Orders of magnitude (voltage)

From HandWiki

To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various voltage levels.

SI prefix Factor (volt) Value Item
Micro- 10−7 500 nV Change in nerve cell potential caused by opening a single acetylcholine receptor channel[1]
10−6 2 μV Noise in an EEG taken at the scalp[2]
Milli- 10−5 10–100 μV Peak-to-peak amplitude of an average EEG taken at the scalp[2][3]
15 μV Minimum terrestrial digital-TV RF antenna signal (−85 dBm over 75 Ω)[4][5]
56 μV Minimum terrestrial analog-TV RF antenna signal (35 dB[μV])[6][7][8]
10−4 500–1000 μV Miniature endplate potentials, spontaneous fluctuations in neuron potentials[1]
10−3 1–2 mV Potential created at ambient temperatures from K Type Thermocouple
Centi- 10−2 ~10–50 mV Ripple voltage in the output of a good DC power supply[9]
75 mV Nerve cell resting potential[10]
Deci- 10−1 320 mV Typical voltage reference level in consumer audio electronics (0.316 V rms)[11]
~500 mV Typical MOSFET threshold voltage for modern processes[12]
~700 mV Forward voltage drop of normal silicon diodes[13]
800–1000 mV Typical positive supply voltage of a low voltage CMOS digital integrated circuit[14]
900 mV Lemon battery cell (made with copper and zinc electrodes)[15]
N/A 100 0-3 V Magnitudes of standard reduction potentials in chemistry[16]
1.5 V Alkaline battery AAAA, AAA, AA, C or D battery[17]
3.3 V One of the most common low voltage CMOS digital circuit supply voltages.
5 V USB power, used for example to charge a cell phone or a digital camera.[18] Also one of the most common digital circuit supply voltages for both TTL and CMOS technologies.
6 V A common voltage for medium-size electric lanterns.[19] A voltage for older electric systems of automobiles.
Deca- 101 12 V Typical car battery[20]
Hecto- 102 100–240 V Domestic wall socket voltage[21]
600 V Electric eel sends this voltage in an average attack
630 V London Underground railway tracks
Kilo- 103 2450 V Electric chair execution in Nebraska[22]
3–10 kV Electric fence[23]
3 kV Voltage required to generate every 1mm of electric arc
3–35 kV Accelerating voltage for a typical television cathode ray tube[24]
4160-34,500 V Typical voltages in North America for distribution of power from distribution substations to end users[25]
104 15 kV Train 15 kV AC railway electrification overhead lines, ​16 2⁄3 Hz
25 kV European high-speed train overhead power lines[26]
33 kV Maximum voltage allowed in an electricity distribution grid after 1919 in the United Kingdom until 1926[27] (still used for heavy industry and factory overhead cable distribution systems)[28]
69–230 kV Range used in North American power high-voltage transmission substations[25]
105 345–800 kV Range used in EHV power transmission systems[29][30]
800 kV Lowest voltage used by ultra-high voltage (UHV) power transmission systems[31][30]
Mega- 106 3 MV Used by the ultra-high voltage electron microscope at Osaka University[32]
107 25.5 MV The largest man-made DC voltage – produced in a Van de Graaff generator at Oak Ridge National Laboratory[33]
108 100 MV The potential difference between the ends of a typical lightning bolt[34]
Peta- 1015 7 PV Voltage around a particular energetic highly magnetized rotating neutron star[35]
Ronna- 1027 1.04 RV Planck voltage

SI multiple

SI multiples of volt (V)
Submultiples Multiples
Value SI symbol Name Value SI symbol Name
10−1 V dV decivolt 101 V daV decavolt
10−2 V cV centivolt 102 V hV hectovolt
10−3 V mV millivolt 103 V kV kilovolt
10−6 V µV microvolt 106 V MV megavolt
10−9 V nV nanovolt 109 V GV gigavolt
10−12 V pV picovolt 1012 V TV teravolt
10−15 V fV femtovolt 1015 V PV petavolt
10−18 V aV attovolt 1018 V EV exavolt
10−21 V zV zeptovolt 1021 V ZV zettavolt
10−24 V yV yoctovolt 1024 V YV yottavolt

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Synaptic transmission". NeuroWiki. Congress of Neurological Surgeons. http://wiki.cns.org/wiki/index.php/Synaptic_transmission. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Epstein, Charles M.. "Home built EEG". http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/neur-sci/1994-August/014650.html. 
  3. ↑ Ernst Neidermeyer (1999). "9. The Normal EEG of the Waking Adult". in Niedermeyer, Ernst; Lopes da Silva, F.. Electroencephalography: basic principles, clinical applications, and related (4th ed.). pp. 149–173. ISBN 978-0-683-30284-4. http://www.ccs.fau.edu/~bressler/EDU/NSP/References/Niedermeyer_1999.pdf. Retrieved 1 November 2011. "The amplitudes of the scalp EEG are markedly reduced and lie between 10 and 100 μV" 
  4. ↑ eecs.berkeley.edu - Spectrum Sensing, Fundamental Limits and Practical Challenges, page 82, 2005
  5. ↑ Decibel P=pow(10,-3)*pow(10,(dBmW)/10) ; U=pow(R*P,1/2) ; R=75 Ω ; pow(10,-3)*pow(10,(-85)/10) = 3.162278 pW ; pow(75*pow(10,-3)*pow(10,(-85)/10) , 1/2) = 15.400351 μV
  6. ↑ as76.net - How to use the booster. (To see the terrestrial digital broadcasting beautifully.), 2011-12-01
  7. ↑ maxim-ic.com - CATV dBm, dBmV, and dBμV Conversions - Tutorial - Maxim, 2002-07-17
  8. ↑ Decibel pow(10,-6)*pow(10,35/20) = 56 μV
  9. ↑ "DC Power Supply Specifications". Radio-Electronics.Com. http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/power-management/dc-power-supply/specifications.php. "Most good supplies should offer noise and ripple figures of better than 10 mV rms and for switching supplies figures of 50mV or less should be achievable" 
  10. ↑ Bullock, Orkand, and Grinnell, pp. 150–151; Junge, pp. 89–90; Schmidt-Nielsen, p. 484
  11. ↑ "Pro Audio Reference D". AES. http://www.aes.org/par/d/#-10_dBV. "-10 dBV Standard voltage reference level for consumer and some pro audio use" 
  12. ↑ Ortiz-Conde, A. (2002). "A review of recent MOSFET threshold voltage extraction methods". Microelectronics Reliability 42 (4–5): 583–596. doi:10.1016/S0026-2714(02)00027-6. p. 594. 
  13. ↑ "Diodes". The Electronics Club. http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/diode.htm. "about 0.7V for all normal diodes which are made from silicon" 
  14. ↑ "Intel Xeon E3-1200v3 family datasheet, a typical LVCMOS chip". https://www-ssl.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/datasheets/xeon-e3-1200v3-vol-1-datasheet.pdf. 
  15. ↑ "Lemon Battery". Hila Science Camp. http://hilaroad.com/camp/projects/lemon/lemon_battery.html. 
  16. ↑ Nave, Rod. "Standard Electrode Potentials in Aqueous Solution at 25°C". HyperPhysics. Georgia State University. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/electpot.html#c1. 
  17. ↑ David Linden, Thomas B. Reddy (ed). Handbook of Batteries, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2002 ISBN:0-07-135978-8 chapter 4
  18. ↑ "About USB-IF". USB Implementers Forum, Inc.. http://www.usb.org/about. 
  19. ↑ Eveready Battery Company. "EVR-1209 Engineering Data". http://www.batteryspecialist.com/Merchant2/energizer/1209.pdf. 
  20. ↑ Horst Bauer Bosch Automotive Handbook 4th Edition Robert Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart 1996 ISBN:0-8376-0333-1, pages 803–807
  21. ↑ "ita.doc.gov - Electric current abroad". http://www.ita.doc.gov/media/Publications/pdf/current2002FINAL.pdf. 
  22. ↑ "Electrocution protocol questioned". Lincoln Journal Star. http://journalstar.com/news/local/article_96b72d77-1363-5369-a490-3a37210ee6b7.html. 
  23. ↑ "Electric Fencing for Pastured Livestock". Soil & Crop Improvement Association of Nova Scotia. http://www.scians.org/documents/factsheets/91eb2ec43bb177b37a19a362f0e6963af30aa9cc.pdf. 
  24. ↑ "Voltage of a Television Picture Tube". The Physics Factbook. http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2000/MichelleHong.shtml. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Electric Power eTool: Illustrated Glossary: Substations". Occupational Safety and Health Administration. https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/substation.html. 
  26. ↑ Caltrain-Electrification Project
  27. ↑ Hannah, Leslie (1979). Electricity Before Nationalisation: A study of the development of the electricity supply industry in Britain to 1948. Macmillan. pp. 109. ISBN 9781349034437. https://books.google.com/books?id=9x6wCwAAQBAJ. 
  28. ↑ "UK electricity networks". Postnote 163. London: The Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology. October 2001. pp. 1. https://www.parliament.uk/documents/post/pn163.pdf. 
  29. ↑ "Definitions: E". Bonneville Power Administration. http://www.bpa.gov/news/pubs/Pages/Definitions---E.aspx#extrahighvoltage. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Gönen, T. (2014). Electrical Power Transmission System Engineering: Analysis and Design (3 ed.). CRC Press. p. 3,36. ISBN 9781482232233. https://books.google.com/books?id=6KbNBQAAQBAJ. 
  31. ↑ "Definitions: TUV". Bonneville Power Administration. https://www.bpa.gov/news/pubs/Pages/Definitions---TUV.aspx#ultrahighvoltage. 
  32. ↑ "Features of 3 MV Ultrahigh voltage electron microscope". http://www.uhvem.osaka-u.ac.jp/en/features.html. 
  33. ↑ http://www.osti.gov/bridge/purl.cover.jsp?purl=/6446725-T101Ai Oak Ridge Physics Division progress report for period ending September 30, 1988
  34. ↑ "Voltage of a Lightning Bolt". The Physics Factbook. http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1998/MathieuLo.shtml. 
  35. ↑ "Chandra Examines a Quadrillion-Volt Pulsar". Chandra X-ray Observatory Center. September 6, 2001. http://chandra.harvard.edu/press/01_releases/press_090601g320.html. 

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