Physics:Orders of magnitude (density)

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Short description: Scale of possible densities by powers of ten
Skylab measured several orders of magnitude of the Sun's density (top scale: 10−18 to 10−6 g⋅cm−3, equivalent to 10−15 to 10−3 kg⋅m−3) at different temperatures and heights above its surface. See here for meanings of extra lines in the graph.
List of orders of magnitude for density less than 1 kg/m3
Factor Multiple Value Item
10−27 1 yg/m3 1 × 10−27 kg/m3 Very approximate density of the universe; roughly 1 fundamental particle/cubic meter
10−26
10−25
10−24 1 zg/m3
10−23
10−22 100 zg/m3 1 × 10−22 kg/m3 Probable lowest observed density of space in galactic spiral arm (1 hydrogen atom every 16 cubic centimeters)
10−21 1 ag/m3
10−20
10−19
10−18 1 fg/m3 1 × 10−18 kg/m3 Observed density of space in core of galaxy (600 hydrogen atoms in every cubic centimetre)
Best vacuum from a laboratory (1 pPa)[1]
10−17
10−16
10−15 1 pg/m3
10−14 2.0 × 10−14 kg/m3 (2.0 × 10−17 g/cm3) density of Sun's corona[2]
10−13 1.0 × 10−13 kg/m3 (1.0 × 10−16 g/cm3) density at top of solar transition region[2]
10−12 1 ng/m3
10−11 1.0 × 10−11 kg/m3 (1.0 × 10−14 g/cm3) density at bottom of solar transition region[2]
10−10
10−9 1 μg/m3
10−8
10−7
10−6 1 mg/m3
10−5 1.34 × 10−5 kg/m3 Earth atmosphere at 82 kilometre altitude;
star Mu Cephei's approximate mean density
10−4 0.1 g/m3 1.09 × 10−4 kg/m3 Earth atmosphere at 68 kilometre altitude
2.0 × 10−4 kg/m3 (2.0 × 10−7 g⋅cm−3) Density of Solar photosphere–chromosphere boundary[2]
4.0 × 10−4 kg/m3 (4.0 × 10−7 g⋅cm−3) Density of Solar photosphere's lower boundary[2]
10−3 1 g/m3 1 × 10−3 kg/m3 Vacuum from a mechanical vacuum pump;
density of Sun just below its photosphere[2]
10−2 10 g/m3 1.8 × 10−2 kg/m3 Earth atmosphere at 30 kilometre altitude[3]
9 × 10−2 kg/m3 Hydrogen gas, the least dense substance at STP
10−1 100 g/m3 1.6 × 10−1 kg/m3 Earth atmosphere at 16 kilometre altitude[3]


List of orders of magnitude for density 1 kg/m3 and greater
Factor Multiple Value Item
100 1 kg/m3 0.9 kg/m3 = 0.0009 g/cm3 Ultralight metallic microlattice.[4]
1.1 kg/m3 = 0.0011 g/cm3 Lowest density achieved for aerogel[5]
1.225 kg/m3 = 0.001225 g/cm3 Earth standard atmosphere at sea level (25°C, 1 atm)
101 10 kg/m3 10 kg/m3 = 0.01 g/cm3 Lowest density of typical aerogel[5]
65 kg/m3 = 0.065 g/cm3 Atmosphere of Venus at surface[6]
102 100 kg/m3 500 kg/m3 = 0.5 g/cm3 Highest density of typical aerogel[5]
534 kg/m3 = 0.534 g/cm3 Lithium at near room temperature
687kg/m3 = 0.687 g/cm3 Average density of planet Saturn
103 1 Mg/m3
1 t/m3 		1000 kg/m3 = 1 g/cm3 Liquid water at 4 °C
1030 kg/m3 = 1.030 g/cm3 Average density of liquid milk at 20 °C[7]
1062 kg/m3 = 1.062 g/cm3 Average human body density[8]
1270 kg/m3 = 1.27 g/cm3 Average density of planet Uranus
1330 kg/m3 = 1.33 g/cm3 Average density of planet Jupiter
1408 kg/m3 = 1.408 g/cm3 Average density of the Sun
1640 kg/m3 = 1.64 g/cm3 Average density of planet Neptune
1796 kg/m3 = 1.796 g/cm3 Average density of moon Io
1830 kg/m3 = 1.83 g/cm3 Average density of moon Callisto
1880 kg/m3 = 1.88 g/cm3 Average density of moon Titan
1936 kg/m3 = 1.936 g/cm3 Average density of moon Ganymede
3013±5 kg/m3 = 3.013±0.005 g/cm3 Average density of moon Europa
3930 kg/m3 = 3.93 g/cm3 Average density of planet Mars
5240 kg/m3 = 5.24 g/cm3 Average density of planet Venus
5430 kg/m3 = 5.43 g/cm3 Average density of planet Mercury
5515 kg/m3 = 5.515 g/cm3 Average density of the Earth
7,874 kg/m3 = 7.87 g/cm3 Iron (Fe)
104 10,000 kg/m3 10,490 kg/m3 = 10.49 g/cm3 Silver (Ag)
11,340 kg/m3 = 11.34 g/cm3 Lead (Pb)
13,534 kg/m3 = 13.534 g/cm3 Mercury (Hg)
19,100 kg/m3 = 19.1 g/cm3 Uranium (U)
19,250 kg/m3 = 19.25 g/cm3 Tungsten (W)
19,300 kg/m3 = 19.3 g/cm3 Gold (Au)
21,450 kg/m3 = 21.45 g/cm3 Platinum (Pt)
22,560 kg/m3 = 22.56 g/cm3[9] Iridium (Ir)
22,590 kg/m3 = 22.59 g/cm3[9] Osmium (Os), the densest known substance at STP
37,800 kg/m3 = 37.8 g/cm3[10] Fissioning uranium at 5.0 megabar (500 GPa) during implosion in a nuclear weapon
41,000 kg/m3 = 41 g/cm3 Hassium (Hs), estimated density, assuming that an isotope featuring a long half-life exists
105 100,000 kg/m3 150,000 kg/m3 = 150 g/cm3 Core of the Sun
159,000 kg/m3 = 159 g/cm3[10] Fusing deuterium at 12.5 gigabar (1.25 PPa) in a thermonuclear weapon
106 1 Gg/m3 1,560,000 kg/m3 = 1560 g/cm3[10] Uranium or plutonium at 100 gigabar (10 PPa) in fissile sparkplug of thermonuclear weapon
107
108
109 1 Tg/m3 White dwarf
1010
1011
1012 1 Pg/m3
1013 2 × 1013 kg/m3 Universe at end of the electroweak epoch (approximately)
1014
1015 1 Eg/m3
1016
1017 2 × 1017 kg/m3 Atomic nuclei and neutron stars
1018 1 Zg/m3
1019
1020
1021 1 Yg/m3
1022
1023 1023 kg/m3 Density of a hypothetical preon star
... ... ... ...
1096 5.1 × 1096 kg/m3 Planck density (Planck star)
... ... ... ...
∞ ∞ kg/m3 Density of a black hole at singularity

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Benvenuti, C; Chiggiato, P (1993). "Obtention of pressures in the 10−14 torr range by means of a Zr–V–Fe non evaporable getter" (Submitted manuscript). Vacuum 44 (5–7): 511–513. doi:10.1016/0042-207X(93)90084-N. Bibcode: 1993Vacuu..44..511B. http://cds.cern.ch/record/244824. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "SP-402 A New Sun: The Solar Results From Skylab". Archived from the original on 2004-11-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20041118125616/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/p2.htm. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "AtmosModeler Simulator - Version 1.2a". NASA. http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/atmosi.html. Retrieved 22 January 2012. 
  4. ↑ Schaedler, T. A; Jacobsen, A. J; Torrents, A; Sorensen, A. E; Lian, J; Greer, J. R; Valdevit, L; Carter, W. B (2011). "Ultralight Metallic Microlattices". Science 334 (6058): 962-5. doi:10.1126/science.1211649. PMID 22096194. Bibcode: 2011Sci...334..962S. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/334/6058/962. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "What is Aerogel?". http://www.aerogel.org/?p=3. Retrieved 13 May 2012. "low as 0.0011 g cm-3 ... Typically, ... from 0.5 to 0.01 g cm-3" 
  6. ↑ Williams, David R. (2010-11-17). "Venus Fact Sheet". NASA. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/venusfact.html. Retrieved 2012-05-13. "Surface density: ~65. kg/m3" 
  7. ↑ Jones, Alicia Noelle (2002). "Density of Milk". http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2002/AliciaNoelleJones.shtml. 
  8. ↑ Krzywicki, Harry J.; Chinn, Kenneth S. K. (1966-07-21). "Human Body Density and Fat of an Adult Male Population as Measured by Water Displacement" (PDF). Defense Documentation Center. http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/639241.pdf. Retrieved 2012-08-07. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Arblaster, J. W. (1989). "Densities of osmium and iridium: recalculations based upon a review of the latest crystallographic data" (PDF). Platinum Metals Review 33 (1): 15. http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/pdf/pmr-v33-i1-014-016.pdf. "at 20°C". 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Sublette, Carey (2007). "Nuclear Weapons FAQ". http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Nwfaq/Nfaq3.html. 

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