Social:Sanzhi language

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Short description: Dargin language


Sanzhi
Sanzhi Dargwa
сунглан гъай sunglan ʁaj
Pronunciation[sunglan ʁaj]
Native toRussia
RegionDagestan
EthnicitySanzhi Dargwa (sunglan-te)
Native speakers
250 (2019)
Northeast Caucasian
  • Dargin
    • Southern
      • Sanzhi-Itsari
        • Sanzhi
Language codes
ISO 639-3None (mis)
Glottologsanz1248[1]
  Sanzhi (and Itsari)

Sanzhi (Sanzhi: sunglan ʁaj, also called Sanzhi Dargwa)[2] is an endangered Dargin language spoken by about 250 people in Dagestan,[3] closely related to Itsari. It is considered critically endangered due to its obsolescence in favor of Russian.[4][5][6] The language is unwritten.[7]

History

In the 1970s, the Sanzhis left their original village of Sanzhi, which is believed to have been inhabited for around 10,000 years,[8] and moved to the lowlands, predominantly the village of Druzhba.[4] In the summers, however, they still return to Sanzhi to do various activities like fishing and berry picking.[3]

Phonology

Consonants

[9]
Bilabial Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal/
Epiglottal 		Glottal
plain lab. plain lab.
Stop plain p t k kʷ q[lower-alpha 1] qʷ ʡ ʔ
voiced b d g gʷ
ejective pʼ tʼ kʼ kʼʷ qʼ qʼʷ
geminate pː tː kː kːʷ qː qːʷ
Fricative plain s ʃ x xʷ χ χʷ ħ h
voiced z ʒ ʁ ʁʷ
geminate sː ʃː xː χː χːʷ
Affricate plain t͡s t͡ʃ
ejective t͡sʼ t͡ʃʼ
geminate t͡sː t͡ʃː
Naal m n
Liquid r l
Semivowel w j
  1. ↑ /q/ and /qʷ/ are realized with significant affrication, such that they are pronounced more like /q͡χ/ and /q͡χʷ/. This is not present in the ejective /q’/ and the geminates /qː/ and /qːʷ/.

Younger speakers tend to pronounce the labialized consonants as plain ones.

Vowels

Sanzhi has 7 vowels, 4 plain ones and 3 pharyngealized vowels.

[10]
Front Central Back
plain phar. plain phar. plain phar.
Close i [iˁ] u uˁ
Mid e
Open a aˁ

/i/ has the allophones [ı], [i]; [ıˁ], [iˁ], /e/ can be realized as [e] or [ε], and /u/ is realized as [u], [ʊ]; /uˁ/ is also prononced as [ʊˁ].

[aˁ] is by far the most common pharyngealized vowel, as [uˁ] is much rarer and has only one known minimal pair. Only a few words have [iˁ], and even speakers are uncertain about it.

Syllable structure

Possible syllables in native words are as follows:

V, VC, VCC, CV, CVC and CVCC

The general structure is (C)V(C)(C).

Simple underived verbs, however, are much more limited in their structure; only [r], [l] and [ʡ] are permitted in the onset.[11]

References

  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Sanzhi". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sanz1248. 
  2. ↑ Koryakov, Yuri (2021-01-01). "Коряков (2021) Даргинские языки и их классификация [Dargwa languages and their classification"]. Дурхъаси хазна. Сборник статей к 60-летию Р. О. Муталова / Ред. Т. А. Майсак, Н. Р. Сумбатова, Я. Г. Тестелец. М.: Буки Веди, 2021. — 480 с. — ISBN 978-5-6045633-5-9.. https://www.academia.edu/50908006. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Forker 2019, p. 1.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Forker 2019.
  5. ↑ "Dictionaria -". https://dictionaria.clld.org/contributions/sanzhi. 
  6. ↑ "Languages" (in en-US). https://dobes.mpi.nl/projects/shiri_sanzhi/languages/. 
  7. ↑ Forker 2019, p. 7.
  8. ↑ "Архивы Санжи". https://blog.welcomedagestan.ru/dagestan/dahadaevskij/sanzhi/. 
  9. ↑ Forker 2019, p. 20.
  10. ↑ Forker 2019, p. 24.
  11. ↑ Forker 2019, p. 23-24.

Sources



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