoimmunity Reviews (Elsevier BV) 21 (5): 103056. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103056. ISSN 1568-9972. PMID 35121155. 
  87. ↑ Brito-Zerón, Pilar; Pérez-Álvarez, Roberto; Ramos-Casals, Manuel (2022). "Sarcoidosis" (in es). Medicina Clínica (Elsevier BV) 159 (4): 195–204. doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2022.03.009. ISSN 0025-7753. PMID 35680449. 
  88. ↑ Scheckel, Caleb J.; Go, Ronald S. (2022). "Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis". Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America (Elsevier BV) 36 (2): 315–324. doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2021.12.001. ISSN 0889-8588. PMID 35282951. 
  89. ↑ Audia, Sylvain; Mahévas, Matthieu; Samson, Maxime; Godeau, Bertrand; Bonnotte, Bernard (2017). "Pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenia". Autoimmunity Reviews (Elsevier BV) 16 (6): 620–632. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2017.04.012. ISSN 1568-9972. PMID 28428120. https://hal.science/hal-04242234. 
  90. ↑ Sadler, J. Evan (2017-09-07). "Pathophysiology of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura". Blood (American Society of Hematology) 130 (10): 1181–1188. doi:10.1182/blood-2017-04-636431. ISSN 0006-4971. PMID 28768626. 
  91. ↑ Sammaritano, Lisa R. (2020). "Antiphospholipid syndrome". Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology (Elsevier BV) 34 (1): 101463. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2019.101463. ISSN 1521-6942. PMID 31866276. 
  92. ↑ Brodsky, Robert A. (2021-03-11). "How I treat paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria". Blood (American Society of Hematology) 137 (10): 1304–1309. doi:10.1182/blood.2019003812. ISSN 0006-4971. PMID 33512400. 
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 [citation needed]
  94. ↑ Bulletti, C.; Coccia, M. E.; Battistoni, S.; Borini, A. (2010-08-01). "Endometriosis and infertility". Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 27 (8): 441–447. doi:10.1007/s10815-010-9436-1. ISSN 1058-0468. PMID 20574791. 
  95. ↑ Nelson, Lawrence M. (2009-02-05). "Primary Ovarian Insufficiency". New England Journal of Medicine (Massachusetts Medical Society) 360 (6): 606–614. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0808697. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 19196677. 
  96. ↑ Dutta Majumder, Parthopratim; Marchese, Alessandro; Pichi, Francesco; Garg, Itika; Agarwal, Aniruddha (2020). "An update on autoimmune retinopathy". Indian Journal of Ophthalmology (Medknow) 68 (9): 1829–1837. doi:10.4103/ijo.ijo_786_20. ISSN 0301-4738. PMID 32823399. 
  97. ↑ Horai, Reiko; Caspi, Rachel R. (2019-02-19). "Microbiome and Autoimmune Uveitis". Frontiers in Immunology (Frontiers Media SA) 10: 232. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00232. ISSN 1664-3224. PMID 30837991. 
  98. ↑ Espinoza, Gabriela Mabel; Wheeler, Joseph; Temprano, Katherine K.; Keller, Angela Prost (2020-06-16). "Cogan's Syndrome: Clinical Presentations and Update on Treatment". Current Allergy and Asthma Reports (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 20 (9): 46. doi:10.1007/s11882-020-00945-1. ISSN 1529-7322. PMID 32548646. 
  99. ↑ González-García, Andrés; Sales-Sanz, Marco (2021). "Tratamiento de la oftalmopatía de Graves" (in es). Medicina Clínica (Elsevier BV) 156 (4): 180–186. doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2020.07.031. ISSN 0025-7753. PMID 33069387. 
  100. ↑ Teo, Andrea York Tiang; Betzler, Bjorn Kaijun; Hua, Keith Low Qie; Chen, Elizabeth Jiahui; Gupta, Vishali; Agrawal, Rupesh (2022-06-27). "Intermediate Uveitis: A Review". Ocular Immunology and Inflammation (Informa UK Limited) 31 (5): 1041–1060. doi:10.1080/09273948.2022.2070503. ISSN 0927-3948. PMID 35759636. 
  101. ↑ Tu, Yufei; Gonzalez-Gronow, Mario; Kolomeyer, Anton M.; Cohen, Alice; Pruzon, Joanna; Milman, Tatyana; Chu, David S. (2015-02-12). "Adult-Onset Ligneous Conjunctivitis with Detection of a Novel Plasminogen Gene Mutation and Anti-Plasminogen IgA Antibody: A Clinicopathologic Study and Review of Literature". Seminars in Ophthalmology (Informa UK Limited) 31 (6): 526–531. doi:10.3109/08820538.2015.1005319. ISSN 0882-0538. PMID 25674820. 
  102. ↑ He, Na; Song, Wei; Gao, Ying (2021). "Treatment of Mooren's ulcer coexisting with a pterygium using an intrastromal lenticule obtained from small-incision lenticule extraction: case report and literature review". Journal of International Medical Research (SAGE Publications) 49 (6): 030006052110202. doi:10.1177/03000605211020246. ISSN 0300-0605. PMID 34130538. 
  103. ↑ Wingerchuk, Dean M.; Banwell, Brenda; Bennett, Jeffrey L.; Cabre, Philippe; Carroll, William; Chitnis, Tanuja; de Seze, Jérôme; Fujihara, Kazuo et al. (2015-06-19). "International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders". Neurology (Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)) 85 (2): 177–189. doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000001729. ISSN 0028-3878. PMID 26092914. 
  104. ↑ Bhatia, Poonam; Heim, Jennifer; Cornejo, Patricia; Kane, Lauren; Santiago, Jason; Kruer, Michael C. (2021-03-29). "Opsoclonus–myoclonus–ataxia syndrome in children". Journal of Neurology (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 269 (2): 750–757. doi:10.1007/s00415-021-10536-3. ISSN 0340-5354. PMID 33779841. 
  105. ↑ Petzold, Axel et al. (2022). "Diagnosis and classification of optic neuritis". The Lancet Neurology (Elsevier BV) 21 (12): 1120–1134. doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(22)00200-9. ISSN 1474-4422. PMID 36179757. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10156457/. 
  106. ↑ Promelle, Veronique; Goeb, Vincent; Gueudry, Julie (2021-05-14). "Rheumatoid Arthritis Associated Episcleritis and Scleritis: An Update on Treatment Perspectives". Journal of Clinical Medicine (MDPI AG) 10 (10): 2118. doi:10.3390/jcm10102118. ISSN 2077-0383. PMID 34068884. 
  107. ↑ Pereira, Sara; Vieira, Bruna; Maio, Tiago; Moreira, Jorge; Sampaio, Filipa (2020-05-01). "Susac's Syndrome: An Updated Review". Neuro-Ophthalmology (Informa UK Limited) 44 (6): 355–360. doi:10.1080/01658107.2020.1748062. ISSN 0165-8107. PMID 33408428. 
  108. ↑ Agrawal, Deepshikha; Parchand, Swapnil; Ayyadurai, Nikitha; Agarwal, Aniruddha; Gangwe, Anil; Behera, Shashwat; Bhatia, Priyavat; Mulkutkar, Samyak et al. (2022). "Sympathetic ophthalmia: A comprehensive update". Indian Journal of Ophthalmology (Medknow) 70 (6): 1931–1944. doi:10.4103/ijo.ijo_2363_21. ISSN 0301-4738. PMID 35647958. 
  109. ↑ Badakere, Akshay; Patil- Chhablani, Preeti (2019). "<p>Orbital Apex Syndrome: A Review</p>". Eye and Brain (Informa UK Limited) 11: 63–72. doi:10.2147/eb.s180190. ISSN 1179-2744. PMID 31849556. 
  110. ↑ Siracusa, Rosalba; Paola, Rosanna Di; Cuzzocrea, Salvatore; Impellizzeri, Daniela (2021-04-09). "Fibromyalgia: Pathogenesis, Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Treatment Options Update". International Journal of Molecular Sciences (MDPI AG) 22 (8): 3891. doi:10.3390/ijms22083891. ISSN 1422-0067. PMID 33918736. 
  111. ↑ Greenberg, Steven A. (2019-03-05). "Inclusion body myositis: clinical features and pathogenesis". Nature Reviews Rheumatology (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 15 (5): 257–272. doi:10.1038/s41584-019-0186-x. ISSN 1759-4790. PMID 30837708. 
  112. ↑ Betteridge, Z.; McHugh, N. (2015-11-25). "Myositis-specific autoantibodies: an important tool to support diagnosis of myositis". Journal of Internal Medicine (Wiley) 280 (1): 8–23. doi:10.1111/joim.12451. ISSN 0954-6820. PMID 26602539. 
  113. ↑ Gilhus, Nils Erik; Verschuuren, Jan J (2015). "Myasthenia gravis: subgroup classification and therapeutic strategies". The Lancet Neurology (Elsevier BV) 14 (10): 1023–1036. doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00145-3. ISSN 1474-4422. PMID 26376969. 
  114. ↑ Comperat, Louis; Pegat, Antoine; Honnorat, Jérôme; Joubert, Bastien (2022-08-19). "Autoimmune neuromyotonia". Current Opinion in Neurology (Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)) 35 (5): 597–603. doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000001104. ISSN 1350-7540. PMID 35989569. 
  115. ↑ Loehrer, Philipp Alexander; Zieger, Lara; Simon, Ole J. (2021-10-26). "Update on Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration". Brain Sciences (MDPI AG) 11 (11): 1414. doi:10.3390/brainsci11111414. ISSN 2076-3425. PMID 34827413. 
  116. ↑ Findlay, Andrew R.; Goyal, Namita A.; Mozaffar, Tahseen (2015-04-20). "An overview of polymyositis and dermatomyositis". Muscle & Nerve (Wiley) 51 (5): 638–656. doi:10.1002/mus.24566. ISSN 0148-639X. PMID 25641317. 
  117. ↑ The autoimmune diseases (Fifth ed.). [S.l.]: Academic Press. 2014. p. Chapter 70. ISBN 978-0-12-384929-8. 
  118. ↑ "POEMS syndrome: definitions and long-term outcome". Blood 101 (7): 2496–506. 2003. doi:10.1182/blood-2002-07-2299. PMID 12456500. 
  119. ↑ Lim, Megan S.; Elenitoba-Johnson, Kojo S.J. (May 2004). "The Molecular Pathology of Primary Immunodeficiencies". The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics 6 (2): 59–83. doi:10.1016/S1525-1578(10)60493-X. PMID 15096561. 
  120. ↑ "Further thoughts on where we stand on the autoimmunity hypothesis of Chagas disease". Trends in Parasitology 22 (3): 101–2; author reply 103. 2006. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2006.01.001. PMID 16446117. 
  121. ↑ "Hypothesis: does COPD have an autoimmune component?". Thorax 58 (10): 832–834. 2003. doi:10.1136/thorax.58.10.832. PMID 14514931. 
  122. ↑ "Antielastin autoimmunity in tobacco smoking-induced emphysema". Nature Medicine 13 (5): 567–9. 2007. doi:10.1038/nm1583. PMID 17450149. 
  123. ↑ Blauwet, Lori A.; Cooper, Leslie T. (31 October 2012). "Idiopathic giant cell myocarditis and cardiac sarcoidosis". Heart Failure Reviews 18 (6): 733–746. doi:10.1007/s10741-012-9358-3. PMID 23111533. 

External links



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Medicine:List_of_autoimmune_diseases&oldid=3416494"